0268-普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床【全套7張CAD圖】
0268-普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床【全套7張CAD圖】,全套7張CAD圖,普通,鉆床,改造,全套,cad
普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床外 文 文 獻It is the new-type inject by shaping technology1. inject by shaping altogether( inject shaping of at core layers) Adopt and inject shaping help and observe and make one unique structure altogether. first of plastic is injected and fill and enter some types first, then the plastic: second follow first inject person who enter one and keep initial to drive pressure field of flowing closely. At epidermis district and core the sizes of one, measure and publish first and the materials quantities of second according to correct proportionate relationship, Make one at first complete at second to make one parcel appearance core each. In addition, in cosmetics application, the material is put after second material injecting to have first of epidermis of the small part, So that the epidermis of the part of the runner can be totally closed. Inject making one of shaping altogether with the resin of 2 kinds of different colors, form a piece of a layer of blocks of epidermis and core apt to distinguish (Realize inject shaping one as much as all have and have and one very much important this core similar epidermis. )If there is not advanced detection technique, usually difficult to distinguish the epidermis - core area and boundary of layer. Inject shaping a new technology altogether. British ici company began to use this technology in the 1970s early, and had made the basic theory of including, Produce several patents, such as the products and machinery equipment,etc. Now similar to mould mould sandwiches what has been adopted generally ici production technologies,last outer the materials of the epidermis at moulds and in layers is material different on core occasionally, So two a kind of material person who a certain one inclusives, and core require and have high radiations very, issue and steep shaping and retrieve performance of utilizing etc at 100% by layers of material. Should be fixed relatively by the excellent choice to select the material for use. After injecting the shaping technology and come out in 15 altogether, can really just popularize and popularize . One a kind of adoptions inject the thick teeth of shaping fails and produces horizontal cross-section altogether. Material to pack nylon epidermis, and pearl material pack the nylon at - - glass layers of material core. A rate that shrinks material of pearl of glass is extremely low in core one, have good size stabilities. Nylon prevent pearl from grains of material easy problem of denuding that produces by epidermis person who give good and lubricated tooth tooth gear wheel. Already developed several kinds and processed the method of improving new-typly at present on the basis of the basic theory of injecting shaping altogether. At however, in the mould and gas assist paint mould mould. Mould have and paint processing method to adopt low molecular weight polymers as the outer material, Gas assist mould mould shaping to adopt the nitrogen or another kind of gas as the core one( or core ones) material. Produce and process equipment constant to perfect and improve, satisfy of different use newly and the new technologies demands with product design, Inject technology and will become the rich and potential industrialized extensive production technology method altogether.2. inject by - it compress shaping Inject and compress shaping move perpendicular on dividing into mould line direction by medium-sized s of walls at -. Adopt the method at the shaping, fill mould stage and produce pressure drive melting body flow according to process, But this flowed the degree of depth of one melted variably. At flowing one deeply relatively, pressure drop relatively low, so that heavy areas make pieces of shaping excessive to pigeonhole melting body, And has prevented the material in the twinkling of an eye from responding, these 2 kinds of factors will hinder the flow of the melting body equally. It injects forming process type make pieces of the 14%s of thickness finally by s of degree of depth, After the plastic has been packed 60% - 75% of the type roughly, stop injecting, a of walls of mould is bulldozed at the same time , Until make the wall original shaping of one finally. The final size of making one is defined at this stage . If at mould wall at process fulling of more type before moving, this kind of technology is usually called and cast and press shaping. On the whole, cast and press shaping to adopt pressure that become to making one go on and protect and pigeonhole in one a piece of variable the type ones of volumeses. Cast and press stage to increase the stages of density, density and then in lying between and solid state plastic change melting body. Adopt and cast and press way shaping pre- pressing discs, remaining stress degree of minimising, Make pieces of have remain stress produce and become phenomenon of refracting. It cast and press shaping improvement type activities types types for kinds of new technology in s of walls,inject its make. Already someone call outside gas to assist shaping law the method, actually these are a kind of misunderstanding, Because the gas has not influenced the melting body flow in type of plastic . During routine inject shaping, protecting and press is while a of volume of keeping type does not change , Under the function that the pressure flows, add and enter more plastics. Unite, Being emerged by the runner position of the high pressure and making a defect probably.3. computers supplementary shaping Adopt computer assist project( cae) design and analyse and help and shorten design cycle and prevent cost from expensive mechanical fault processing. Commercial emulations daily to indicate size on flowing one code, melt material flows in flowing dishes of system and type with balance, The figure of offeredding and put bestly and runner defining runner at the same time . Calculate pressure of injecting and shut mould want at different processing terms and material fix by tonnage. And warping rate combine initial to flow into too very accurate to estimate out person who shrink. What is important is and want and make the design tool help and analyse personnel process and go on the operation judged while studying or in a certain plan of design skillfully. Understand at results and cant process in order that it is by research object /materials from prerequisite. After consider adopting this kind of method accurate data-in , can make enormous benefit . In addition, economic make design cycle not to be short and needs produce shorter time the analysis. The one that should point out is, commercial cae procedures usually cant be used directly. It fills and imitate and produce valuable experience but the result must rethink its limitation to estimate again . Use modern computers go on and inject shaping simulated test and limited to pure viscidity fluids only( include the melting plastic of viscoplasticity ). One actual flow form measurable melting body person who flow intoes and performance announce etc. structure by speed, If can carry on the viscoplasticity analysis of high accuracy . At present adopt any other to process way reach this advanced competences, And recent years, at emulation the industrial circle person who take the leads of equipment and the research groups of university already made good progress. Have several a of companies make great efforts and probe emulation technology, in order to be be able to be being explained moulding the sex instinct act and process the phenomenon of more reality correctly. For example, get together on the influence that the orientation of the possessive chain is distributed to some physics performance and performance . Processing physics is very complicated, but some viscoplasticity is embodied too alike to still totally understood , Perfect the rational processing way and taking shape slow at present even more. These stronger strong ways will be exceeded the production capacity that will be designed at present greatly .4. reversal inject shaping Comparatively speaking, it is that a relatively new inject shaping chooses parameters that the reversal is injected. The greatest difficult point of this technology is lain in when processing the condition suddenly changeses, To the thing that it will be known little about what kind of change behavior plastic melting body will demonstrate . About the rudimentary knowledge of melting body rheology, is not merely the regular shear . Say exactly , the melting body responds( the viscidity and elastic behavior) the characteristic needing expressing, Not only common stable state flow speed or shear speed and temperature, but also including pressure and flow the speed in the twinkling of an eye. These characteristics including a lot of content and very difficult to understand. However, if not in heterotypic materials inject respect make substantive progress, need and make and publish many kinds of different the concrete operational procedures of plasticses. Need and increase a in common use one tired to try on law is in order to getting ripe and accurate control method also another. During routine inject shaping, the type immobilizes in a of walls, some situations are left, Still utilize and filling on the mould and protect and press and fall section and move the mould wall . Can adopt 2 kinds of different methods : Person who move s of perpendicular on dividing into mould line direction wall; Rotate a of walls of the slipping type . Fill stage rotatory type cores with increasing mould. Through this kind of processing technology, the crooked performance and other mechanical performance of making one has gotten great improvement. Polyphenyl drink the water and polypropylene syringe adopt cup the processing method get great to change and break through the ground 2 a piece of products just by second.新型注射成型技術1. 共注射成型(芯層注射成型)采用共注射成型有助于觀察到制件中獨特的結構。塑料“甲”先注射充入部分型腔,然后塑料:“乙”緊跟著“甲”注射進入型腔并保持初始推動流動壓力場。根據表皮區(qū)和芯層的尺寸大小,按正確的比例關系計量出“甲”和“乙”的用料量,可制得1個內芯層為“甲”外表完全由“乙”包裹的制件。另外,在化妝品應用方面,有小部分的表皮“甲”料放在“乙”料之后注射,以使?jié)部诓糠值谋砥つ芡耆]合。用2種不同顏色的樹脂進行共注射成型的制件,形成一個容易區(qū)分的表皮和芯層區(qū)間(認識到所有的注射成型件中存在有類似的表皮和芯層這一點非常重要。)如果沒有先進的檢測技術,通常難以區(qū)分表皮芯層的區(qū)域及其分界面。共注射成型并非一門新的工藝技術。英國ici公司早在70年代就開始應用這一技術,并取得了包括基礎理論,生產產品及機器設備等幾項專利?,F普遍采用的ici生產工藝類似“三明治模塑”,由于模塑外層表皮的材料與中間或芯層的材料不同,因此兩種材料必須有一定的相容性,并且芯層材料要求具有可高度輻射、發(fā)泡成型和100%回收利用等性能。選用材料應經多種選擇比較而定。 共注射成型工藝問世15年后,才真正得以普及推廣。一種采用共注射成型的厚齒輸制作橫截面。表皮材料是非填充尼龍,而芯層材料是玻璃-珠料-填充尼龍。芯層中玻璃珠粒料收縮率極低,具有良好的尺寸穩(wěn)定性。尼龍表皮賦予齒輪齒牙良好的潤滑性并避免了珠粒料容易產生的磨蝕問題?;诠沧⑸涑尚偷幕A理論目前已開發(fā)出幾種新型加工改進方法。例如,模內“上漆”和氣體輔助模塑成型擴大了采用這種工藝的范圍。模內上漆加工方法是采用低分子量聚合物作為外層材料,而氣體輔助模塑成型是采用氮氣或另一種氣體作為芯層(或部分芯層)材料。隨著產品設計與生產加工設備的不斷完善改進,將滿足各種新應用和新技術的需求,共注射技術必將成為富有潛力的工業(yè)化大規(guī)模生產工藝方法。2. 注射壓縮成型注射壓縮成型中型腔壁移動方向垂直于分模線。采用這種方法成型時,在充模階段,按工序產生壓力驅熔體流動,但這一個流道的深度是可變化的。在較深的流道中,壓力下降得較低,以使大面積的制件成型中熔體沒有過度受壓,并避免了瞬間的材料響應,這2種因素同樣會阻礙熔體的流動。注射成型過程中,型腔深度可能是最終制件厚度的14%,在塑料填充了大致60%75%的型腔后,停止注射,模腔壁周圍同時受到推壓,直至最終制件的壁原成型為止。制件的最終尺寸在這階段確定。如果在模壁按工序移動之前充滿了型腔,該種工藝通常稱為鑄壓成型。大體上,鑄壓成型是在一個可變體積的型腔內采用不變的壓力對制件進行保壓。鑄壓階段是增加密度的階段,密度緊接著在介于熔體和固態(tài)塑料之間起變化。采用鑄壓方式成型致密圓盤,可把殘留應力減至最低程度,制件上的殘留應力可產生變折射現象。鑄壓成型的改進型活動式型腔壁是一種新技術,其由注射全體制件固化階段通過多孔的金屬型腔壁以“保壓”制件。這種方法已有人稱為外部氣體輔助成型法,其實這是一種誤解,因為氣體并沒有影響塑料熔體在型腔內的流動。在常規(guī)的注射成型當中,保壓就是在保持型腔體積不變的同時,在壓力流的作用下,添加入更多的塑料。 聯同在型腔內的保壓流形成了不均勻的壓力分布,有可能在受高壓的澆口位置產生制件缺陷。3. 計算機輔助成型采用計算機輔助工程(cae)對加工設計及分析有助于縮短設計周期并可避免代價昂貴的機械失誤。商業(yè)性仿真代碼常用于流道上標明尺寸,以平衡熔料在流道系統及型腔內的流動,同時確定澆口的最佳開設置和澆口的數目。計算注射壓力和合模噸位要根據不同的加工條件和材料而定。收縮率及翹曲率結合初始流向也可準確估算出來。重要的是要使得這種設計工具幫助熟練分析人員在某個設計方案或加工研究時進行判斷的操作。結果必須理解為以研究對象和加工/材料為前提。當考慮采用這種方法準確輸入數據后,可取得巨大的效益。另外,這種分析經濟性可使設計周期更短和所需的生產時間更短。應該提醒注意的是,商業(yè)性的cae程序通常是不可直接使用的。充模仿真可產生有價值的見識,但結果必須重新對其局限性進行重新考慮估計。應用現代計算機進行注射成型模擬試驗,僅限于純粘性流體(不包括粘彈性的熔融塑料)??深A測熔體流入型腔的實際流動速率組成結構和性能公布等,如可進行高精度的粘彈性分析。目前所采用的任何其它加工方式都不可能達到這種先進水平,并且最近幾年來,由仿真設備的工業(yè)界帶頭者和大學里的研究小組已取得了良好的進展。有幾家公司正在努力探索仿真技術,以求能正確地解釋更多現實的塑性行為和加工現象。例如,聚合物主鏈的取向對局部的物理性能和性能分布的影響。加工物理學是非常復雜的,而某些粘彈性體現象仍然沒有完全弄清楚,更完善合理的加工方式目前正緩慢形成。這些更強的有力的方式將獲得大大超過目前所設計的生產能力。4. 交變注射成型相比較而言,交變注射是一個比較新的注射成型選擇參數。這項技術的最大難點在于當加工條件突然改變時,對塑料熔體將呈現出怎樣的變化行為知之甚少。有關熔體流變學的基礎知識,不僅僅是固定的剪切粘度。確切地說,熔體響應(粘性和彈性行為)需要表達的特性,不僅是通常的穩(wěn)態(tài)流動速率或剪切速率及溫度,也包括壓力及瞬間流動速率。這些特性包括很多內容而且十分難于弄清楚。然而,如果在異型材注射方面取得實質性進展,將需制訂出多種不同塑料的具體操作規(guī)程。另還需增加通用的累試法,以求得到成熟和精確的控制方法。在常規(guī)的注射成型中,型腔壁固定不變,某些情況下,還有利用在充模和保壓陷段移動模壁??刹捎?種不同的方法:移動型腔壁方向垂直于分模線;旋轉或滑動型腔壁。在充模階段旋轉型芯以增加對制件尤其是表皮部分分子的變軸取向。通過這種加工工藝,制件的彎曲性能與其它機械性能得到了極大的提高。聚苯乙飲水杯和聚丙烯注射器就是采用這種加工方法獲得重大改變突破地2個產品。5畢業(yè)論文(設計)任務書論文(設計)題 目普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床ORDINARY DRILL ASSEMBLED A MULTIPLE DRILL畢業(yè)論文(設計)任務的內容和要求(包括原始數據、技術要求、工作要求)概述:在一批鑄鐵零件上分別加工4-孔,在普通立式鉆床上進行孔加工,通常是一個孔一個孔的鉆削,生產效率低。用非標設備,即組合機床加工,生產效率高,但設備投資大。如果把普通話立式單軸鉆床改造成立式多軸鉆床,就可以同時完成多個孔的鉆削,生產效率高,投資少,生產準備周期短,產品改型時設備損失小。本設計的主要要求是:多軸箱拆裝組合靈活、方便、快速、重量輕。本設計的主要內容是:1、多軸箱齒輪傳動方案設計;2、多軸箱內齒輪設計;3、多軸箱內軸結構設計;4、多軸箱導向裝置設計;5、設計說明書;6、Pro/E實體。本設計的原始參數是:1、工件尺寸為;2、工件硬度;3、4-尺寸精度為。圖紙內容及張數1、 多軸箱傳動系統結構裝配圖:1張;2、 傳動軸零件圖:若干張;3、 多軸箱箱體零件圖:1張;4、 齒輪零件圖:1張;5、中間板零件圖:1張。實物內容及要求1、多軸箱傳動系統結構設計示意圖(Pre/E):1張。參考文獻1、王先逵主編.機械加工工藝設計實用手冊 (第二冊) .北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,1998 2、李益民主編.機械制造工藝設計簡明手冊.湛江海洋大學印,2003 3、大連組合機床研究所主編.組合機床設計(第一冊)機械部分.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,19784、濮良貴,紀名剛編.機械設計(第七版).北京:高等教育出版社,20025、劉鴻文主編.材料力學(第三版上冊).北京:高等教育出版社,20016、李洪主編.實用機床設計手冊.北京:遼寧科學技術出版社,19997、馮炳堯,韓泰榮,蔣文森編.模具設計與制造簡明手冊(第二版).上海: 上??茖W技術出版社,2000畢業(yè)論文(設計)進度計劃起訖日期工 作 內 容備注第6周第7、8周第9-14周第15-16周第17周了解課題,熟悉相關資料,仔細閱讀有關書籍,到圖書館查閱有關資料; 完成設計方案的確定、初步計算、元件的選取工作;完成有關計算,進行多軸箱部裝配圖、各非標準零件力,實體等和設計;完成外文翻譯,整理資料,編寫設計計算說明書;參加畢業(yè)答辯。普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 1 目 錄 目錄1 中文摘要2 ABSTRACT2 第 1 章 緒綸3 1 1 多 軸 加 工 應 3 1 2 多 軸 加 工 的 設 備 4 1 3 多 軸 加 工 的 趨 勢 5 第 2 章 普 通 鉆 床 改 為 多 軸 鉆 床 6 2 1 生 產 任 務 6 22 普通立式鉆的選型6 第 3 章 多 軸 齒 輪 傳 動 箱 的 設 計 7 31 設 計 前 的 準 備 7 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 2 第 4 章 多 軸 箱 的 結 構 設 計 與 零 部 件 圖 的 繪 制 14 41 箱 蓋 、 箱 體 和 中 間 板 結 構 14 42 多 軸 箱 軸 的 設 計 14 43 軸 坐 標 計 算 30 第 5 章 導 向 裝 置 的 設 計 31 第 6 章 接 桿 刀 具 31 外 文 文 獻 31 總 結 36 鳴 謝 37 參 考 文 獻 37 中文摘要 本設計是關于普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床的設計。普通鉆床為單軸機床,但安裝上多軸箱就會 成為多軸的鉆床,改造成多軸鉆床后,能大大地縮短加工時間,提高生產效率。因此本設計的 重點是多軸箱的設計,設計內容包括齒輪分布與選用、軸的設計、多軸箱的選用、導向裝置設 計等。 關鍵詞: 多軸鉆床;生產效率;多軸箱 Abstract The design is about reconstructing the ordinary drill to a multiple drill. The ordinary drill is a single drill. It will improve its productive efficiency, shorten its processing time if assembled a multiple spindle case on. That so calls a multiple drill. Hereby, the keystone of this design paper is how to design 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 3 a multiple spindle heads. The design subjects include the selection and distribution of gear wheel, the design of spindle, and the guiding equipment and selection of the multiple spindle heads, etc. Key words: multiple drill; productive efficiency; multiple spindle heads 普通鉆床該為多軸鉆床 第 1 章 緒論 1.1 多軸加工應用 據統計,一般在車間中普通機床的平均切削時間很少超過全部工作時間的 15%。其余時間 是看圖、裝卸工件、調換刀具、操作機床、測量 以及清除鐵屑等等。使用數控機床雖然能提 高 85%,但購置費用大。某些情況下,即使生產率高,但加工相同的零件,其成本不一定比普通 機床低。故必須更多地縮短加工時間。不同的加工方法有不同的特點,就鉆削加工而言,多軸 加工是一種通過少量投資來提高生產率的有效措施。 1.1.1 多軸加工優(yōu)勢 雖然不可調式多軸頭在自動線中早有應用,但只局限于大批量生產。即使采用可調式多軸 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 4 頭擴大了使用范圍,仍然遠不能滿足批量小、孔型復雜的要求。尤其隨著工業(yè)的發(fā)展,大型復 雜的多軸加工更是引人注目。例如原子能發(fā)電站中大型冷凝器水冷壁管板有 15000 個 20 孔, 若以搖臂鉆床加工,單單鉆孔與锪沉頭孔就要 842.5 小時,另外還要劃線工時 151.1 小時。但若 以數控八軸落地鉆床加工,鉆锪孔只要 171.6 小時,劃線也簡單,只要 1.9 小時。因此,利用數 控控制的二個坐標軸,使刀具正確地對準加工位置,結合多軸加工不但可以擴大加工范圍,而 且在提高精度的基礎上還能大大地提高工效,迅速地制造出原來不易加工的零件。有人分析大 型高速柴油機 30 種箱形與桿形零件的 2000 多個鉆孔操作中,有 40%可以在自動更換主軸箱機 床中用二軸、三軸或四軸多軸頭加工,平均可減少 20%的加工時間。1975 年法國巴黎機床展覽 會也反映了多軸加工的使用愈來愈多這一趨勢。 1.2 多軸加工的設備 多軸加工是在一次進給中同時加工許多孔或同時在許多相同或不同工件上各加工一個孔。 這不僅縮短切削時間,提高精度,減少裝夾或定位時間,并且在數控機床中不必計算坐標,減 少字塊數而簡化編程。它可以采用以下一些設備進行加工:立鉆或搖臂鉆上裝多軸頭、多軸鉆 床、多軸組合機床心及自動更換主軸箱機床。甚至可以通過二個能自動調節(jié)軸距的主軸或多軸 箱,結 合數控工作臺縱橫二個方向的運動,加工各種圓形或橢圓形孔組的一個或幾個工序?,F在就這 方面的現狀作一簡介。 1.2.1 多軸頭 從傳動方式來說主要有齒輪傳動與萬向聯軸節(jié)傳動二種。這是大家所熟悉的。前者效率較 高,結構簡單,后者易于調整軸距。從結構來說有不可調式與可調式二種。前者軸距 不能改 變,多采用齒輪傳動,僅適用于大批量生產。為了擴大其贊許適應性,發(fā)展了可調式多軸頭, 在一定范圍內可調整軸距。它主要裝在有萬向.二種。 (1)萬向軸式也有二種:具有對準裝置的 主軸。主軸裝在可調支架中,而可調支架能在殼體的 T 形槽中移動,并能在對準的位置以螺栓 固定。 (2)具有公差的圓柱形主軸套。主軸套固定在與式件孔型相同的模板中。前一種適用于 批量小且孔組是規(guī)則分布的工件(如孔組分布在不同直徑的圓周上) 。后一種適用于批量較大式 中小批量的輪番生產中,剛性較好,孔距精度亦高,但不同孔型需要不同的模板。 多軸頭可以裝在立鉆式搖臂鉆床上,按鉆床本身所具有的各種功能進行工作。這種多軸加 工方法,由于鉆孔效率、加工范圍及精度的關系,使用范圍有限。 1.2.2 多軸箱 也象多軸頭那樣作為標準部件生產。美國 Secto 公司標準齒輪箱、多軸箱等設計的不可調 式多軸箱。有 32 種規(guī)格,加工面積從 300300 毫米到 6001050 毫米,工作軸達 60 根,動力 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 5 達 22.5 千瓦。Romai 工廠生產的可調多軸箱調整方便,只要先把齒輪調整到接近孔型的位置, 然后把與它聯接的可調軸移動到正確的位置。因此,這種結構只要改變模板,就能在一定范圍 內容易地改變孔型,并且可以達到比普通多軸箱更小的孔距。 根據成組加工原理使用多軸箱或多軸頭的組合機床很適用于大中批量生產。為了在加工中 獲得良好的效果,必需考慮以下數點:(1)工件裝夾簡單,有足夠的冷卻液沖走鐵屑。 (2)夾 具剛性好,加工時不形變,分度定位正確。 (3)使用二組刀具的可能性,以便一組使用,另一 組刃磨與調整,從而縮短換刀停機時間。 (4)使用優(yōu)質刀具,監(jiān)視刀具是否變鈍,鉆頭要機磨。 (5)尺寸超差時能立即發(fā)現。 1.2.3 多軸鉆床 這是一種能滿足多軸加工要求的鉆床。諸如導向、功率、進給、轉速與加工范圍等。巴黎 展覽會中展出的多軸鉆床多具液壓進給。其整個工作循壞如快進、工進與清除鐵屑等都是自動 進行。值得注意的是,多數具有單獨的變速機構,這樣可以適應某一組孔中不同孔徑的加工需 要。1.2.4 自動更換主軸箱機床 為了中小批量生產合理化的需要,最近幾年發(fā)展了自動更換主軸箱組合機床。 (1) 自動更換主軸機床 自動更換主軸機床頂部是回轉式主軸箱庫,掛有多個不可調主軸箱??v橫配線盤予先編好 工作程序,使相應的主軸箱進入加工工位,定位緊并與動力聯接,然后裝有工件的工作臺轉動 到主軸箱下面,向上移動進行加工。當變更加工對象時,只要調換懸掛的主軸箱,就能適應不 同孔型與不同工序的需要。 (2)多軸轉塔機床 轉塔上裝置多個不可調或萬向聯軸節(jié)主軸箱,轉塔能自動轉位,并對夾緊在回轉工作臺的 工件作進給運動。通過工作臺回轉,可以加工工件的多個面。因為轉塔不宜過大,故它的工位 數一般不超過 46 個。且主軸箱也不宜過大。當加工對象的工序較多、尺寸較大時,就不如自 動更換主軸箱機床合適,但它的結構簡單。 (3)自動更換主軸箱組合機床 它由自動線或組合機床中的標準部件組成。不可調多軸箱與動力箱按置在水平底座上,主 軸箱庫轉動時整個裝置緊固在進給系統的溜板上。主軸箱庫轉動與進給動作都按標準子程序工 作。換主軸箱時間為幾秒鐘。工件夾緊于液壓分度回轉工作臺,以便加工工件的各個面。好果 回轉工作臺配以卸料裝置,就能合流水生產自動化。在可變生產系統中采用這種裝置,并配以 相應的控制器可以獲得完整的加工系統。 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 6 (4) 數控八軸落地鉆床 大型冷凝器的水冷壁管板的孔多達 15000 個,它與支撐板聯接在一起加工??讖綖?20 毫 米,孔深 180 毫米。采用具有內冷卻管道的麻花鉆,57 巴壓力的冷卻液可直接進入切削區(qū), 有利于排屑。鉆尖磨成 90供自動 定心。它比普通麻花鉆耐用,且進給量大。為了縮短加工 時間,以 8 軸數控落地加工。 13 多軸加工趨勢 多軸加工生產效率高,投資少,生產準備周期短,產品改型時設備損失少。而且隨著我國 數控技術的發(fā)展,多軸加工的范圍一定會愈來愈廣,加工效率也會不斷提高。 第 2 章 普通鉆床改為多軸鉆床 2.1 生產任務 在一批鑄鐵連接件上有同一個面上有多個孔加工。在普通立式鉆床上進行孔加工,通常是 一個孔一個孔的鉆削,生產效率低,用非標設備,即組合機床加工,生產效率高,但設備投資 大。 但把一批普通立式普通單軸鉆床改造為立式多軸鉆床,改造后的多軸鉆床,可以同時完成 多個孔的鉆、擴、鉸、等工序。設計程序介紹如下: 2.2 普通立式鉆床的選型 2.2.1 計算所需電機功率 零件圖如圖 1 所示: 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 7 圖 1 為工件零件圖,材料:鑄鐵 HT200;料厚:5mm;硬度:HBS170-240HBS;年產量:1000 萬件;4- 6.7 尺寸精度 IT13. (1) 確定四個孔同時加工的軸向力,公式: FFFknVYZdC0 式中: =365.9, = , =0.661, =1.217, =0.361, =1.1,FC0d31FZYnk =0.35m/s(表 15-37) 文獻 1V 則 N09.4136.0527.6.9.3653 所需電機功率: KWVFP94 2.2.2 立式鉆床的確定 根據上面計算所需電機的功率,現選用 Z525 立式鉆床,其主要技術參數如表 1 所示: 表 1 Z525 立式鉆床主要技術參數 型 號技 術 規(guī) 格 Z525 最大鉆孔直徑(mm) 25 主軸端面至工作臺距離(mm) 0-700 主軸端面至底面距離(mm) 750-110 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 8 主軸中心至導軌距離(mm) 250 主軸行距(mm) 175 主軸孔莫氏解錐度 3 號 主軸最大扭轉力矩(Nm) 245.25 主軸進給力(N) 8829 主軸轉速(r/mm) 97-1360 主軸箱行程(mm) 200 進給量(mm/r) 0.1-0.8 工作臺行程(mm) 325 工作臺工作面積(mm 2) 500375 主電動機功率(kw) 2.8 第 3 章 多軸齒輪傳動箱的設計 3.1 設計前的準備 (1)大致了解工件上被加工孔為 4 個 10 的孔。毛坯種類為灰鑄鐵的鑄件,由于石墨的潤滑 及割裂作用,使灰鑄鐵很易切削加工,屑片易斷,刀具磨損少,故可選用硬質合金錐柄麻花鉆 (GB10946-89) 文獻 2 (2)切削用量的確定 根據表 27文獻?,切削速度 ,進給量 .min/21Vcrmf/17.0 則切削轉速 987.64301rdns 根據 Z525 機床說明書,取 i/ns 故實際切削速度為: in/2.016.0Vwc (3)確定加工時的單件工時 圖 2 為鉆頭工作進給長度, 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 9 一般 為 5-10mm,取 10mm,切 入L 文獻 3 md2.10837.631切 出 m5加 工 加工一個孔所需時間: min15.07.9621 fnLtwm切 出加 工切 入 單件時工時: i.05.4t 3.2 動系統的設計與計算 (1)選定齒輪的傳動方式:初定為外嚙合。 (2)齒輪分布方案確定: 根據分析零件圖,多軸箱齒輪分布初定有以下圖 3,圖 4 兩種形式 根據通常采用的經濟而又有效的傳動是:用一根傳動軸帶支多根主軸。因此,本設計中采用了 圖 3 所示的齒輪分布方案。 (3)明確主動軸、工作軸和惰輪軸的旋轉方向,并計算或選定其軸徑大小。 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 10 因為所選定的 Z535 立式鉆床主軸是左旋,所以工作軸也為左旋,而惰輪軸則為右旋。 根據表 2 確定工作軸直徑機械制造.8/97:43 表 2 加工孔徑與工作軸直徑對應表(mm) 加工孔徑 12 1216 1620 工作軸直徑 15 20 25 因為加工孔徑為 10mm,所以工作軸直徑選 15mm. 主動軸和惰輪軸的直徑在以后的軸設計中確定。 (4) 排出齒輪傳動的層次,設計各個齒輪。 本設計的齒輪傳動為單層次的齒輪外嚙合傳動,傳動分布圖如圖 4 所示。 在設計各個齒輪前首先明確已知條件:電機輸入功率 ,齒輪轉速KWP8.21 , 齒輪轉速 ,假設齒輪、的傳動比均為min/1360rn min/9603rn i=0.84,即齒輪比 u=1.2,工作壽命 15 年(每年工作 300 天) ,兩班制。 選定齒輪類型,精度等級,材料及齒數 選用直齒輪圓柱齒輪傳動; 多軸箱為一般工作機器,速度不高,故選用 7 級精度(GB10095-88); 材料選擇 由表 10-1文獻 4選擇齒輪材料為 40Cr(調質) ,硬度為 280HBS,齒輪材料為 45(調質) , 硬度為 240HBS,齒輪材料為 45(?;?,硬度 210HBS; 選齒輪齒數 ,齒輪齒數 ,取 .241Z 8.2.1412uZ29Z 按齒面接觸強度設計 由設計計算公式進行試算, 3 211 . HEdtt uTKd 確定公式內的各計算數值 1)試選載荷系數 ;3.tK 2)計算齒輪傳遞的轉矩 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 11 mNnPT 45151 1096.13/8.20.9/0.9 3)由表 10-7文獻 4選取齒寬系數 =0.5d 4)由表 10-6文獻 4 查得材料的彈性影響系數 2/18.MPaZE 5)由表 10-21d文獻 4 按齒面硬度查得齒輪的接觸疲勞強度極限? ;齒輪MPaH601lim 的接觸疲勞強度極限? ;PaH502lim 6)由表 10-13文獻 4 計算應力循環(huán)次數: 91 10875.3813606 hjLnN992 0.42/875. 7)由表 10-19文獻 4 查得接觸疲勞壽命系數 , ;.1HNK5.2HN 8)計算接觸疲勞許用應力: 取失效概率為 1%,安全系數 ,由式(10-12) 文獻 4 得:1SMPaKHH54069.01limli1 ;SN.2.2li2 計算 1)試算小齒輪分度圓直徑 ,代入 中較小的值:td1H243211 5.819.21096.3.2. Edtt ZuTKdm649.5 2)計算圓周速度 V: smndVt /81.310649.53.106 3)計算齒 bHd 2 4)計算齒寬與齒高之比 h/ 模數: mzmtt 35.469.53/1 齒高: 022.th 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 12 3.5029./64.53/hb 5)計算載荷系數 根據 v=3.81m/s,7 級精度,由圖 10-8文獻 4 查得動載系數 Kv=1.14, 直齒輪,假設 ,由表 10-3文獻 4 查得 ;mNbFKta/10/ 2.1FHK 由表 10-2文獻 4 查得使用系數 ;A 由表 10-4文獻 4 查得 7 級精度齒輪相對支承非對稱布置時,bdH 3210.6.018.2.1 將數據代入后得: ;182.649.5 32K 由 ,查圖 10-13文獻 4得, ;18,35/Hhb FK 故載荷系數 721.HVAK 6)按實際的載荷系數校正所算得的分度圓直徑,由式(10-10a) 文獻 4 得, =53.649x =57.18mmtd13/tK3./574.1 7)計算模數 m m=d1/Z1=57.18/24=2.4mm,圓整為 m=25mm. 按齒根彎曲強度設計 由式(10-5) 文獻 4 得彎曲強度的設計公式為 m 321FSadYzkT 確定公式內的各計算數值 1) 由圖 10-20文獻 4 查得齒輪的彎曲疲勞極限 =500Mpa;1FE 齒輪的彎曲疲勞強度極限 =380Mpa;2FE 2)由圖 10-18文獻 4 查得彎曲疲勞壽命系數 ;8.0,5.21FNFNK 3)計算彎曲疲勞許用應力 取彎曲疲勞安全系數 S=1.4,由式(10-12) 文獻 4 得: 1= = =303.57MpaFSKFEN14.508 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 13 = =238.86MPa2FSKFEN24.1380 4)計算載荷系數 532.1.2.FVA 5) 查取齒形系數 由表 10-5文獻 4 查得 .,65.21FaFaY 6)查取應力校正系數 由表 10-5文獻 4 查得 .1,8.21sasa 7)計算齒輪、的 并加以比較FSY = =0.013791FSaY57.30862 = =0.017162FSa. 齒輪的數值大。 設計計算 m 32 40176.5.096125.m 對比計算結果,由齒面接觸疲勞強度計算的模數 m 大于由齒根彎曲疲勞強度計算的模數,由于 齒輪模數 m 的大小主要取決于彎曲強度所決定的承載能力,而齒面接觸疲勞強度所決定的承載 能力,僅與齒輪直徑(即模數與齒數的乘積)有關,可取由彎曲強度算得的模數 1.5。在零件 圖中可知,主動軸與惰輪軸的中心距為 51mm,即齒輪、完全嚙合的中心距,得: m( )=5121Z 1.5x( )=51.1 Z1=31, Z2=37 惰輪軸與工作軸的中心距為 61.5mm,即齒輪與齒輪完全嚙合時中心距,即 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 14 m( )=61.5231Z 1. 5( )=61.573 Z3=45 幾何尺寸計算 計算分度圓直徑: d1=Z1m=31x1.5=46.5mm d2=Z2m=37x1.5=55.5mm d3=Z3m=45x1.5=67.5mm 計算中心中距 a =51mm,a =61.5mm 計算齒輪齒寬 mdb75.3.6501 取 BmB2,32 驗算 Ft= = =819.2N1dT0.48196 4 = =35.66N/mmS=1.5222.149. 故該軸在截面右側面是安全的,又因為軸無大的瞬時過載及嚴重的應力循環(huán)不對稱性,故可略 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 20 去靜強度校核。 軸承的校核 機床一般傳動軸的滾動軸承失效形式,主要是疲勞破壞,故應進行疲勞壽命計算。 滾動軸承疲勞壽命計算公式: (10-5) 文獻 4 PCnLh601 式中: )(hh額 定 壽 命mi/(r轉 速 ,表 3.8-50文獻 6)nC額 定 動 載 荷動 載 荷P3 因為所受的軸向力太小,所以忽略不計,Fa=0 所受徑向力 Fr=945.6/2=472.8N 表 3.8-50文獻 6 P=0.41Fr+0.87Pa=0.41x472.8=193.8 =30000h(表 13-3) 文獻 6 hLh 641098.193560L 軸承安全 (2)惰軸的設計 軸材料的選擇 表 15-3文獻 4 軸材料選用 45 鋼,調質處理。 軸徑的確定 根據公式 dA 0 (15-2) 文獻 4 3nP =110 ,取 d=20mm8.14.136%982 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 21 軸的結構設計: 選擇滾動軸承 因為軸承同時受有徑向載荷及軸向載荷,選用單列向心球軸承,由表 1-14文獻 3,選用 7002c 軸承。 軸上各段直徑,長度如圖 8 所示。 鍵的確定 因為齒輪寬為 30mm,所以選用 6x6x18 平鍵,表 6-1文獻 4 軸上圓角和倒角尺寸 參考表 15-2文獻 4 ,取軸端倒角 2x450,各軸肩的圓角半徑為 R=1.0mm. 扭合成校核軸的強度 作出軸的計算簡圖 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 22 軸上扭轉力矩為 M=9549x =9549x =23.2nP84.0136%92mN 周向力為 Py= = =2320NdM230. 徑向力為 Pz=0.48 Py=0.48x2320=1113.6N 根據軸的計算簡圖,分別作出軸的扭矩圖、垂直圖的彎矩 My 圖和水平平面內的彎矩 Mz 圖,如 圖 10 所示。從圖中可知,截面 E 為危險截面,在截面 E 上,扭矩 T 和合成彎矩 M 分別為 T=23.2 ;mN M= = =32.82zyM22.34.15mN 按第三強度理論進行強度校核 文獻 5: 公式 ,W2T W 為軸的抗彎截面系數,W= - (表 15-4) 文獻 4 3dtb2 W= =785-81=7040263014. =2TM232310.18.7 =70MpaS=1.5 故安全228.16 截面 E 右側面校核: 抗彎截面系數 W 為:W=0.1d 3=0.1x153=337.5mm3 抗扭截面系數 WT為:W T=0.2d3=0.2x153=675mm3 彎矩 M 及彎曲應力為:M=32800x =22707.7912mN = = =67.3Mpab5.3720 扭矩 T3及扭轉應力 為:T 3=23200 = = =34.4MpaW6 截面上由于軸肩而形成的理論應力集中系數 a 及 a 按附表 3-2 查取 文獻 4 ,因 = =0.07, = =1.33,經插值后可查得:a ,adr150.dD152012.60. 又由附圖 3-1文獻?可得軸提材料的敏性系數為:q ,q7581 故有效應力集中系數按式(附 3-4) 文獻 4 為: k 84.12.75.011a k 968q 由附圖 3-2文獻 4 得尺寸系數 由附圖 3-3文獻 4 得扭轉尺寸系數 0.1 軸按磨削加工,由附圖 3-4文獻 4 得表面質量系數為 = =0.92 軸未經表面強化處理,即 ,則按式(3-12)及(3-12) 文獻 4 ,得綜合系數值為:q K = - -1= + =1.93184.1920 K = + -1= + =1.58. 計算安全系數: 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 25 S = = =2.12maK1 01.3679.25 S = = =5.53ma1 24.5.2458. Sca= = =1.99S=1.52223.1. 故該軸在截面右側面是安全的,又因為軸無大的瞬時過載及嚴重的應力循環(huán)不對稱性,故可略 去靜強度校核。 軸承的校核 因為所受的軸向力太小,所以忽略不計,Fa=0 所受徑向力 Fr=1113.6/2=556.8n P=0.41Fr+0.87Pa=0.41x556.8=228.3N 7002c 向心球軸承校核 =30000h(表 13-3) 文獻 6 hLh 34860.2684.01366L 軸承安全 (3)工作軸的設計 軸材料的選擇 表 15-3文獻 4 軸材料選用 45 鋼,調質處理。 軸徑的確定 在傳動系統的設計與計算中已的工作軸的直徑定為 d=15mm。 軸的結構設計: 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 26 擇滾動軸承 因為軸承同時受有徑向載荷及軸向載荷,故前、后端均選用單列向心球軸承,又因工作軸用于 鉆削,在后端加單向推力球軸承。由表 1-14文獻 3,單列向心球軸承選用 102 軸承,后端單向 推力球軸承選用 8102 軸承。 各段直徑,長度如圖 11 所示。 鍵的確定 因為齒輪寬為 25mm,所以選用 5x5x20 平鍵,表 6-1文獻 4 軸上圓角和倒角尺寸 參考表 15-2文獻 4 ,取軸端倒角 2x450,各軸肩的圓角半徑為 R=0.8mm. 扭合成校核軸的強度 作出軸的計算簡圖 軸上扭轉力矩為 M=9549x =9549x =27.3nP960%8.2mN 周向力為 Py= = =3640NdM2315.7 徑向力為 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 27 Pz=0.48 Py=0.48x3640=1754.5N 根據軸的計算簡圖,分別作出軸的扭矩圖、垂直圖的彎矩 My 圖和水平平面內的彎矩 Mz 圖,如 圖 13 所示。從圖中可知,截面 E 為危險截面,在截面 E 上,扭矩 T 和合成彎矩 M 分別為 T=27.3 ;mN M= = =54.62zyM22.497.3mN 按第三強度理論進行強度校核 文獻 5: 公式 ,W12T W 為軸的抗彎截面系數,W= - (表 15-4) 文獻 4 3dtb2 W= =331.2-56.3=274.9152314. 2 =W2TM232310.706.49.7 =222MpaS=1.5 故安全22248.5.1 截面 E 左側面校核: 抗彎截面系數 W 為:W=0.1d 3=0.1x153=337.5mm3 抗扭截面系數 WT為:W T=0.2d3=0.2x153=675mm3 彎矩 M 及彎曲應力為:M=54600 mN = = =161。8Mpab5.37460 扭矩 T3 及扭轉應力 為:T 3=27300 = = =40.4MpaTW67520 在附表 3-4文獻 4 用插入法求得軸上鍵槽處的有效應力集中系數:k ,k054.1 由附圖 3-2文獻 4 得尺寸系數 8.0 由附圖 3-3文獻 4 得扭轉尺寸 1 軸按磨削加工,由附圖 3-4文獻 4 得表面質量系數為 = =0.92 軸未經表面強化處理,即 ,則按式(3-12)及(3-12) 文獻 4 ,得綜合系數值為:q K = - -1=0+ =0.091192.0 K = + -1= + =1.6354. 計算安全系數: S = = =18.89maK1 01.8609.275 S = = =4.57ma1 24.5.243. 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 30 Sca= = =4.4S=1.522257.489.1 故該軸在截面右側面是安全的,又因為軸無大的瞬時過載及嚴重的應力循環(huán)不對稱性,故可略 去 靜強度校核。 軸承的校核 機床一般傳動軸的滾動軸承失效形式,主要是疲勞破壞,故應進行疲勞壽命計算。 1) 36102 向心球軸承校核 由第一章可知主動軸的軸向力 Fa=4.091N 所受徑向力 Fr=1754.5/2=877.25N (表 3.8-50) 文獻 6 P=0.41Fr+0.87Pa=0.41x877.25+0.87x4.091=363.2N =30000h(表 13-3) 文獻 6 hLh 8392.65091L 軸承安全 2) 8102 推力球軸承校核 P=Fa (表 3.8-54)jj P=4.091N =30000h(表 13-3) 文獻 6 36091.45hLhL 軸承安全 4.3 軸坐標計算 為方便在多軸箱上鏜孔,因此進行軸坐標計算是十分重要的。 建立如圖 14 坐標系,多軸箱里尺寸如圖示為 220x180mm,在多軸箱中心安裝主動軸,則主動軸坐 標可知(110,90) ,則根據零件圖,可算出其他各軸坐標,分別如圖所示。 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 31 第 5 章 導向裝置的設計 51 導向裝置組成 導向裝置主要由導柱、導套、彈簧組成。導柱的上端與多軸箱中間板上的導套滑動配合,下端 安裝在夾具的鉆模板上。 (1) 選擇彈簧 用四根彈簧支撐整個多軸箱,粗略估算多軸箱重量: NG9.478.10582048.993 每根彈簧負荷:F=124.5N 選圓柱螺旋壓縮彈簧(表 12) 文獻 7 ,彈簧中徑 ,節(jié)距 ,彈簧絲直徑mD0.162 mt640. ,工作圈數 ,自由高度 .md8.130nHo4 (3)導柱、導套的選擇 導柱材料為 直徑 16mm,長 303mm,5rGc 導套材料為 20 號鋼。 第 6 章 接桿刀具 接桿一端為梯形螺紋,與主動軸的內孔滑動配合,通過鍵傳遞扭矩。在梯形螺紋段并設計 有斜面,以便調整接桿的延伸量來補償刀具的磨損量。接桿另一端的莫氏錐孔與刀具的莫氏錐 柄相配合。 外 文 文 獻 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 32 It is the new-type inject by shaping technology 1. inject by shaping altogether( inject shaping of at core layers) Adopt and inject shaping help and observe and make one unique structure altogether. “ first“ of plastic is injected and fill and enter some types first, then the plastic: “ second“ follow “ first“ inject person who enter one and keep initial to drive pressure field of flowing closely. At epidermis district and core the sizes of one, measure and publish“ first“ and the materials quantities of“ second“ according to correct proportionate relationship, Make one at“ first“ complete at“ second“ to make one parcel appearance core each. In addition, in cosmetics application, the material is put after“ second“ material injecting to have“ first“ of epidermis of the small part, So that the epidermis of the part of the runner can be totally closed. Inject making one of shaping altogether with the resin of 2 kinds of different colors, form a piece of a layer of blocks of epidermis and core apt to distinguish (Realize inject shaping one as much as all have and have and one very much important this core similar epidermis. )If there is not advanced detection technique, usually difficult to distinguish the epidermis - core area and boundary of layer. Inject shaping a new technology altogether. British ici company began to use this technology in the 1970s early, and had made the basic theory of including, Produce several patents, such as the products and machinery equipment,etc Now similar to “ mould mould sandwiches“ what has been adopted generally ici production technologies,last outer the materials of the epidermis at moulds and in layers is material different on core occasionally, So two a kind of material person who a certain one inclusives, and core require and have high radiations very, issue and steep shaping and retrieve performance of utilizing etc at 100% by layers of material. Should be fixed relatively by the excellent choice to select the material for use. After injecting the shaping technology and come out in 15 altogether, can really just popularize and popularize . One a kind of adoptions inject the thick teeth of shaping fails and produces horizontal cross-section altogether. Material to pack nylon epidermis, and pearl material pack the nylon at - - glass layers of material core. A rate that shrinks material of pearl of glass is extremely low in core one, have good size stabilities. Nylon prevent pearl from grains of material easy problem of denuding that produces by epidermis person who give good and lubricated tooth tooth gear wheel. Already developed several kinds and processed the method of improving new- typly at present on the basis of the basic theory of injecting shaping altogether. At however, in the mould“ and gas assist paint mould mould. Mould have and paint processing method to adopt low molecular weight polymers as the outer material, Gas assist mould mould shaping to adopt the nitrogen or another kind of gas as the core one( or core ones) material. Produce and process equipment constant to perfect and improve, satisfy of different use newly and the new technologies demands with product design, Inject technology and will become the rich and potential industrialized extensive production technology method altogether. 2. inject by - it compress shaping Inject and compress shaping move perpendicular on dividing into mould line direction by medium- sized s of walls at -. Adopt the method at the shaping, fill mould stage and produce pressure drive melting body flow according to process, But this flowed the degree of depth of one melted variably. At 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床 33 flowing one deeply relatively, pressure drop relatively low, so that heavy areas make pieces of shaping excessive to pigeonhole melting body, And has prevented the material in the twinkling of an eye from responding, these 2 kinds of factors will hinder the flow of the melting body equally. It injects forming process type make pieces of the 14%s of thickness finally by s of degree of depth, After the plastic has been packed 60% - 75% of the type roughly, stop injecting, a of walls of mould is bulldozed at the same time , Until make the wall original shaping of one finally. The final size of making one is defined at this stage . If at mould wall at process fulling of more type before moving, this kind of technology is usually called and cast and press shaping. On the whole, cast and press shaping to adopt pressure that become to making one go on and protect and pigeonhole in one a piece of variable the type ones of volumeses. Cast and press stage to increase the stages of density, density and then in lying between and solid state plastic change melting body. Adopt and cast and press way shaping pre- pressing discs, remaining stress degree of minimising, Make pieces of have remain stress produce and become phenomenon of refracting. It cast and press shaping improvement type activities types types for kinds of new technology in s of walls,inject its make. Already someone call outside gas to assist shaping law the method, actually these are a kind of misunderstanding, Because the gas has not influenced the melting body flow in type of plastic . During routine inject shaping, protecting and press is while a of volume of keeping type does not change , Under the function that the pressure flows, add and enter more plastics. Unite, Being emerged by the runner position of the high pressure and making a defect probably. 3. computers supplementary shaping Adopt computer assist project( cae) design and analyse and help and shorten design cycle and prevent cost from expensive mechanical fault processing. Commercial emulations daily to indicate size on flowing one code, melt material flows in flowing dishes of system and type with balance, The figure of offeredding and put bestly and runner defining runner at the same time . Calculate pressure of injecting and shut mould want at different processing terms and material fix by tonnage. And warping rate combine initial to flow into too very accurate to estimate out person who shrink. What is important is and want and make the design tool help and analyse personnel process and go on the operation judged while studying or in a certain plan of design skillfully. Understand at results and cant process in order that it is by research object /materials from prerequisite. After consider adopting this kind of method accurate data-in , can make enormous benefit . In addition, economic make design cycle not to be short and needs produce shorter time the analysis. The one that should point out is, commercial cae procedures usually cant be used directly. It fills and imitate and produce valuable experience but the result must rethink its limitation to estimate again . Use modern computers go on and inject shaping simulated test and limited to pure viscidity fluids only( include the me
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