0189-雙柱式機(jī)械式舉升機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)【全套6張CAD圖】

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附錄1（專題）信息資源在汽車維修業(yè)中的應(yīng)用一、概述信息資源是指信息的生產(chǎn)、分配、交流（流通）、消費(fèi)過程。它除信息內(nèi)容本身外，還包括與其緊密相聯(lián)的信息設(shè)備、信息人員、信息系統(tǒng)、信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)等。以往我國(guó)只把物質(zhì)、能源當(dāng)作資源，把信息當(dāng)作一般的“消息”，自鄧小平同志“開發(fā)信息資源，服務(wù)四化建設(shè)”題詞公開發(fā)表后，人們對(duì)“信息”的認(rèn)識(shí)，發(fā)生了質(zhì)的飛躍，認(rèn)識(shí)到信息也是一種寶貴的戰(zhàn)略資源，它與物質(zhì)、能源一起成為當(dāng)今社會(huì)發(fā)展的三大戰(zhàn)略資源。1、信息對(duì)生產(chǎn)要素起優(yōu)化作用。信息可通過優(yōu)化生產(chǎn)素質(zhì)，導(dǎo)向生產(chǎn)要素的合理有效配置，促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)力系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的有序等方面發(fā)揮功能作用，這表現(xiàn)在：（1）信息通過與勞動(dòng)力相互作用，增加其他生產(chǎn)要素的信息含量，從而提高生產(chǎn)力系統(tǒng)的素質(zhì)水平和利用效率。增加了信息含量的生產(chǎn)要素一旦進(jìn)入生產(chǎn)過程，一是可以縮短勞動(dòng)者對(duì)客體的認(rèn)識(shí)及熟練過程，使生產(chǎn)要素以較快較準(zhǔn)的狀態(tài)進(jìn)入生產(chǎn)運(yùn)行系統(tǒng)，從生產(chǎn)過程的時(shí)效上表現(xiàn)與發(fā)揮生產(chǎn)力的功能。二是可增強(qiáng)生產(chǎn)的有序性與安全系數(shù)，帶來機(jī)會(huì)收益。三是可引發(fā)對(duì)生產(chǎn)過程、生產(chǎn)工具、操作方法和工藝技術(shù)的技術(shù)革新與發(fā)明創(chuàng)造。（2）信息通過與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層相互作用，導(dǎo)向生產(chǎn)要素的最優(yōu)組合，從而提高生產(chǎn)力。信息對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的導(dǎo)向功能主要有：一是引導(dǎo)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者注意力的轉(zhuǎn)移，把注意力放到新的工作上去。二是引導(dǎo)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)判斷形勢(shì)，從而作出正確的決策。三是引導(dǎo)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)決策的制定，決策方案形成過程，是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)對(duì)信息綜和處理的過程。（3）信息通過與生產(chǎn)管理者的的相互作用，增強(qiáng)管理者與管理對(duì)象的可知性和透明度，從而提高生產(chǎn)力系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的有序度。生產(chǎn)力系統(tǒng)是由多個(gè)生產(chǎn)要素構(gòu)成的整體，而生產(chǎn)是通過一系列生產(chǎn)要素的信息來運(yùn)行的，準(zhǔn)確的信息有利于管理者把握生產(chǎn)運(yùn)行的尺度，使生產(chǎn)正常、有序、高效地進(jìn)行。2、信息對(duì)資源起補(bǔ)充作用。物質(zhì)、能源、人力和資金構(gòu)成社會(huì)的基本資源，而信息的發(fā)展，對(duì)這些社會(huì)的基本資源起到補(bǔ)充作用，它的表現(xiàn)為：（1）信息可大大節(jié)約社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中各項(xiàng)資源的使用和消耗。（2）智能機(jī)器人的使用，使人力資源得到補(bǔ)充和替代。以高度信息化、智能化的機(jī)器人裝配線為龍頭，汽車公司的無人車間源源不斷地生產(chǎn)出大量的汽車，由于人力的節(jié)省還使汽車的成本大大降低；以高度信息化的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，人們一按電鈕就可查到全國(guó)乃至全世界的有關(guān)資料，省去了在浩瀚文獻(xiàn)中查找資料的時(shí)間，從而大大節(jié)約人力資源。（3）信息還可以替代資本，從而使資金更方便、更快、更有效地為社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)服務(wù)。電子貨幣的出現(xiàn)，以信息卡為載體的信用信息使現(xiàn)代社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中由貨物交換方式演變成信息交換方式；電子轉(zhuǎn)帳出現(xiàn)，把貨物流和票據(jù)流的資金運(yùn)動(dòng)變?yōu)樾畔⒘鞯倪\(yùn)動(dòng)，不但大大減少了在途運(yùn)輸資金的麻煩，而且加快資金周轉(zhuǎn)速度，提高資金利用率，從而解決社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中資金不足的矛盾。3、信息對(duì)財(cái)富起增值作用。信息不但對(duì)生產(chǎn)要素起優(yōu)化作用和對(duì)社會(huì)資源起補(bǔ)充作用，而且可直接創(chuàng)造財(cái)富，對(duì)社會(huì)財(cái)富起增值作用。（1）信息可使非資源轉(zhuǎn)化為資源，投入相應(yīng)的信息都會(huì)使其產(chǎn)生價(jià)值或價(jià)值增值。呆滯的資本得到資本需求的信息就會(huì)變?yōu)橼A利的投資。（2）直接出售信息產(chǎn)品和信息服務(wù)，從而創(chuàng)造財(cái)富。在美國(guó)、日本等信息業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家，信息服務(wù)業(yè)和信息產(chǎn)品制造業(yè)的直接收入驚人，據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，美國(guó)信息業(yè)銷售額1982年為2370億美元，1985年為4000億美元，1988年為4700億美元，預(yù)計(jì)2000年將接近一萬億美元。（3）信息可縮短流通時(shí)間，從而創(chuàng)造財(cái)富。電報(bào)和電話所起的作用就是加快信息傳遞速度，縮短信息流動(dòng)的時(shí)間，提高工作效率，從而達(dá)到創(chuàng)造財(cái)富的目的。通過信息和信息技術(shù)縮短流通時(shí)間給我們帶來的財(cái)富的例子很多，如通訊、電話、傳真、電子郵件、聯(lián)機(jī)檢索、電視會(huì)議等一系列先進(jìn)技術(shù)設(shè)備，使信息流動(dòng)時(shí)間由過去以周、日計(jì)算縮短為現(xiàn)在以分、秒計(jì)算，從而大大加快了財(cái)富的增值過程。（4）信息可擴(kuò)大增值空間，從而創(chuàng)造財(cái)富。由于信息技術(shù)具有很強(qiáng)的輻射能力，使現(xiàn)代的信息活動(dòng)在更廣泛的空間進(jìn)行，從而創(chuàng)造財(cái)富。因此，在信息化不斷提高的今天，財(cái)富的增值空間不但在某一自然地域或某一國(guó)家和地區(qū)，而且擴(kuò)大到全球其他國(guó)家和地區(qū)?？傊?，信息經(jīng)濟(jì)是“低耗能”的經(jīng)濟(jì)，在工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)中，國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）的增長(zhǎng)與能源、原材料是同步增長(zhǎng)，而在信息經(jīng)濟(jì)中，單位GDP所耗能源卻下降，美國(guó)、日本等國(guó)近年來國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)總值在增長(zhǎng)，而能源卻減少了。我國(guó)是人均自然資源劣勢(shì)的國(guó)家，特別是能源較缺，如要把經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)搞好，就必加快發(fā)展信息產(chǎn)業(yè)。二、人類社會(huì)對(duì)信息的需求當(dāng)今社會(huì)，人類對(duì)信息需求日益高漲，世界所有國(guó)家，無論是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，中等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，還是發(fā)展中國(guó)家，都立足于新世紀(jì)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。而要在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中取得勝利，就必須通過各種手段，捕捉有效的信息，從而掌握經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的主動(dòng)權(quán)?？梢灶A(yù)料，隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，人們對(duì)信息的需要將日益高漲，因?yàn)椋海?）現(xiàn)代信息處于爆炸的時(shí)代，文獻(xiàn)量在成指數(shù)的增長(zhǎng)，社會(huì)的信息量在迅速的增加。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，當(dāng)今社會(huì)，全球每年大約產(chǎn)生100萬份發(fā)明專利，450萬篇科技文獻(xiàn)，1億2千萬冊(cè)各類出版物，以及數(shù)以億計(jì)的各種機(jī)構(gòu)文件和資料。其中每年我國(guó)發(fā)表的經(jīng)濟(jì)類學(xué)術(shù)論文和資料就有3萬多篇，也就是說，每天平均有100多篇，它們分別發(fā)表在1000多種報(bào)刊上。這些文件和資料每十年大約要翻一番。此外各類信息系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部以及地區(qū)之間、國(guó)際之間晝夜不停的信息傳遞也達(dá)到難以統(tǒng)計(jì)的程度。面對(duì)如此巨大且日益膨脹的信息量，沒有足夠的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的支持和處理是不可思議的。（2）社會(huì)逐漸信息化，信息逐漸社會(huì)化和產(chǎn)業(yè)化是當(dāng)今社會(huì)發(fā)展的潮流與趨勢(shì)，也是當(dāng)今的社會(huì)特征之一。信息對(duì)社會(huì)各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的滲透日益明顯，幾乎到了處處存在信息、事事離不開信息的地步。（3）企業(yè)的生存和發(fā)展，在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中立于不敗之地，不得不掌握與其命運(yùn)攸關(guān)的有關(guān)信息。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，信息在企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)中更為重要，這是因?yàn)椋阂环矫?，各種新技術(shù)、新設(shè)備、新材料不斷產(chǎn)生，同時(shí)這些新技術(shù)、新設(shè)備、新材料又被廣泛的應(yīng)用于新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)和應(yīng)用上，因此，不了解這些信息，企業(yè)就不能用最新的科學(xué)技術(shù)、最先進(jìn)的設(shè)備生產(chǎn)出最新的產(chǎn)品，企業(yè)就不能注入新的活力；另一方面，市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)要求企業(yè)的生命越來越和市場(chǎng)連在一起，這就要求企業(yè)加強(qiáng)對(duì)市場(chǎng)的調(diào)查研究，隨時(shí)了解市場(chǎng)行情，把握市場(chǎng)變化的信息，生產(chǎn)出適銷對(duì)路的產(chǎn)品。只有這樣，企業(yè)才能適應(yīng)復(fù)雜多變的市場(chǎng)環(huán)境，企業(yè)才能生存，才能發(fā)展?？傊?，信息產(chǎn)業(yè)和信息技術(shù)影響超過了歷史上任何一次的技術(shù)革命，它不僅影響著物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過程，而且影響了信息和知識(shí)型產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過程，它不僅影響到各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，而且對(duì)各國(guó)的政治、軍事、社會(huì)發(fā)展等產(chǎn)生了越來越大的影響。三、我國(guó)汽車維修業(yè)對(duì)信息資源的需求及存在問題傳統(tǒng)意義上的我國(guó)汽車維修業(yè)，長(zhǎng)期以來一直處于原始、落后的現(xiàn)狀，是公認(rèn)的臟、苦、累、差行業(yè)，這種落后表現(xiàn)在管理水平、技術(shù)水平、人員素質(zhì)、設(shè)備裝備等諸方面，而信息資源方面的落后表現(xiàn)得尤為突出。一百多年前誕生的汽車，只不過是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的四輪交通工具，是被一些人，包括馬車夫所嘲笑的笨重怪物。誰也不曾想到，就是這樣一個(gè)笨重怪物，歷經(jīng)100多年的發(fā)展，由原始汽車變化成為一個(gè)高科技的結(jié)晶體。特別是電子技術(shù)、電腦技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，使汽車的高科技化程度不斷得到提高。電子燃油噴射系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用，ABS防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、SRS安全氣囊系統(tǒng)、電子控制自動(dòng)變速箱系統(tǒng)、空氣懸掛系統(tǒng)、動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)、自動(dòng)巡航系統(tǒng)、中控門鎖及防盜系統(tǒng)、動(dòng)力牽引系統(tǒng)、自我診斷系統(tǒng)，這一系列高新技術(shù)，不斷完善著汽車的性能，展現(xiàn)在我們面前的汽車再也不是比馬車強(qiáng)不了多少的簡(jiǎn)單的交通工具，而是一個(gè)集現(xiàn)代文明和智慧的高科技產(chǎn)物，而這個(gè)高科技產(chǎn)物，還在不斷地向高科技領(lǐng)域縱深發(fā)展。這種汽車自身的高科技特征，加上世界各個(gè)汽車制造廠商每年不斷地推出新的車型車種，先進(jìn)技術(shù)的不斷采用，多種系統(tǒng)的不斷發(fā)展，使得廣大汽車維修技術(shù)人員對(duì)汽車維修信息方面的需求越來越強(qiáng)烈。傳統(tǒng)的汽車維修資料信息查詢，主要借助于傳統(tǒng)的媒體（如圖書、雜志、報(bào)刊等），這種傳統(tǒng)媒體，存在著信息量小、查詢速度慢、資料更新遲緩，特別對(duì)于改革開放以后大量涌入國(guó)內(nèi)的進(jìn)口汽車，更因缺乏維修資料，給維修工作帶來很大的困難，就現(xiàn)在汽車維修技術(shù)人員而言，沒有一個(gè)人能將數(shù)千種車型的維修資料、數(shù)據(jù)、程序等記憶在大腦中，汽車維修技術(shù)人員的知識(shí)技術(shù)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及對(duì)信息的全面掌握，越來越顯示出自身的局限性。我國(guó)汽車維修業(yè)對(duì)維修資料信息的需求日益強(qiáng)烈。而解決這一不足的就是汽車維修專業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，即INTERNET互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。INTERNET互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的出現(xiàn)，徹底打破了資訊傳遞在空間、時(shí)間上的局限，能在第一時(shí)間最全面、最快速地將資訊迅速的傳遞到地球上的每一個(gè)角落。而INTERNET互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中國(guó)現(xiàn)代汽車維修行業(yè)中已嶄露頭角，從國(guó)際汽車維修行業(yè)看，維修行業(yè)技術(shù)資料查詢、故障檢測(cè)診斷、技術(shù)培訓(xùn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)化，已成為全面普及的局面。以美國(guó)汽車維修業(yè)為例，在維修信息綜合管理、專家集體會(huì)診、網(wǎng)上查詢資料、網(wǎng)上解答疑難雜癥、網(wǎng)上開展技術(shù)咨詢、網(wǎng)上購(gòu)買汽車維修資料，已經(jīng)成為維修行業(yè)的基本特征。早在80年代末90年代初，就已經(jīng)全面實(shí)行。我國(guó)汽車維修專業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，是從90年代中期開始起步，以歐亞笛威汽車維修專業(yè)網(wǎng)站為例，從1995年起，即開始建立了在會(huì)員單位內(nèi)部使用的遠(yuǎn)程通迅BBS。從96年起，開始投入巨資，大規(guī)模建立汽車維修INTERNET互聯(lián)網(wǎng)站。目前已發(fā)展成為專業(yè)性最強(qiáng)的汽車維修專業(yè)網(wǎng)站，涵蓋歐美亞各車系的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、變速箱、空調(diào)、懸掛、轉(zhuǎn)向、定速、安全氣囊、防盜等各系統(tǒng)的基本保養(yǎng)、檢修程序、各類數(shù)據(jù)、各類元件位置圖、機(jī)械拆裝圖、電氣線路圖，并實(shí)現(xiàn)了在網(wǎng)上答疑、網(wǎng)上咨詢、網(wǎng)上查詢、網(wǎng)上培訓(xùn)等功能。這種以電腦信息處理技術(shù)為特點(diǎn)的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)站，已構(gòu)成現(xiàn)代汽車維修企業(yè)的一大高科技特征。汽車維修專業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的另外一項(xiàng)重要功能是可以迅速、快捷地提供汽車配件、汽車維修檢測(cè)設(shè)備、汽車維修資料、汽車維修技術(shù)與管理人才等方面的供需信息，使企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)者和管理者能夠及時(shí)獲得信息，作出正確的選擇和決策。而互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的技術(shù)討論和技術(shù)交流，又加速了汽車維修技術(shù)人員的整體技術(shù)水準(zhǔn)。網(wǎng)上的遠(yuǎn)程汽車維修技術(shù)培訓(xùn)，也給需要不斷吸取新技術(shù)和新知識(shí)的汽車維修技術(shù)人員的再訓(xùn)練提供了又一條途徑。此外，電腦管理系統(tǒng)軟件與技術(shù)在現(xiàn)代汽車維修企業(yè)中的應(yīng)用，也是信息資源與信息技術(shù)在汽車維修業(yè)的應(yīng)用實(shí)例。目前，汽車維修企業(yè)正面臨一場(chǎng)革命。一大批新的汽車維修企業(yè)成立，相應(yīng)的汽車維修服務(wù)行業(yè)急劇擴(kuò)張，維修行業(yè)的規(guī)模也隨之變得龐大。到目前為止，全國(guó)大大小小的維修企業(yè)已經(jīng)發(fā)展到近30萬家。如何面對(duì)接踵而來行業(yè)內(nèi)的挑戰(zhàn)，提高企業(yè)在維修界的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，提高企業(yè)自己的生產(chǎn)利潤(rùn)，已成為現(xiàn)代汽車維修企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)者和管理者所面臨的主要問題。解決這一問題的關(guān)鍵主要在于兩個(gè)方面：一方面在于提高企業(yè)的技術(shù)水平，而更重要的另一方面就是提高企業(yè)的管理水平。完善的管理制度，現(xiàn)代化的管理方法，精確的管理數(shù)據(jù)分析以及電腦在企業(yè)管理中的應(yīng)用，對(duì)于一個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的汽車維修企業(yè)更為重要?，F(xiàn)代汽車維修企業(yè)有兩個(gè)顯著特征：一是先進(jìn)的檢測(cè)維修設(shè)備和維修資料的應(yīng)用，二是計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的應(yīng)用與電腦管理。是信息化和電腦技術(shù)把汽車維修企業(yè)引向現(xiàn)代管理模式和管理方式。企業(yè)發(fā)展的根本在于人，在于管理?！胺?wù)”將成為未來競(jìng)爭(zhēng)最重要的手段。良好的服務(wù)包括維修服務(wù)、售前服務(wù)及售后服務(wù)。這種主動(dòng)服務(wù)，就是建立穩(wěn)定的客戶關(guān)系，依賴于客戶信息和維修檔案的建立與管理。而大量的企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)數(shù)據(jù)信息，僅憑人工來完成是難以想象的。利用電腦技術(shù)，建立企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)才是必由之路。事實(shí)上，由于汽車維修行業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)過程復(fù)雜、數(shù)據(jù)信息量大，僅僅依靠人力往往難以對(duì)維修、配件、客戶檔案、車輛檔案、員工及各部門工作進(jìn)程的監(jiān)督、企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析。而運(yùn)用電腦管理，速度快、時(shí)間短、資料全、效率高。一個(gè)30人的維修企業(yè)的月度工時(shí)統(tǒng)計(jì)，如采用人工計(jì)算，需要一個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)員1-2天的時(shí)間，采用電腦進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)僅僅需要幾秒種，效率提高何止幾千倍。采用電腦進(jìn)行維修企業(yè)管理的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是：1、上層管理者可以通過電腦管理網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)及時(shí)了解全廠的運(yùn)作情況，從而可以對(duì)全廠各部門的工作進(jìn)行統(tǒng)籌安排。2、準(zhǔn)確及時(shí)的統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)表大大減少了管理者主觀判斷上可能造成的失誤，這樣就加強(qiáng)了全體員工的工作積極性，可以形成良好的企業(yè)文化，加強(qiáng)企業(yè)的凝聚力。3、可以使汽車維修企業(yè)徹底改變手工作坊式的工作模式，實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)質(zhì)的飛躍，以此來解決作為企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)每天面對(duì)龐大的客戶資料、維修記錄、凌亂的庫(kù)存管理以及因此而產(chǎn)生的諸多客戶糾紛和紛雜事務(wù)。4、廠長(zhǎng)經(jīng)理們可以從繁瑣的統(tǒng)籌安排，生產(chǎn)調(diào)度，統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)表中解脫出來，去爭(zhēng)取更多的客戶，帶來更多更好的效益。5、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范的電腦化管理能夠提高服務(wù)廠在顧客心目中的形象。電腦管理下的客戶及車輛檔案，為長(zhǎng)期、靈活的客戶服務(wù)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。6、車輛、客戶的動(dòng)態(tài)跟蹤可以讓業(yè)務(wù)部具體掌握所有車輛以及客戶的每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，隨時(shí)提醒客戶進(jìn)行維修、保養(yǎng)和零件的更換，更體現(xiàn)了服務(wù)的完整性。7、圖表分析功能可以為工作繁忙的廠長(zhǎng)經(jīng)理們提供一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單直觀的查詢功能。8、可以消除在會(huì)計(jì)方面人為的失誤。9、對(duì)于顧客的提出的詢問能作出迅速確實(shí)的反應(yīng)，盡可能少占用顧客的寶貴時(shí)間。10、提高工作效率，合理調(diào)配零件，節(jié)省人力物力等。與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比，信息資源在我國(guó)汽車維修業(yè)的應(yīng)用方面還存在以下問題：首先，政府扶持政策的力度還不強(qiáng)，資金投入更是不足，資金短缺，投資分散，正常融資環(huán)境不健全等，都在阻礙著信息資源和學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù)在我國(guó)汽車維修界的應(yīng)用，從事汽車維修專業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)站的公司大多于依靠自有資金、人才、技術(shù)進(jìn)行發(fā)展，缺乏政府的政策扶持。其次，電腦在眾多汽車維修企業(yè)的應(yīng)用不夠，有很大一部分汽車維修企業(yè)裝備的電腦還只是花瓶式的擺設(shè)，并沒有真正成為生產(chǎn)力?？梢哉f，由于許多汽車維修企業(yè)廠長(zhǎng)、經(jīng)理的認(rèn)識(shí)局限，許多汽車維修企業(yè)對(duì)電腦的興趣，甚至還不如許多家庭高。電腦已經(jīng)大規(guī)模的進(jìn)入家庭，甚至許多小學(xué)生都能夠熟練的操作電腦，而在很多汽車維修企業(yè)，電腦還是稀罕物，許多員工還是電腦盲，這不能不說是我國(guó)汽車維修業(yè)的悲哀。再次，由于我國(guó)汽車維修業(yè)長(zhǎng)期處于原始落后的狀態(tài)，人員素質(zhì)普遍較低，對(duì)電腦、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)及信息產(chǎn)業(yè)有一種本能的神秘和畏難情緒，存在著電腦難學(xué)，不會(huì)上網(wǎng)等困難，而企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者更愿意將資金投入到廠房、設(shè)備等硬件設(shè)施方面，對(duì)電腦、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)方面的投入的力度及對(duì)員工在這方面的培訓(xùn)力度很小。最后一點(diǎn)，由于我國(guó)電信部門長(zhǎng)期處于壟斷經(jīng)營(yíng)的地位，網(wǎng)絡(luò)收費(fèi)過多，服務(wù)不良等現(xiàn)象，也直接影響到我國(guó)汽車維修界的電腦應(yīng)用和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的應(yīng)用。四、我國(guó)信息資源在汽車維修界的應(yīng)用前景盡管由于多種條件的限制，信息資源在我國(guó)汽車維修業(yè)的應(yīng)用還存在一系列的問題。但是信息產(chǎn)業(yè)的浪潮正以洶涌澎湃之勢(shì)，不可遏止地向全社會(huì)各領(lǐng)域沖擊。也自然將給進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)的我國(guó)汽車維修行業(yè)產(chǎn)生更大的推動(dòng)作用。信息資源在汽車維修界的應(yīng)用前景將是十分廣闊的。（一）汽車維修專業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在汽車維修企業(yè)的應(yīng)用中，會(huì)因汽車維修技術(shù)人員方便、快捷地查詢進(jìn)口汽車維修資料，迅速排除故障，減少車輛維修時(shí)間而顯著提高生產(chǎn)效率，僅此一項(xiàng)即可為企業(yè)節(jié)約可觀的經(jīng)濟(jì)收入，以歐亞笛威汽車維修互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為例，該網(wǎng)站目前已有網(wǎng)員600余家，每家會(huì)員修理廠利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)方便、快捷查詢資料，提高生產(chǎn)力，所產(chǎn)生至少5萬元/年的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，全年的總經(jīng)濟(jì)效益可達(dá)3000萬元/年，由此產(chǎn)生的影響是十分巨大的。（二）隨著電腦的迅速普及，大批掌握使用電腦和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的人才將源源不斷地進(jìn)入汽車維修企業(yè)，為企業(yè)的職工隊(duì)伍注入新的血液和活力。由于他們的文化素質(zhì)較高，求知欲強(qiáng)，對(duì)新生事物具有很強(qiáng)的敏感性，因此從企業(yè)內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生了掌握現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)的需求，這種需求將會(huì)更進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)信息資源在汽車維修業(yè)的應(yīng)用。（三）現(xiàn)代維修企業(yè)采用電腦的管理方式不僅勢(shì)在必行，而且時(shí)機(jī)也已經(jīng)成熟：其一，電腦硬件的價(jià)格已經(jīng)降低到很低的水平。其二、軟件的開發(fā)、設(shè)計(jì)方面也越來越成熟，功能方面也越來越適合維修企業(yè)的實(shí)際運(yùn)作。其三、隨著一些大中專汽車專業(yè)畢業(yè)生進(jìn)入維修企業(yè)，為實(shí)行電腦管理奠定了良好的人才基礎(chǔ)。其四、遠(yuǎn)程通訊技術(shù)的誕生為軟件的售后維護(hù)工作奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。（四）我國(guó)已將現(xiàn)代信息產(chǎn)業(yè)作為國(guó)家的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)來發(fā)展，原郵電部改為為信息產(chǎn)業(yè)部就是一個(gè)極好的例證。1、我國(guó)的信息化建設(shè)自改革開放以來已取得長(zhǎng)足進(jìn)展，主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：（1）信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施不斷完善。“八五”期間，我國(guó)共投入約290億美元資金，基本建成以光纜為主、數(shù)字微波和衛(wèi)星通信為輔的通信干線網(wǎng)絡(luò)，技術(shù)上基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了數(shù)字化和程控化。（1）信息產(chǎn)業(yè)有了較大發(fā)展。信息產(chǎn)業(yè)在我國(guó)仍是一個(gè)正在逐步形成的新興產(chǎn)業(yè)，但經(jīng)過十幾年的發(fā)展，其整體實(shí)力不斷增強(qiáng)，信息技術(shù)和信息服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)都取得了較大進(jìn)展。1995年我國(guó)電子工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值達(dá)2457億元，為1980年的24。5倍，已形成一批具有較強(qiáng)實(shí)力和市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的大型電子骨干企業(yè)和企業(yè)集團(tuán)。信息服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，其服務(wù)范圍不斷拓寬，服務(wù)水平逐步提高。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國(guó)信息服務(wù)業(yè)銷售額由1990年的2億元增長(zhǎng)至1995年的77億元，全國(guó)從事信息服務(wù)業(yè)的企事業(yè)單位共2萬多家，已建立各種數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)1000多個(gè)。我國(guó)信息服務(wù)業(yè)正朝著計(jì)算機(jī)化、數(shù)據(jù)化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化和有線咨詢信息網(wǎng)等方向發(fā)展。（2）信息技術(shù)開發(fā)與應(yīng)用初見成效。我國(guó)“863”星火計(jì)劃中包含有許多信息領(lǐng)域的高技術(shù)研究課題，如先進(jìn)的感測(cè)系統(tǒng)、智能計(jì)算機(jī)、自動(dòng)化技術(shù)、現(xiàn)代通迅技術(shù)等主題項(xiàng)目，這些課題目前大多已被攻克?！鞍宋濉逼陂g，我國(guó)計(jì)算機(jī)裝機(jī)量由1990年的50萬臺(tái)增長(zhǎng)到1995年的330萬。信息技術(shù)在工業(yè)控制、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、企業(yè)管理等方面的應(yīng)用取得重大進(jìn)展，應(yīng)用程度已從單項(xiàng)應(yīng)用向集成化、綜合化方向發(fā)展。在信息資源開發(fā)方面，我國(guó)目前已建成了經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技、統(tǒng)計(jì)、銀行、郵電、電力、鐵路、民航、海關(guān)、氣象、人口等12個(gè)國(guó)家信息系統(tǒng)，初步建成了國(guó)家公用分組交換數(shù)據(jù)網(wǎng)。1993年后我國(guó)又開始實(shí)施以金橋、金關(guān)和金卡構(gòu)成的“三金”工程為重點(diǎn)的國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)信息化“金”字工程。這些大型應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)在開發(fā)的同時(shí)建設(shè)了一批較大型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，從而大力促進(jìn)了我國(guó)信息資源的開發(fā)與利用。綜上所述，在邁入新世紀(jì)之后，信息資源和信息技術(shù)在我國(guó)汽車維修業(yè)的應(yīng)用前景是十分廣闊的。我們要把握好這個(gè)難得的機(jī)遇，推動(dòng)整個(gè)汽車維修行業(yè)技術(shù)與管理的全面提升，為盡快趕超世界先進(jìn)水平而不懈努力。附錄2外語翻譯（原文）Computer aided process planning for sheet metal based on information managementD. Lutters*, E. ten Brinke, A.H. Streppel, H.J.J. KalsLaboratory of Production and Design Engineering, University of Twente,PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, NetherlandsAbstractDuring the last few years, attention in the manufacturing cycle has shifted towards concurrent engineering (CE). With this, the integration of the different product life cycle processes has become a focus in both research and industry. However, it is obvious that the integration of all manufacturing processes, taking into account all life cycle aspects from initial functional requirements to final disposal, is hardly feasible in the traditional way.In this paper, the execution of the manufacturing cycle based on information management is explained by describing the development of a generic architecture for computer aided process planning. This architecture is elaborated upon for the field of sheet metal manufacturing in a small batch part environment. 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.Keywords: Concurrent engineering; CAPP; Architecture1. IntroductionIn the research presented here, it is advocated that the sheer integration of manufacturing processes within the product life cycle is insufcient to achieve true integrated product development. For this purpose, the main focus should be on the information that is applied and generated in these manufacturing processes. If the information of the separate processes can be made available during the entire development cycle, it can be the basis for the control of the entire manufacturing cycle. In order to take full advantage of the modied role of information in the product development cycle, a different attitude with respect to the manufacturing processes is required.One of the main differences is, that the phases in the manufacturing process become instrumental to the information required in the manufacturing process. This immediately implies that processes in the manufacturing cycle haveto be defined as generic as much as possible. For example, it becomes practicable to interchange systems developed for different product types (prismatic, sheet metal, etc.). Moreover,if the interfaces of the mutual systems can be defined adequately, these systems can become independent modules,that are able to perform their tasks without being dependent on a predefined, sequential scenario. A rst prerequisite for this is the ability to effectively manage the information that becomes the basis of the manufacturing process.2. Information management2.1. Manufacturing engineering reference modelIn order to be able to deal with different views on a manufacturing system, the system is introduced by means of a reference model. A reference model represents a system as an organisation in terms of its structure of relatively independent,interacting components, and in terms of the globally defined tasks of these components 2. The manufacturing engineering reference model proposed in the present context is shown in Fig. 1.This manufacturing engineering reference model is based on the manufacturing planning & control reference model introduced by Arentsen 1. However, adaptations have been made, in order to emphasize the equivalent importance of products, orders and resources in the entire manufacturingcycle 4.Company management is concerned with the control of customer orders. It is responsible for the strategic decisions concerning the range of products which will be produced and the processes and resources which are required to this end.Product engineering refers to all the engineering activities related to the product life cycle of a specific type of product.It is concerned with the design and development of a product type and its variants, starting from functional requirementsup to final recycling/disposal.Order engineering addresses those activities that relate a customer order to a specific (variant of a) product. It is the task of order engineering to compose production orders and to decide when given batches of products must be processed and with which resources. The objective of order engineering is the in-time execution of the production orders.Resource engineering refers to all (life cycle) aspects of the resources, required for the execution of the production activities. It therefore includes the specification, design,development, acquisition, preparation, use and maintenance of the resources of a company.Production is concerned with the actual execution of the plans generated by the engineering tasks. From production,information is fed back to these engineering tasks.In the manufacturing engineering reference model, information management is discerned as the kernel. This illustrates the opinion that the availability and accessibility of information is preferred over sheer data exchange.2.2. Information managementIn recognising the fact that each of the departments in a company makes myriad decisions in order to generate required information, it is obvious that the reasoning behind all these decisions can hardly be transferred together with the information. Consequently, the need for feedback and interdepartmental communication increases, which may lead to extremely complex and uncontrollable flows of information between the separate departments.However, providing that information generated by the separate departments is attached to an overall and widely accessible model, this situation may change considerably. In this case, instead of pushing information from one department to another, departments can pull the information they require and are given access to. Hence, the focus can be on the information in support of the control of the manufacturing processes, and for this reason, the course of the manufacturing processes may be guided by the use of, and the need for information.The types of objects the information is concerned with(orders, products, operators, etc.) can vary considerably.Despite this variation, for the way the information is structured and attached to an overall model, it is unimportant whether information bears reference to, e.g. a product, a machine or its operator. Still, it is important to distinguish between different types of objects, as their different significance for the manufacturing processes is apparent.Each type of object can be attached to an overall model, a so-called information structure. In accordance with the three piles of the reference model, three of these information structures are discerned (see Fig. 2): product information structure; order information structure; resource information structure.Because the structures evolve independently of each other, whereas the way of their mutual interactions remains the same, the entire range of manufacturing environments can be addressed: from engineer-to-order to mass production.For example, in an engineer-to-order environment, the order information structure and the product information structure evolve almost simultaneously and the resource information structure remains relatively unchanged. In a mass production environment, the product information structure and the resource information structure are developed concurrently and remain rather static henceforth.Subsequently, the order information structure is used to specify the choice of a certain product variant, and to determine the lead time and other logistic consequences.The different behaviour of the information structures in different manufacturing environments implies that each of the structures has its own life cycle. In aiming for the integration of processes, the life cycles must be oriented on the information contained in the information structures, instead of on the processes concerned with this information.In elaborating this concept for the product information structure, the product life cycle is oriented upon the product instead of on the manufacturing processes.In this way, information management as part of the reference model, consists of an integrated collection of tasks that can be used as a basis to initiate, accompany, control and evaluate all the manufacturing processes in a structured and transparent way. These tasks are based on the information contained in the three information structures, as is shown in Fig. 2.It may be obvious that if the engineering tasks are based on information from one of the information structures, they can always be based on up-to-date information, not only from the structure they are directly related to, but from the other structures as well. Especially when applying the concurrent engineering principles, the simultaneous development of products and the related processes can be realised much easier.3. An architecture for information managementBased on a reference model, an architecture can be developed. An architecture is a specification of the functions of a system and the interactions between these functions in terms of input and output, as observed by the user. The architecture can be applied as the basis for the implementation and realisation of the intended functionality of thesystem.It is important to distinguish the different types of architectures that are required to establish the functionality represented in the reference model. On the one hand,architectures are to be developed for the engineering processes,e.g. for a design system or a process planning system.On the other hand, an architecture for information management plays a different, yet significant role.As information management is the kernel of the reference model proposed in Section 2.1, it is conducive to develop an architecture that in itself can constitute the footing for architectures outlining the engineering processes. Therefore,the main role of this architecture is to accommodate all functionality concerned with information processing to the architectures built upon it. Additionally, because information management is concerned with all information processing,it can also offer the possibility to initiate, accompany,control and evaluate development cycles by actuating the engineering processes. Moreover, even the entire manufacturing history can be captured.With this in mind, it is important to notice that no distinction is made between different types of information.The architecture has to deal with information concerningproducts as well as resources and orders.The architecture for information management is shown in Fig. 3. Before discussing the function blocks in the architecture,the contiguous parts are reviewed.First of all, the role of the user might easily be misconstrued;the above-mentioned task of the architecture implies that it is the basis for other systems. Consequently, what is called the user here, can only be a system based on this architecture. Even if ahumanuser wishes to access the information about, e.g. a product, it has to be done via a system that is built on top of information management.All users access information management through an interface. For systems that are designed according to the principles outlined in the above, this interface hardly influencesthe flow of information. For other systems, e.g.commercially available CAD or CAM systems, the interface accommodates the two-way exchange of information between the user and information management. The complexity of the interface can vary considerably, depending on the level of aggregation that has to be provided.The controller translates the exchanged information into actions. These actions can initiate, e.g. search, storage or retrieval procedures in information management, but they might also initiate actions of other users (e.g. a specific request for information, or the notification of a change that might influence actions of other users).It is important to recognise that information management in itself does not store information in a central database. It m