語(yǔ)法-語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn).doc

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一．形容詞和副詞 1．形容詞 定義：修飾名詞，表示人或事物的屬性和特征的詞叫作形容詞。 (1) 形容詞的分類： 類別 說 明 實(shí) 例 描寫性形容詞 表示人或事物的性質(zhì)，描寫顏色、大小、質(zhì)量等 Strong,firm,white, cold, new, interesting, large,spacious 限制性形容詞 表示一事物或概念與另一事物或模仿在時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等方面加以比較后所獲得的特征；對(duì)被修飾詞有限制作用 Daily, Asian, first, my, this, that, these, those, many, such, only, same,very,superior, inferior, senior, junior, 通常只能作表語(yǔ)的形容詞 描述主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì) 1) 以a-開頭的形容詞，如： afloat, afraid, akin, alert, alight, alike, alive, alone, aloof, ashamed, awake, aware等。這種形容詞只是不能作前置定語(yǔ)，僅作后置定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于定于從句中作表語(yǔ)。如rumor afloat(流言蜚語(yǔ))，the greatest man alive(當(dāng)今最偉大的人)， the only person awake then （當(dāng)時(shí)唯一醒著的人）。 2) 某些表示健康狀況的形容詞，如：faint, fine, ill, poorly (身體不好的), unwell, well等。不過，在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中，well也可以作定語(yǔ)，如：She is a well woman. (她是一個(gè)身體健康的婦女)，an ill person (一個(gè)邪惡的人), a sick person(一個(gè)病人) 3) 某些必須后跟介詞短語(yǔ)或不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的形容詞，常見的answerable, bound, inclined, indebted, liable, loath, opposed, prone, subject等，如：The ship is bound for London. (這艘船駛往倫敦。) She is bound to win. (她一定會(huì)贏。) 例句： a. I’m not alone in thinking so. 不只是我一個(gè)人有這種想法。b. The twins are so much alike that it is difficult to tell them apart. 這對(duì)雙胞胎非常相似，以至于很難將他們區(qū)分開來(lái)。 只能作定語(yǔ)的形容詞 表示相對(duì)關(guān)系 former, latter, inner, outer, upper, elder 表示強(qiáng)調(diào)意義 mere, outright, utter, very 表示限制意義 Chief, join, only, principle, main, sole, solar, chemical, nuclear等 復(fù)合形容詞 “形容詞+名詞+ed”形式的復(fù)合形容詞 這類形式的復(fù)合形容詞是以名詞為中心詞的復(fù)合形容詞的一種如：smooth-skinned, warm-blooded, short-sighted, good-tempered, tender-hearted, noble-minded等 “名詞+名詞+ed”形式的復(fù)合形容詞 這類形式的復(fù)合形容詞是以名詞為中心詞的復(fù)合形容詞的另一種。如：chicken-hearted, honey-mouthed, paper-backed, warm-hearted (2).形容詞的語(yǔ)法作用 1) 形容詞作定語(yǔ) a. 形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的位置 例句 單個(gè)形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)前置 No perpetual motion machine that has ever been tested has actually run or produced power for any significant period of time. As organic material decays slowly in peat, the remains of prehistoric animals are often found in the depths. 形容詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)后置 In general, the simpler plants appeared on the Earth before those more complicated in structure. Richard Wright enjoyed success and influence unparalleled among Black American writers of his era. b. 形容詞作前置定語(yǔ)時(shí)的詞序 不同種類的形容詞用來(lái)修飾同一名詞時(shí)，其順序大致按以下規(guī)律排列： 名詞前的形容詞排序表 代名形容詞 數(shù)量形容詞 性狀形容詞 名詞 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 放在冠詞前的形容詞 冠詞,指示代詞，所有形容詞，不定形容詞 序數(shù) 基數(shù) 性質(zhì)狀態(tài) 大小 長(zhǎng)短 形狀 新舊溫度 顏色 國(guó)籍 材料 被修飾名詞 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)同一類別的形容詞同時(shí)作前置定語(yǔ)時(shí)，它們之間須用and或but連接，或者用逗號(hào)隔開，如：a handsome and daring man; a tall, well-dressed doctor。 -------A broken small old grey stone bridge came into sight. 一座破舊不堪的、古老的灰色小石橋映入眼簾。 -------A physically-weak, thin-faced, grey-haired, dark-skinned tall old Indian man is seated over there. 一位白發(fā)蒼蒼、面容消瘦、體質(zhì)虛弱、高個(gè)兒黑皮膚的印度老翁正坐在那兒。 2) 形容詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí) a. 形容詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常位于賓語(yǔ)之后: -------Organic chemistry has made many products possible. 有機(jī)化學(xué)的出現(xiàn)使得好多產(chǎn)品成為可能。但有時(shí)為了結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，可將補(bǔ)語(yǔ)提前。 ---- People find it difficult to learn Greek. b. 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)帶有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)時(shí)，作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的形容詞往往位于賓語(yǔ)之前： -------X-rays are able to pass through objects and thus make visible details that are otherwise impossible to observe. X射線能穿透物體，從而使人能詳細(xì)地看到物體的內(nèi)部構(gòu)造；假如沒有X射線的話，要做到這一點(diǎn)是不可能的。 -------The use of computer makes possible the quick calculation of many figures that will previously take man years of hard work to do. 使用計(jì)算機(jī)能夠很快地計(jì)算出許多數(shù)據(jù)，要是在以前，這得花費(fèi)人們好幾年的功夫去做。 3) 形容詞(短語(yǔ))作狀語(yǔ) -------She pays her rent regular. 她定期付租金。 -------When contented, and occasionally when hungry, cats frequently make a purring sound. 貓?jiān)诟械綕M足、或偶爾感到饑餓時(shí)，總會(huì)發(fā)出嗚嗚聲。 上面兩句中， regular和hungry分別作方式狀語(yǔ)和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，這種無(wú)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于省略形式的狀語(yǔ)從句： When （they are） contented, and occasionally when （they are） hungry… 4) 形容詞與定冠詞連用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ) 形容詞前加定冠詞the可用來(lái)指某一類人或事物，作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。 -------We should subordinate our personal interest to that of the collective. 我們的個(gè)人利益應(yīng)該服從集體利益。 -------The idle are forced to work. 懶漢被迫干活。 (3)形容詞的原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí) 1)原級(jí)比較: as … as; not so / as … as; the same … as -------Mary is as tall as but not as / so strong as Jane. 瑪麗和瓊一樣高，但不如她身體結(jié)實(shí)。 -------This road is the same width as that one. = This road is as wide as that one. 這條路和那條一樣寬。 2) 比較級(jí)比較: -er than; more … than; less … than -------Why is there less traffic on the streets in February than in May? 為什么二月份的道路交通沒有五月份的那么忙？ -------I’m much busier today than I was yesterday. 我今天比昨天忙多了。 3) 最高級(jí): -est (of…); the most … (of / among/ in …) -------Here are three motors. Which one is the biggest? 這兒有三輛車，哪輛最大呢？ -------China is the largest of all the countries in Asia. 中國(guó)是亞洲最大的國(guó)家。 4）修飾比較級(jí)的程度副詞（短語(yǔ)）： much, even, still, far, slightly, 3 percent, two-thirds, a lot, a little, a great dea l…+比較級(jí) by far, much, very 的用法 ------- This book is far easier to read than that one. --------Your suggestion is much more valuable than mine. --------He feels a little more tired than he did yesterday. ------- He is by far the tallest in his class./ He is taller than anyone else by far in his class. ------- This is the very best offer that she can give us./ This is much the best offer that she can give us 5)．漸進(jìn)比較）: be getting + -er / more and more+ adj./adv原級(jí) ------ It’s getting hotter and hotter. ------She is getting more and more sensible. 6)．平行比較－正比: the more+ adj./adv原級(jí)…, the more+ adj./adv原級(jí) 反比: the more…, the less… ------The more you read, the more you will understand. ------The cleverer he got, the greedier he was。 ------The more pocket money Tom spent, the less(of it ) was left. 7)．比較級(jí)表示最高級(jí): －er/ more+ adj./adv原級(jí) than anyone else /anybody else/ any of the others ------Jack runs faster than anybody else / any of the other students/ any of the others in this class.= Jack runs fastest in this class. ------This kind of beast is more dangerous than any of the other beasts here.= This kind of beast is the most dangerous here. 8)．序數(shù)詞＋最高級(jí) the first/ second biggest… ------The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 9)．與其。。。到不如 more… than ------ He is more brave than clever. ------Your advice is more practical than valuable. 10). not more/-er than和 no more/ -er than ------ There’s not more than 100 yuan in the wallet. (客觀敘述) ------I spent no more than 150 yuan last week. （帶感情色彩） 11). A is no fitter for…than B is ------ He is no fitter for the job than a school boy is. ------Jack is no cleverer than Tim is. ------This film is no more instructive than that one is. 12). A is larger than B by… ------I’m older than you by 10 years. ------I’ve stayed here longer than you have by 12 years. 13). A is the same + n. as B ------This room is the same size as that one. ------This builging is the same height as that one. ------This river is the same width/breadth as that one. ------this girl is the same age as that girl. 14). A is best in…time/ condition (最高級(jí)前不用the情況) ------Beijing is best/ most beautiful in Autumn. ------The moon is roundest on Aug. 15 every year. 15)．more than, other than, rather than, no other than/ none other than… ------ I’m more than happy to see you. ------The whole class, other than Tom, will attend the lecture. ------It was Martin, rather than Brith, who brke the window. ------The comer was no/ none other than the headmaster himself. 16). Of the two… A is the better/ the more…. ------ Of the two girls Mary is the healthier. ------Of the two students Jane is the more patient. ------ Mary is the most perseverant of/ among all the students in her class. 17). that, those 在比較級(jí)中的指代作用 （比較要同類） ------ Your attitude is not that of a comrade. ------The tape-recorder on your desk is more expensive than that/the one on my desk. ------The lights in our classroom are brighter than those/ the ones in theirs. 18). Just as… so… ; What … that… ------ Just as water is to fish, so air is to man. ------ What wine is to French, that beer is to German. 19). perfect, excellent, unique, wrong, right, superior, inferior, senior, junior…(無(wú)比較級(jí)情況) 混淆形容詞的比較 Considerable (值得考慮的，相當(dāng)?shù)?, considerate (考慮周到，體諒人的), considered (深思熟慮的) Respectable (值得尊敬的), respected (受到尊敬的), respectful (畢恭畢敬的), respective (各自的) Imaginative (富有想象力的), imaginary (想象中的), imaginable (可以想象的) Convinced (確信的), convincing (令人信服的，肯定的) Sensitive (敏感的), sensible (明智的),insensible (無(wú)知覺的，沒有覺察的), senseless (毫無(wú)意義的) Satisfied (感到滿意的), satisfactory (圓滿的，令人滿意的), satisfying (令人滿意的) Beneficial (有益的), beneficent (仁慈的) Childlike(天真無(wú)邪的), childish(幼稚，不成熟的)，childless (沒孩子的) Comparable(可比擬的), comparative(比較的) Contemptible (可鄙視的), comtemptuous (表示輕視的) Continuous (不間斷的，連續(xù)的), continual (不時(shí)的，有間隔的) Desirable (稱心合意的，可取的), desirous (渴望……的) Economic (經(jīng)濟(jì)的), economical (節(jié)儉的，精打細(xì)算的，經(jīng)濟(jì)的) Historical (有關(guān)/ 基于歷史的，歷史學(xué)的), historic (歷史性的，歷史上有重大意義的) Electric (用電的，電動(dòng)的，發(fā)/帶電的), electrical (與電有關(guān)的), electronical (電子的) Intelligent (聰明的，有才智的),intelligible (可被理解的，易被領(lǐng)悟的) Healthy (健康的), healthful (有益于健康的) Ingenious (靈巧的，機(jī)敏的),ingenous (坦率的，單純的) Practical (實(shí)用的，實(shí)際的),practicable(可實(shí)行的，可用的) Regretful (懊悔的，惋惜的), regrettable (令人遺憾/惋惜的) Worth (值得的，有價(jià)值的),worthy (值得尊敬/重視的), worthwhile (值得花時(shí)間/ 精力的) Pleased (感到高興/ 滿意的), pleasing (招人喜愛的，令人愉快/滿意的), pleasant (令人愉快的) Troubled (受打擾的，操心的), troublesome (令人討厭/ 惱怒的) Tired (疲勞的，厭倦的),tiring (累人的), tiresome (令人厭煩的) Valuable (有價(jià)值的，貴重/值錢的),invaluable (非常寶貴的，價(jià)值高得無(wú)法估量的), valueless (無(wú)價(jià)值的), priceless (貴重的，無(wú)法估價(jià)的), worthless (無(wú)價(jià)值的，無(wú)用的) 沒有比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)形式的形容詞： A. 只能作定語(yǔ)的表示相對(duì)關(guān)系的形容詞，如：former，latter，inner，outer，upper，elder等。 B. 只能作定語(yǔ)的表示強(qiáng)調(diào)意義的形容詞，如：mere，outright (completely)，utter，very等。 C. 只能作定語(yǔ)的表示限制意義的形容詞，如：chief，joint，main，only, principle，sole，chemical， nuclear，solar等。 D. 表示絕對(duì)意義的形容詞，如：average，equal, square, round，perfect，excellent，unique, infinite，extreme，right，wrong，left, right等。 E. 一些源自于拉丁語(yǔ)的形容詞，如：major，minor，senior (to)，junior (to) , superior (to) ，inferior (to)，prior (to) 等。 2.副詞 定義：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其它副詞或全句，說明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、方式等概念的詞稱為副詞。 (1) 副詞的種類及位置 1) 時(shí)間和頻度副詞：包括表示時(shí)間、頻度以及其他時(shí)間關(guān)系的副詞 如： now, then, yesterday, ago, before, just now, later (on), lately, recently, always, often, sometimes, hardly ever, already, yet, late, soon, at first, at last, immediately, right away等。 還有一些以-ly結(jié)尾，與形容詞同形的副詞，如：hourly, daily, nightly, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, yearly, early, deadly, only等。 下面以ever為例，說明其用法： ever可作“曾經(jīng)”解，多與完成時(shí)態(tài)連用。 Every other machine ever invented = every other machine which has ever been invented. “as+形容詞 / 副詞+as ever”是習(xí)語(yǔ)，意為“和以前一樣…”。如：as serious as ever = as serious as it has been at any time。 2) 地點(diǎn)副詞：包括表示地點(diǎn)和表示位置關(guān)系的副詞 如： here, there, upstairs, anywhere, everywhere, above, below, in, across, back, over, round, away, near, off, on, inside, past等。 3) 方式副詞：絕大多數(shù)由形容詞加詞尾“l(fā)y”構(gòu)成表示行為的方式 如： anxiously, badly, bravely, absurdly, fluently, gratefully, intentionally, calmly, properly, carelessly, awkwardly, heartedly, slowly, softly, warmly等。 注意：有一些副詞兼有不帶-ly與帶-ly兩種形式，但通常有不同的含義。 a. 有些副詞不帶-ly的形式表示具體意義，帶-ly的形式表示抽象或引申意義。 -------Her eyes were wide open. 她眼睛睜得大大的。 -------She is widely known as a good doctor. 作為醫(yī)生，她廣為人知。 -------They buried the box deep. 他們把盒子深埋起來(lái)。 -------They were deeply moved. 他們深受感動(dòng)。 這種類型的副詞還有close-closely. high-highly, near-nearly等。 b. 有些副詞不帶-ly的形式為強(qiáng)化副詞，帶-ly的形式為方式副詞。 -------He clean forgot about it. 他把它忘得一干二凈。 -------He lives cleanly. 他平日愛清潔。 -------It is pretty cold today. 今天相當(dāng)冷。 -------She is prettily dressed. 她打扮得很漂亮。 這種類型的副詞還有clear-clearly, just-justly, square-squarely等。 c. 不帶-ly的形式通常為后位副詞，帶-ly的形式通常為中位副詞。 -------We must stand firm. 我們必須堅(jiān)定不移。 -------We must firmly bear this in mind. 我們必須牢記這一點(diǎn)。 -------You spelt my name right / wrong. 你把我的名字拼對(duì)/錯(cuò)了。 -------The word was rightly / wrongly spelt. 這個(gè)詞拼對(duì)/錯(cuò)了。 這種類型的副詞還有fine-finely, fair-fairly, thick-thickly等。 4)．程度副詞：有much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, fairly, extremely, considerably, entirely, greatly, completely, awfully, terribly, definitely, scarcely等。這類副詞多用來(lái)修飾形容詞或副詞，一般前置， 有少數(shù)可修飾動(dòng)詞或介詞短語(yǔ)。 下面以even, only, enough為例說明程度副詞的幾點(diǎn)用法： a. even 的意義和用法 程度副詞even作“甚至；即使”解，緊靠在它所修飾的詞語(yǔ)之前。 -------Even a child can understand this book. 連一個(gè)孩子都能看懂這本書。 b. only作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的位置 用以強(qiáng)調(diào)的副詞only通常緊靠在它所修飾的詞語(yǔ)之前。 -------Only members may use the library. 只有會(huì)員才可以使用這個(gè)圖書館。 -------He finished his essay only yesterday. 他只在昨天才寫完那篇文章。 c. enough作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的位置 程度副詞enough作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)位于所修飾的形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞之后。 -------She plays the piano well enough for a beginner. 作為初學(xué)者，她鋼琴?gòu)椬嗟孟喈?dāng)不錯(cuò)了。 -------You don’t practice enough on the piano.你鋼琴?gòu)椬嗑毜貌粔颉? -------George is not intelligent enough to pass this economics class without help. 喬治不夠聰明，沒有人幫助，他這門經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程他不會(huì)及格。 5) 疑問副詞：是用來(lái)引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句的。 -------How are you getting along with your studies? 你最近學(xué)習(xí)怎么樣？ 6) 連接副詞：可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)從句。有when, where, why, how, wherever, however, nevertheless, yet 等。 -------He wondered how he should do the job. 他不知道該如何來(lái)做這件事。 7) 表示上下文邏輯關(guān)系的副詞：這類副詞是句與句之間體現(xiàn)邏輯思維的連接手段，根據(jù)意義，連接副詞可以分為以下幾類： a. 表示列舉和補(bǔ)充，如：first，second; firstly，secondly；anyhow，anyway；again，also，too，besides，further，furthermore；moreover，next，then；equally，likewise，similarly等； b. 表示總結(jié)，如：thus，therefore，altogether等； c. 表示解釋，如namely； d. 表示話題轉(zhuǎn)換，如：incidentally，meanwhile，now，well等； e. 表示結(jié)果，如：accordingly，consequently，hence，therefore等 f. 表示否定的條件，如：or, else，otherwise等； g. 表示讓步，如：however，nevertheless，only，still，though等； h. 表示對(duì)比，如：alternatively，conversely，instead等。 連接副詞最常見的位置是在句首；表示解釋的連接副詞也可位于句中: -------My watch is old; nevertheless, it is in good condition. 我的手表舊了，然而它走得很好。 -------It’s true that the old road is less direct and a bit longer. We won’t take a new one, though, because we don’t feel as safe on it. 確實(shí)，這條舊路沒有新路那樣筆直，而且也稍長(zhǎng)一些。不過，我們不愿走新路，因?yàn)槲覀冇X得走新路沒有舊路安全。 -------The train was heavy and consequently the land was flooded. 這場(chǎng)雨很大，所以田地被淹了。 8) 關(guān)系副詞：用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，如where, when, why。 -------Gone forever are the days when I had to take tests. 我必須參加考試的日子已經(jīng)一去不復(fù)返了。 -------Is that the reason why you didn’t buy a new bike? 那就是你不買新自行車的原因嗎？ -------Is this the house where you were born? 你是在這個(gè)房子里出生的嗎？ 9)修飾整個(gè)句子的副詞：這些副詞不是修飾句子的某個(gè)成分，而是表示說話人對(duì)自己所說的話的態(tài)度，具體有以下三類： a. 表示說話人在說 話時(shí)的態(tài)度，如：honestly, personally, seriously, incidentally b. 表示說 話人對(duì)某一動(dòng)作或情況可能性的評(píng)論，如：actually, certainly, clearly, indeed, maybe, perhaps, possibly, probably, really c. 表示說話人對(duì)某一動(dòng)作或情況的反應(yīng)，如：hopefully, luckily, naturally, surprisingly。 修飾句子的副詞通常位于句首，其后有逗號(hào)。 -------Personally, I don’t like him at all. 就我而言，我一點(diǎn)兒都不喜歡他。 -------Luckily, she wasn’t injured. 幸運(yùn)的是，她沒有受傷。 -------I must go now. Incidentally, if you want that book I’ll bring it next time. 我 現(xiàn)在必須走了。順便說一句，你要是想要那本書，我下次把它帶來(lái)。 -------Seriously, I wish to work here. 說實(shí)在的，我希望在這兒工作。 (2)某些副詞詞義辨析 1) already 與yet的區(qū)別 already 與yet都與完成時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連用，yet僅用于否定句和疑問句； already通常僅用于陳述句，它用于疑問句時(shí)表示驚奇。 -------Have you finished lunch already? It’s only 12 o’clock! 你已經(jīng)吃過飯了？現(xiàn)在才12點(diǎn)鐘??！ -------The governor has not decided how to deal with the problems yet. 州長(zhǎng)尚未決定如何處理這些問題。 2) very 與much的區(qū)別 (1) 作為強(qiáng)調(diào)副詞，very主要修飾形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)，還可修飾含形容詞意義的現(xiàn)在分詞，如：very interesting。 (2) much作為強(qiáng)調(diào)副詞除了用于修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)之外，還可修飾admire, appreciate, regret等動(dòng)詞。 -------I much admire what you have done. 我非常羨慕你所做的事。 -------They don’t much care about it. 他們對(duì)此不太在乎。 much還可修飾被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞. -------The house was much damaged. 這房子被破壞得很嚴(yán)重。 3) well 與good的區(qū)別 good只能作形容詞；well除了作副詞以外，還可作表語(yǔ)形容詞，有“健康”和“令人滿意”之意。 -------He’s not well. 他的身體不好。 -------It seems that all is not well at home. 看起來(lái)家中并非事事如意。 4) not與none的區(qū)別 not 作為副詞主要構(gòu)成否定，如mustn’t, haven’t don’t 等；還用于not … until, not much, not that … but that, not all, not a 等表達(dá)形式中。None 作為副詞時(shí)有兩個(gè)主要用法： a. 以none the （毫不） 的形式位 于better, worse, wiser等形容詞比較級(jí)之前。 -------She looks none the better for her holiday. 她在度假后看上去身體一點(diǎn)兒都沒有好轉(zhuǎn)。 b.以none too / so（毫不） 的形式位于形容詞或副詞之前。 -------The salary they pay me is none too high.他們付給我的工資不是太高。 -------She is none（比not語(yǔ)意強(qiáng)）so fond of her son. 她毫不喜歡兒子。 5) so 與too的區(qū)別 a. “so + 形容詞/副詞” 結(jié)構(gòu)之后跟that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。 -------Gypsum is so soft that it is easy to scratch it with a fingernail. 石膏非常軟，很容易用指甲把它劃出印痕。 b.“too + 形容詞/副詞”結(jié)構(gòu)之后常跟帶to的不定式，作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，意為“太…以至不能…”，通常可轉(zhuǎn)換成so…that...not...的句型。 -------My coffee is too hot to drink.（相當(dāng)于My coffee is so hot that I can’t drink it.）我的咖啡太熱了，沒法喝。 c. cannot … too 結(jié)構(gòu)意為：無(wú)論怎樣…也不過分；越…越好。 -------You cannot praise the film too highly. 這部電影你怎么稱贊都不過分。 -------One can never be too careful in the test. 考試時(shí)無(wú)論怎樣仔細(xì)都不為過。 (3) 副詞的原級(jí)、比較級(jí)與最高級(jí) 1) 副詞的原級(jí) -------She writes as clearly as her sister. 她寫得與她妹妹一樣清楚。 －－ He doesn’t run so/as fast as his deskmate. 他跑得沒他的同桌快。 2) 副詞的比較級(jí) -------Watercolors dry faster than other paints. 水彩顏料比其他顏料干得快些。 -------She is more of a musician than her brother. 她比她哥哥更具有音樂家的素質(zhì)。 3) 副詞的最高級(jí) -------No other beverage comes close to rivaling coffee as the most widely drunk refreshment in the world. 其他任何飲料都比不上在全世界飲用最廣泛的咖啡。 -------She performed the play most awfully today. 她今天演的這場(chǎng)戲可謂最糟了。 (4) 修飾形容詞或副詞比較程度的詞語(yǔ) 1) 用于形容詞或副詞原級(jí)前的詞語(yǔ)有：exactly, just, nearly, almost, hardly, twice, three times 等，如：exactly as big as, twice as many as。 2) 用于形容詞或副詞比較級(jí)前的詞語(yǔ)有：表示“一點(diǎn)兒“的slightly, a little, a bit等；表示“……得多”的much, many, a lot, greatly, a great deal, far 等; 表示“更……”的有even和 still, 如：a little longer than; many more books than; far better than; even more difficult than; 表示確定程度的 two years, a head, ten times等，如：two year older than; a head taller than; ten times more than. 3) 修飾形容詞或副詞最高級(jí)的表達(dá)有：by far, the second, the third等， 如：by far the finest weather； the third largest company。 (5)某些具有特殊意義的比較結(jié)構(gòu) 1) no –er / more…than “no + 形容詞/副詞比較級(jí) + than”意為“并不比……更”；與……同樣不”。 -------He is no cleverer than his brother. 他和他兄弟同樣不怎么聰明。 -------I have no more money than you. 我的錢比你多不到那里去。 2) not … any more than 該結(jié)構(gòu)意為“并不比……更”；“與……同樣的不”,其另一種說法是no more…than -------A monkey is not a human being any more than a dog is.（相當(dāng)于A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.）猴子不是人類，正如狗不是人類一樣。 3)結(jié)構(gòu)意為“同…一樣；正如” -------She is as much a friend to me as a mother. 她是我的媽媽，也是我的朋友。 4) not so much … as “與其說…不如說…”。 -------They are not so much friends as lovers. 與其說他們是朋友，不如說是情人。 相當(dāng)于less…than（不……那么多）。 -------I didn’t say so much as he did at the meeting yesterday. 我昨天在會(huì)上講的沒有他多。 5) more … than 該結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可表示同一人或物在不同性質(zhì)上的描繪性對(duì)比，意為“與其說…不如說”。 -------He is more clever than diligent. 與其說他勤奮，還不如說他聰明。 6) still less (much less) still less(=much less)用于否定句之后，意為“更不用說；更何況”。 -------He is too shy to ask a stranger the time, still less speak to a room full of people. 他連向陌生人打聽時(shí)間都不好意思，更不要說向一屋子人講話了。 -------At the age of fourteen I had never even been on a train, still less an aircraft. 14歲時(shí)我連火車都沒坐過，更不用說飛機(jī)了。 7) 用作前置修飾語(yǔ)的as…as, more than和less than 有些含有than或as的結(jié)構(gòu)并不表示真正意義上的比較，而只是一種前置修飾語(yǔ)，可修飾名詞、形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞。 -------As many as three hundred people were present at the meeting. 多達(dá)300人出席了會(huì)議。 -------She was more than welcome that day. 那天她大受歡迎。 -------It’s no more than a mile to the museum. 到博物館只有1英里。 -------He will come in less than two hours. 不用兩個(gè)小時(shí)他就會(huì)來(lái)。 (6) 短語(yǔ)中的副詞 1) 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中的副詞 a. 不帶賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中的副詞 -------They carried on in spite of the difficult conditions. 他們不顧困難的條件，繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。 b. 帶賓語(yǔ)的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的副詞 -------We have to try every means to bring down the costs of the construction project. 我們必須千方百計(jì)地降低這項(xiàng)建筑工程的成本。 -------The store had to lay off a number of clerks because sales were down. 由于銷售額下降，這家商店不得不解雇幾名售貨員。 2) 含有短語(yǔ)介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中的副詞 這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有很多，如 break away from, catch up with, come up with, do away with, fall in with, get down to, go in for, keep up with, look down upon, make up for, put up with, run away with, stand up for, stand up to 等。 Mary found it difficult to stand up to Jim’s father when he disapproved of their marriage. 當(dāng)吉姆的父親不贊成他們的婚姻時(shí)，瑪麗發(fā)現(xiàn)難以抗拒。 He has gone in for strange hobbies like collecting bottle tops and rocks. 他有一些奇異的興趣愛好，如收集瓶蓋和巖石。 Exercise: 1. The question is ____ easy to deal with. A. completely B. fairly C. mostly D. totally 2. They were digging ____ for the hidden treasure. A. deep B. deeply C. thoroughly D. fully 3. It is silly of her to have bought the skirt ____. A. so expensive B. so expensively C.such expe