電大本科《幼兒游戲與玩具》期末復(fù)習(xí)資料考試小抄.doc

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電大幼兒游戲與玩具期末復(fù)習(xí)資料小抄 一、名詞解釋 1．剩余精力說(shuō) 剩余精力說(shuō)的代表人物是德國(guó)思想家席勒（schiller）和英國(guó)社會(huì)學(xué)家、心理學(xué)家斯賓塞（spencer）。他們認(rèn)為，生物有維護(hù)自己生存的能力，身體健康的兒童除了維持正常生活外，還有剩余精力，剩余精力需要發(fā)泄，游戲就是一種剩余精力的發(fā)泄方式。 席勒是在研究美學(xué)時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)愉悅是美學(xué)活動(dòng)和游戲共有的特征而對(duì)游戲有所研究。他在《審美教育書(shū)簡(jiǎn)》中首先提出人和動(dòng)物有剩余精力，從游戲而得到快樂(lè)，并不在乎認(rèn)識(shí)游戲的方法，只不過(guò)因?yàn)榫Φ氖褂煤妥杂?。斯賓塞從神經(jīng)心理學(xué)的角度來(lái)解釋剩余精力：由于神經(jīng)中心在使用一段時(shí)間后就疲勞，需要休息，休息一段時(shí)間后，精力就不穩(wěn)定，超過(guò)對(duì)各種刺激的反應(yīng)，因而產(chǎn)生剩余精力。游戲是剩余精力的發(fā)泄。剩余精力說(shuō)的主要觀點(diǎn)是：第一，生物體部有維護(hù)自己的生存能力，生物體進(jìn)化得越高級(jí)，這種能力越強(qiáng)；第二，兒童除了一般生活活動(dòng)（吃飯、洗手等）外，不需謀生，所以除了維護(hù)正常的生活外，還有剩余精力，同樣高等動(dòng)物除了維持生存所必須消耗的精力之外，也還有剩余精力；第三，兒童和高等動(dòng)物的剩余精力必須要找到出路消耗、發(fā)散出去，否則就像不透氣的蒸氣鍋要發(fā)生爆炸，于是就用自然的無(wú)目的的活動(dòng)方式——游戲以獲得快樂(lè)，所以就產(chǎn)生了游戲；第四，游戲就是兒童和高等動(dòng)物對(duì)剩余精力的一種無(wú)目的的消耗。而低等動(dòng)物的精力只能用于保護(hù)自己，無(wú)剩余精力，所以不存在游戲。因此，他們把人類(lèi)的活動(dòng)分成兩種：一種是有目的的活動(dòng)，被稱(chēng)為工作；一種是無(wú)目的的活動(dòng)，被稱(chēng)為游戲即精力發(fā)泄。 2．松弛說(shuō) 松弛說(shuō)的代表人物是德國(guó)學(xué)者拉察魯斯（lazarus）和帕特里克（patrick）。他們認(rèn)為，游戲不是為了剩余精力的發(fā)泄，而是為了精力的恢復(fù)，兒童需要用滑稽戲來(lái)恢復(fù)精力。 3．前練習(xí)說(shuō) 前練習(xí)說(shuō)又稱(chēng)生活預(yù)備說(shuō)，代表人物是德國(guó)哲學(xué)家格魯斯（Gross）。他認(rèn)為，在童年時(shí)代就要游戲，游戲提供了兒童準(zhǔn)備參加嚴(yán)肅生活的途徑，游戲是兒童未來(lái)生活最好的預(yù)備。 4．復(fù)演說(shuō) 復(fù)演說(shuō)的代表人物是美國(guó)心理學(xué)家霍爾（Hall）。他認(rèn)為，游戲重演了人類(lèi)進(jìn)化的過(guò)程，重現(xiàn)了人類(lèi)進(jìn)化過(guò)程中祖先的動(dòng)作和活動(dòng)，游戲是人類(lèi)遺傳活動(dòng)的表現(xiàn)。 5．自主性體驗(yàn) 游戲之所以有磁鐵般的吸引力，源于游戲的自由，這種自由的享有者是幼兒。幼兒自己決定什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始游戲，什么時(shí)候結(jié)束，玩什么游戲以及怎么玩，和誰(shuí)玩，等等。談及游戲，幼兒的心理狀態(tài)總是放松的，因?yàn)樗麄兪怯螒虻闹魅?，持有這種“權(quán)利”所引起的體驗(yàn)就是自主性體驗(yàn)。自主性體驗(yàn)是幼兒游戲性體驗(yàn)的重要成分。 6．角色扮演 “角色扮演是一種特殊的游戲動(dòng)作，是指幼兒以自身或他物為媒介對(duì)他人或他物的動(dòng)作、行為、態(tài)度進(jìn)行模仿的動(dòng)作，也可以說(shuō)是一種象征性動(dòng)作?！? 7．象征動(dòng)作 幼兒在游戲中的動(dòng)作和生活中的基本動(dòng)作不同，盡管在表現(xiàn)上類(lèi)似，但意義卻截然不同，比如游戲中幼兒模仿日?；顒?dòng)中拍球的動(dòng)作，不是真要玩球，而是為了符合游戲的情景，配合游戲的需要。這種動(dòng)作就是象征動(dòng)作，即“在表象作用支配下的想象性虛構(gòu)性動(dòng)作”。 8．感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)游戲 感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)游戲即機(jī)能性游戲、練習(xí)性游戲、、實(shí)踐性游戲，是兒童最早出現(xiàn)的一種形式，一般存在于從兒童出生到2歲這一階段。 9．象征性游戲 象征性游戲是2-7歲學(xué)前兒童最典型的游戲形式。象征即用具體的事物表現(xiàn)某種特殊意義，在這一時(shí)期，幼兒的象征游戲表現(xiàn)為運(yùn)用“替代物”，以假想的情景和行動(dòng)方式將現(xiàn)實(shí)生活和自己的愿望反映出來(lái)。幼兒在這種游戲中會(huì)把一種東西當(dāng)做另一種東西來(lái)使用情景轉(zhuǎn)變， 以物代物、以人代人是象征性游戲的基本構(gòu)成要素。通過(guò)象征性游戲 ，幼兒可以脫離當(dāng)前對(duì)實(shí)物的知覺(jué)，以象征代替實(shí)物并學(xué)會(huì)用語(yǔ)言符號(hào)進(jìn)行思維，體現(xiàn)著幼兒認(rèn)知發(fā)展的水平。 10．表演游戲 表演游戲是根據(jù)故事、童話、舞蹈等文藝作品的內(nèi)容，指導(dǎo)幼兒進(jìn)行扮演的游戲。它需要背誦文學(xué)語(yǔ)言，在充分理解的基礎(chǔ)上，依據(jù)作品情節(jié)，分角色表達(dá)出人物性格。表演游戲?qū)儆谝环N特殊的角色游戲，很多學(xué)者把它歸入角色游戲中。它是對(duì)童話或故事中成型角色的語(yǔ)言、動(dòng)作、表情等進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性扮演的游戲。 11．軼事記錄法 軼事記錄。軼事記錄是指簡(jiǎn)短地記錄幼兒的游戲或游戲中的偶發(fā)事件。這些記錄可反映幼兒的游戲技能以及社會(huì)性、認(rèn)知、情感和身體等方面發(fā)展的狀況。軼事記錄可以在觀察幼兒游戲的過(guò)程中進(jìn)行；也可以在游戲結(jié)束之后進(jìn)行——通過(guò)回憶描述游戲過(guò)程中發(fā)生的事件，這樣做的不足之處是有可能遺漏游戲中的重要信息。 12．交叉式介入法 交叉式介入法是指當(dāng)幼兒有教師參與的需要或教師認(rèn)為有指導(dǎo)的必要時(shí)，由幼兒邀請(qǐng)教師作為游戲中的某一角色或教師自己扮演一個(gè)角色進(jìn)入幼兒的游戲，通過(guò)教師與幼兒角色之間的互動(dòng)，起到指導(dǎo)幼兒游戲的作用。當(dāng)幼兒處于主動(dòng)地位時(shí)，教師可扮演配角。 13. 專(zhuān)門(mén)化玩具 專(zhuān)門(mén)化玩具亦稱(chēng)成型玩具，是根據(jù)游戲的需要，專(zhuān)門(mén)設(shè)計(jì)制作的玩具，如各種交通工具、炊具、娃娃等。它們可直接充當(dāng)游戲的成員或設(shè)備，有助于幼兒模仿成人的活動(dòng)，激發(fā)幼兒游戲的興趣和愿望。 14. 結(jié)構(gòu)造型玩具 結(jié)構(gòu)造型玩具，如各種積木、積塑、泥、沙、雪等。由于這種玩具的玩法沒(méi)有定型，幼兒根據(jù)自己的想象，可以利用這種玩具建造各種建筑物或者立體形象，對(duì)挖掘兒童智能，培養(yǎng)幼兒的創(chuàng)造力、想象力有著重要作用，此外還能提高幼兒動(dòng)作的協(xié)調(diào)性和準(zhǔn)確性，提高幼兒游戲的興趣。 15. 智力玩具 智力玩具是指用以發(fā)展幼兒智力的玩具，包括各種圖片、卡片和各種拼、插、套、鑲嵌等材料。 　　二、簡(jiǎn)答題（答出要點(diǎn)即可，不必展開(kāi)論述。） 1．游戲的覺(jué)醒理論的主要觀點(diǎn)有哪些？ 游戲的覺(jué)醒理論又稱(chēng)內(nèi)驅(qū)力理論。它的代表人物是伯萊因，他認(rèn)為，覺(jué)醒是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的機(jī)能狀態(tài)，環(huán)境刺激是覺(jué)醒的重要源泉，當(dāng)機(jī)體缺乏刺激時(shí)，機(jī)體采取游戲的方式來(lái)增強(qiáng)刺激，提高覺(jué)醒水平，使機(jī)體感到舒適。 2．經(jīng)典游戲理論有哪些貢獻(xiàn)？ 1. 強(qiáng)調(diào)游戲的發(fā)展是兒童與成人相互作用的結(jié)果 2. 賦予游戲以更為積極的重要價(jià)值 3. 對(duì)于學(xué)前教育實(shí)踐具有重要影響 3．簡(jiǎn)述幼兒游戲的特征。 一、主動(dòng)性 二、虛構(gòu)性 三、興趣性 四、形象性 4．幼兒游戲的外部條件 游戲的外部條件主要指成人為幼兒營(yíng)造的物質(zhì)環(huán)境及游戲的心理氛圍。成人應(yīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到幼兒對(duì)游戲享有自由選擇的權(quán)利，游戲的難度應(yīng)與幼兒的能力水平一致，游戲中不以最終結(jié)果為目的。 5．玩具有哪些教育作用？ （一）玩具有利于培養(yǎng)幼兒科學(xué)探索的精神 （二）玩具有利于培養(yǎng)幼兒審美能力和品德行為 （三）玩具有利于幼兒認(rèn)知能力的發(fā)展 6．簡(jiǎn)述幼兒游戲的認(rèn)知分類(lèi)。 （一）感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)游戲 感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)游戲即機(jī)能性游戲、練習(xí)性游戲、實(shí)踐性游戲，是兒童最早出現(xiàn)的一種形式，一般存在于從兒童出生到2歲這一階段。該游戲的主要表現(xiàn)形式為徒手游戲或重復(fù)的操作物體的游戲。 （二）象征性游戲 象征性游戲是2-7歲學(xué)前兒童最典型的游戲形式。象征即用具體的事物表現(xiàn)某種特殊意義，在這一時(shí)期，幼兒的象征游戲表現(xiàn)為運(yùn)用“替代物”，以假想的情景和行動(dòng)方式將現(xiàn)實(shí)生活和自己的愿望反映出來(lái)。幼兒在這種游戲中會(huì)把一種東西當(dāng)做另一種東西來(lái)使用情景轉(zhuǎn)變，以物代物、以人代人是象征性游戲的基本構(gòu)成要素。通過(guò)象征性游戲，幼兒可以脫離當(dāng)前對(duì)實(shí)物的知覺(jué)，以象征代替實(shí)物并學(xué)會(huì)用語(yǔ)言符號(hào)進(jìn)行思維，體現(xiàn)著幼兒認(rèn)知發(fā)展的水平。 （三）結(jié)構(gòu)游戲 （四）規(guī)則游戲 7.幼兒游戲場(chǎng)地環(huán)境創(chuàng)設(shè)的原則是什么？ 要遵循一定的原則。第一，促進(jìn)幼兒的發(fā)展。第二，符合幼兒特點(diǎn)。第三，保證幼兒的安全性。 8. 簡(jiǎn)答教師組織教學(xué)游戲時(shí)的主要環(huán)節(jié)。 組織這種游戲時(shí)，應(yīng)有以下幾個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。 1. 準(zhǔn)備游戲經(jīng)驗(yàn)，投放材料 2. 確定游戲活動(dòng)的規(guī)則和方法 3. 觀察游戲 4. 參與游戲，指導(dǎo)游戲 5. 評(píng)價(jià)游戲，分享游戲體驗(yàn) 　9. 如何保證游戲觀察的有效性？ 觀察的有效性，首先，教師在觀察孩子的游戲過(guò)程中，橫向面要廣泛，要關(guān)注班內(nèi)每一個(gè)孩子，知道他們都在哪個(gè)游戲主題里玩，玩什么，和誰(shuí)在一起玩，產(chǎn)生了哪些有價(jià)值的游戲情節(jié)。 其次，從教師觀察的縱向說(shuō)，要有一定的深度， 不要簡(jiǎn)單地只看到游戲的表面，而應(yīng)看到孩子出現(xiàn)的游戲行為背后所蘊(yùn)涵的發(fā)展意義。 最后，教師在觀察孩子游戲過(guò)程中，還需要具備觀察的靈敏性，要善于捕捉幼兒在游戲中的興趣熱點(diǎn)和所出現(xiàn)的矛盾焦點(diǎn)。 　10.簡(jiǎn)述結(jié)構(gòu)游戲的年齡特征。 幼兒結(jié)構(gòu)游戲的水平往往反映了其智力發(fā)展的水平，幼兒在不同的發(fā)展階段會(huì)表現(xiàn)出不同的結(jié)構(gòu)游戲水平。 （一）小班幼兒結(jié)構(gòu)游戲的年齡特征 小班幼兒在開(kāi)始時(shí)通常只是無(wú)目的地?cái)[弄結(jié)構(gòu)材料，光拿著玩，還不會(huì)搭。小班幼兒玩結(jié)構(gòu)游戲的時(shí)間一般是10分鐘，在10分鐘內(nèi)幼兒能夠維持建構(gòu)興趣和游戲樂(lè)趣，抑制非游戲行為產(chǎn)生。 （二） 中班幼兒結(jié)構(gòu)游戲的年齡特征 中班幼兒進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)游戲的目的比較明確，如果你在幼兒擺弄結(jié)構(gòu)材料時(shí)問(wèn)“你要搭什么”，幼兒一般能夠明確地說(shuō)出他想要搭建的主題。中班幼兒結(jié)構(gòu)游戲的時(shí)間一般是20分鐘。 （三）大班幼兒結(jié)構(gòu)游戲的年齡特征 大班幼兒已經(jīng)基本掌握了結(jié)構(gòu)游戲的技能，以積木游戲?yàn)槔蟀嘤變耗艽顝?fù)雜的物體或建筑物，能對(duì)稱(chēng)或加以裝飾。大班幼兒能?chē)@一個(gè)主題進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的結(jié)構(gòu)活動(dòng)，并且出現(xiàn)多人參與的集體結(jié)構(gòu)游戲。 11. 幼兒表演游戲的特點(diǎn)和作用是什么？ （一）幼兒表演游戲的特點(diǎn) 1. 游戲性 2. 表演性 （二）幼兒表演游戲的作用 1. 培養(yǎng)幼兒良好的品質(zhì) 2. 培養(yǎng)幼兒良好的行為方式 3. 有利于發(fā)展幼兒的語(yǔ)言能力，激發(fā)幼兒對(duì)文學(xué)藝術(shù)的興趣 　12. 如何對(duì)班級(jí)的玩教具進(jìn)行管理？ 1. 建立玩教具使用的常規(guī) 2. 合理放置，便于幼兒取放 3. 定期清洗、檢修玩教具 4. 根據(jù)需要，及時(shí)增減玩具 　三、論述題（結(jié)合實(shí)際進(jìn)行具體論述。） 　1．論述社會(huì)文化歷史學(xué)派游戲理論的主要觀點(diǎn)、貢獻(xiàn)與局限性。 1．主要觀點(diǎn) （1）剩余精力說(shuō)。代表人物是席勒與斯賓塞。主要觀點(diǎn)是：生物都有維持自己生存的能力，身體健康的兒童除了維持正常生活外，還有剩余精力，剩余精力需要發(fā)泄，而游戲就是一種剩余精力的發(fā)泄方式。 （2）松弛說(shuō)。代表人物是拉察魯斯和帕特里克。主要觀點(diǎn)是：游戲不是為了剩余精力的發(fā)泄，而是為了精力的恢復(fù)，兒童需要用游戲來(lái)恢復(fù)精力。 （3）前練習(xí)說(shuō)，又稱(chēng)生活預(yù)備說(shuō)。代表人物是格魯斯。主要觀點(diǎn)是：在童年時(shí)代就要游戲，游戲提供了兒童準(zhǔn)備參加嚴(yán)肅生活的途徑，游戲是兒童未來(lái)生活最好的預(yù)備。 （4）復(fù)演說(shuō)。代表人物是霍爾。主要觀點(diǎn)是：游戲重演了人類(lèi)進(jìn)化的過(guò)程，重現(xiàn)了人類(lèi)進(jìn)化過(guò)程中祖先的動(dòng)作和活動(dòng)，游戲是人類(lèi)遺傳活動(dòng)的表現(xiàn)。 2．評(píng)價(jià)貢獻(xiàn)與局限性 （1）貢獻(xiàn)：在人類(lèi)思想史上，第一次嚴(yán)肅地思考并解釋了兒童游戲的原因與意義；從兒童生理的不同側(cè)面對(duì)兒童游戲的原因與意義進(jìn)行解釋?zhuān)粡娜说囊话惚拘院凸残缘慕嵌葘?duì)兒童游戲的原因與意義進(jìn)行解釋?zhuān)换旧峡隙擞螒蚴莾和囊环N重要活動(dòng)，是兒童心理發(fā)展的重要力量。 （2）局限性：受生物進(jìn)化論的影響從本能的生物性角度解釋游戲；以工作作為游戲的對(duì)立面解釋游戲；主要是主管思辨的產(chǎn)物，缺乏科學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)。 　2．舉例論述游戲?qū)τ變荷鐣?huì)性發(fā)展的促進(jìn)作用。 游戲有助于促進(jìn)幼兒社會(huì)性的發(fā)展。首先，游戲反映幼兒周?chē)默F(xiàn)實(shí)生活，有助于幼兒的自我意識(shí)發(fā)展。幼兒在游戲中擔(dān)當(dāng)角色，體驗(yàn)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中角色的感受，進(jìn)而內(nèi)化為自己的體驗(yàn)，加深對(duì)自己現(xiàn)實(shí)角色的理解，學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自我，發(fā)現(xiàn)自我與他人的差別。游戲讓幼兒學(xué)會(huì)改變自己看問(wèn)題的角度，逐漸克服“自我中心化”的觀點(diǎn)和思維的片面性。 其次，游戲有助于幼兒對(duì)社會(huì)角色的學(xué)習(xí)，發(fā)展社會(huì)交往能力。幼兒在游戲中既能利用假想情境自由地從事自己的活動(dòng)，如過(guò)家家、打針等，又不受現(xiàn)實(shí)生活條件的制約；既能充分展開(kāi)理想的翅膀，又能再現(xiàn)和體驗(yàn)成人生活的感受及人際關(guān)系。通過(guò)扮演成人角色，對(duì)成人行為態(tài)度進(jìn)行模仿，幼兒在思想上了解了自己和自己同性別成人角色的關(guān)系，逐漸形成了性別角色的社會(huì)化。 最后，游戲有助于幼兒形成良好的道德品質(zhì)。游戲的規(guī)則是一種無(wú)形的約束力，有利于培養(yǎng)幼兒的自覺(jué)紀(jì)律。利用游戲的方式能夠培養(yǎng)和鞏固良好的 道德品質(zhì)，提高道德的實(shí)效，促進(jìn)幼兒形成良好的個(gè)性品質(zhì)。通過(guò)游戲，促進(jìn)幼兒主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)道德知識(shí)，發(fā)展道德思維，促進(jìn)道德認(rèn)知的發(fā)展。通過(guò)游戲，寓教于樂(lè)，培養(yǎng)幼兒積極、肯定性的道德情感。通過(guò)游戲，磨練意志，培養(yǎng)幼兒良好的道德意志和品質(zhì)。通過(guò)游戲，知行合一，培養(yǎng)幼兒良好的道德行為和習(xí)慣。 　3．試論述如何在幼兒園中體現(xiàn)以游戲?yàn)榛净顒?dòng)。 以游戲?yàn)榛净顒?dòng)的含義是：除滿足基本生存需要的活動(dòng)之外，發(fā)生次數(shù)最多和所占時(shí)間最多的活動(dòng)；對(duì)兒童的生活或生長(zhǎng)發(fā)展有重要影響的活動(dòng)。 在幼兒園的生活活動(dòng)中，要用貼近幼兒生活的、滿足幼兒身心發(fā)展水平的方法來(lái)組織活動(dòng)，讓幼兒每天都有愉快的情緒體驗(yàn)。教師要以多種形式的游戲充實(shí)幼兒園的一日生活，盡量減少不必要的集體行動(dòng)和過(guò)渡環(huán)節(jié)，減少和消除消極等待的現(xiàn)象。 在幼兒園的教學(xué)活動(dòng)中，應(yīng)盡可能將教學(xué)活動(dòng)游戲化，模糊教學(xué)與游戲的界限。游戲化的教學(xué)活動(dòng)的組織關(guān)鍵是讓幼兒體會(huì)到游戲的興趣性，體會(huì)到成就感，從而能積極主動(dòng)地參與教學(xué)活動(dòng)。 在游戲活動(dòng)中，應(yīng)保證幼兒每天有適當(dāng)?shù)淖灾鬟x擇和自由活動(dòng)的時(shí)間，提供必要的游戲條件，教師要成為幼兒活動(dòng)的支持者、合作者、引導(dǎo)者，關(guān)注幼兒的表現(xiàn)和反應(yīng)，形成合作式的師幼互動(dòng)。 　4．舉例說(shuō)明本體性游戲和工具性游戲在幼兒園教育中具有什么作用？ 根據(jù)游戲與教育教學(xué)任務(wù)或目的的結(jié)合程度的不同，游戲可以分為本體性游戲和工具性游戲。 本體性游戲也稱(chēng)目的性游戲，是指幼兒進(jìn)行自主、自發(fā)表現(xiàn)的游戲，游戲目的在于游戲本身，強(qiáng)調(diào)游戲本身的內(nèi)在價(jià)值和游戲的自發(fā)性。這種游戲強(qiáng)調(diào)幼兒可以主動(dòng)支配行為和自由參加游戲，它反映著幼兒發(fā)展的水平和興趣愛(ài)好，角色游戲、表演游戲和結(jié)構(gòu)游戲都屬于此類(lèi)游戲。 工具性游戲也稱(chēng)手段性游戲，是教師為實(shí)現(xiàn)特定的教育目的而組織的活動(dòng)，以游戲?yàn)榻逃侄?，通過(guò)游戲讓幼兒掌握大綱要求學(xué)習(xí)的知識(shí)和技能，促進(jìn)幼兒按一定方向發(fā)展。工具性游戲的直接目的不在于游戲本身，而是在于通過(guò)有利于幼兒發(fā)展的游戲形式促進(jìn)教育活動(dòng)的有效進(jìn)行和教育目標(biāo)的順利實(shí)現(xiàn)。這種游戲強(qiáng)調(diào)游戲外在的工具價(jià)值即教學(xué)價(jià)值，音樂(lè)游戲、體育游戲、智力游戲等都屬于此類(lèi)游戲。 這兩類(lèi)游戲在實(shí)踐中開(kāi)展時(shí)，本體性游戲突出了游戲主體——幼兒的自發(fā)性，工具性游戲把游戲作為教育教學(xué)的手段，教師的控制程度較大。實(shí)際上，無(wú)論何種形式的 游戲，其目的都指向幼兒的全面發(fā)展，其開(kāi)展既要發(fā)揮幼兒的主體能動(dòng)性，又不能完全放棄教育者指導(dǎo)作用的發(fā)揮。 四、案例分析題 　　根據(jù)游戲的觀察原則與指導(dǎo)方法，分析案例中該教師的指導(dǎo)行為與時(shí)機(jī)是否正確，并給出你的建議。 案例：大班游戲：“飛機(jī)場(chǎng)” 　　地面監(jiān)控臺(tái)的“播音員”開(kāi)始播音:“MF8417飛往海南的航班準(zhǔn)備好了嗎?”播音過(guò)程伴隨著笑聲，又由于孩子本身發(fā)音較為含糊，再加上麥克風(fēng)的擴(kuò)音效果，整個(gè)游戲區(qū)顯得異常嘈雜。緊接著又開(kāi)始播:“MF0188飛往北京的航班準(zhǔn)備好了嗎?”由于兩個(gè)航班擺放在同一個(gè)區(qū)域，加上整個(gè)游戲區(qū)原先就較為嘈雜，對(duì)于“播音員”口齒不清的通知確實(shí)是聽(tīng)不清楚。 　　十五分鐘過(guò)去了，前往海南的候機(jī)“乘客”還沒(méi)有等到登機(jī)的通知，孩子們開(kāi)始顯得不耐煩了。這時(shí)候教師以乘客的身份介入了，教師手拿著機(jī)票很不耐煩地說(shuō)道:“你們這航空公司也太不準(zhǔn)時(shí)了，怎么到現(xiàn)在還不起飛，我可是要去談生意的，遲到了你們要負(fù)責(zé)的?！北O(jiān)控臺(tái)幼兒連忙通知道:“飛往海南的航班準(zhǔn)備起飛?！崩蠋熡謫?wèn)道:“什么時(shí)候可以登機(jī)？”這時(shí)“播音員”又開(kāi)始通知:“飛機(jī)馬上就要起飛，請(qǐng)乘客們?cè)?號(hào)登機(jī)口登機(jī)?！毕旅娴某丝土⒖虨椤安ヒ魡T”糾正過(guò)來(lái):“不是2號(hào)登機(jī)口，是1號(hào)登機(jī)口?！薄安ヒ魡T”連忙改正過(guò)來(lái)。“乘客們”開(kāi)始伴隨著音樂(lè)陸陸續(xù)續(xù)登機(jī)了。這時(shí)，教師就離開(kāi)了。 　　過(guò)了一會(huì)兒，孩子們登上了飛機(jī)，但飛機(jī)仍然不起飛，教師就來(lái)到孩子旁邊一字一句地教孩子通知飛機(jī)該起飛了，但由于孩子的聲音很模糊，“機(jī)長(zhǎng)”也是在教師眼神的暗示下起飛了。飛機(jī)隨著音樂(lè)的聲音在慢慢地飛行著，這時(shí)“機(jī)長(zhǎng)”突然朝著“空姐”大喊:“趕快把東西收起來(lái)，飛機(jī)要沖下去了?！薄翱战恪边B忙把東西收起來(lái)，這時(shí)又聽(tīng)到“機(jī)長(zhǎng)”喊道:“飛機(jī)就要爆炸了，請(qǐng)大家準(zhǔn)備跳機(jī)。”地面監(jiān)控臺(tái)的孩子聽(tīng)到后，就拿起麥克風(fēng)問(wèn)到:“MF8417的航班出了什么問(wèn)題，機(jī)長(zhǎng)請(qǐng)回答，請(qǐng)回答?！薄皺C(jī)長(zhǎng)”回答道:“起落架出問(wèn)題?！北O(jiān)控臺(tái)發(fā)出指示:“緊急迫降。” 緊急迫降成功?！俺丝汀卑踩德?。剩下飛往北京的“乘客們”開(kāi)始向老師抱怨道:“老師，我們都等好久好久了，飛機(jī)怎么還不起飛呢?”老師一手拿過(guò)麥克風(fēng)自己充當(dāng)起了地面監(jiān)控員，飛機(jī)很順利地起飛了，也很順利地降落了。 答：老師適時(shí)地干預(yù)了孩子的自主游戲，糾正了被冷落的那組孩子的混亂游戲，使得這組孩子也對(duì)游戲感到滿意。達(dá)到了游戲的效果。建議老師在游戲開(kāi)始前先給予“機(jī)長(zhǎng)”和“地面監(jiān)控員”更細(xì)致的指導(dǎo)，避免游戲出現(xiàn)卡殼。 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(∩_∩)O謝謝?。。?015年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄Many people have the same mixed feelings when planning a trip during Golden Week. With heaps of time, the seven-day Chinese請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(∩_∩)O謝謝?。?！National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may become more fatigued after the holiday, due to battling the large crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy traffic are inevitable at most places. Also to be expected are increasing transport and accommodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also common that youllwait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the week-long holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the upcoming "Golden Week" it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the recommended travelling route, "China Inner Mongolia Arxan — Hailar — Manzhouli". It is also the joint of the four prairies across the Sino-Mongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round -- the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name "Haren Arxan" means "hot holy water" in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green. Nestled close to the countrys largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment, Arxan is marveled at by many tourists as the purest land on earth. You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best with brightly-colored scenery full of emotions. Autumn in the northern part of the country comes earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints of Autumn brings more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland. Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marvel of splendid colors around the mountains and waters, many of whom have travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder. The silver birch turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits as well as the glamour of flowers in full blown. And your heart will be lingering on the woods as its time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If itrains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for company. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulangs misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of shoes after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off on a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating the Milky Way which separated husband from wife. But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family. Even the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Traditionally, people would look up at the sky and find a bright star in the constellation Aquila as well as the star Vega, which are identified as Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine on opposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs In bygone days, Qixi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the "Begging for Skills Festival" or "Daughters Festival." In this day, girls will throw a sewing needle into a bowl full of water on the night of Qixi as a test of embroidery skills. If the needle floats on top of the water instead of sinking, it proves the girl is a skilled embroiders. Single women also pray for finding a good husband in the future. And the newly married women pray to become pregnant quickly. Tradition transformed The love story of Niulang and Zhinu, and the Qixi Festival have been handed down for generations. Yet these ancient traditions and customs are slowly dying out. Many modern Chinese, particularly youngsters, seem to know more about St Valentines Day on February 14, characterized by bouquets of roses, chocolates and romantic candlelight dinners, than they do about their home-grown day for lovers. Even Qixi is nowadays referred to as the "Chinese Valentines Day." More and more young Chinese people begin to celebrate this day in a very similar way as that in western countries. Fewer people than ever will gaze at the heavens on Saturday to pick out the two stars shining bright on either side of the Milky Way, that is, if people even know on which day Qixi falls. There are ready reminders dotted about, in the form of big ads saying "Sales on Chinese Valentines Day!" in shops, hotels and restaurants. But few young women will mark the festival with their boyfriends, or take part in traditional activities to pray for cleverness. A large-scale of exhibition on the Silk Road opened to the public in the National Museum on Thursday. The exhibition displays more than 400 treasures from Shaanxi province, Gansu province and 14 other regions. It is largest scale exhibition that shows the history of the Silk Road in recent years. AsAPECis going on in Beijing, the exhibit aims to show the world this brilliant section of history. The Silk Road is a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent. It connected the West and East by linking traders, merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time. I met my dear hubby in 2009 the second year I was in my school and it was the first year when he came here. We became colleagues. And there was nothing special happening during that year. He was just a kind and humble brother graduated from the same college as me. But we did not know each other till he became my colleague and his office desk was just in front of me. There was only a glass between us. So actually we could see each other when we both look up. But it is not the main reason that really draws us close. How we become close to each other was something seems quite natural. We went out to play badminton with other colleagues and we sometimes chatted for a while. He is a man of few words but somehow sometimes will say something really humorous. Then one day, to my great surprise, I found a pot of beautiful flower on my desk. It was just the flower I had talked about with my colleague the other day, and I thought it was her who put the flower there. But the truth is not. It was the humble guy sitting in front of me. He just simply said ,”well, I caught sight of this flower and thought that it’s beautiful and you may like it”. I wonder why I was moved because of these simple words and present. Maybe it is the sincerity and the true self that impress me. I thanked him and some colleagues walked past my desk would appreciate the beautiful flower and they noticed that something romance happened there. Then later on, there were some little surprises once in a while. Once, there was something wrong with my drawer and I had complained about it unconsciously. And he fixed it for me. Then the other day, he placed several pink diamond roses beside the flower with a piece of paper saying” I love you more than I can say! Diamond stands for marriage, rose stand for love. I hope you are mine, become my wife. You are the only girl who I really want to spend the rest of my life to stand by.” Although there were some grammar errors but I got what he meant. He meant so clear and so direct. And actually, I accepted him some days earlier. I was just waiting for him to break the ice. So finally, the common interests and the common understanding brought us together. Some people say the relationship and the feeling will change after getting hitched. You will find that love is no longer strong and there is always lack of passion and what’s worse you may find out many bad habits of your partner, which never appear when you are first in love before the marriage. It seems that many faults turn up after you truly living together and see each other’s face the moment you open your eyes in the early morning. But after almost 4 years from now, I do not feel any negative change in our relationship. During all these years, we know each other better and we become more tolerant about each other and I realize that if you really love a person you will accept his imperfect. And what is the qualification of a good husband? Once I was chatting with my colleague about this issue. And one of the qualifications I thought was that he must be a good cook. But to my surprise, my colleague said that a good husband must be someone who makes big money. What made her think so was quite beyond me. Maybe I am not sophisticated enough and what I want is just simple life style. The most enjoyable thing is that we go to the market to buy vegetables and other daily stuffs if we both have time. Maybe he is a housebound husband and I love housebound man. And there is another reason why We love going to the market. That is because we sometimes will get some surprises. The surprise is saving little fish which are disserted by the fish mongers. Because these fish are swellfish. Then we will collect them and set them free into the river. Swellfish are lovely creature. When they look like a little submarine when they are swimming in the water and look like a meat ball when you hold them in your hand. And if they are scared, they will swell and look like a little ball. Every time we see them swim away and we feel their happiness of returning home and this also make us cherish life. Maybe some will consider these behavior as something childish. Well, that is fine with us. We love doing these together and feel happy that is what it is all about. My dear hubby is a kind hearted man and he love animals just as I do. I am lucky to have someone who can be both my intimated soul ma