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徐州工程學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）任務(wù)書(shū)
機(jī)電工程 學(xué)院 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 專(zhuān)業(yè)
設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目 混凝土泵車(chē)的回轉(zhuǎn)支承和回轉(zhuǎn)底座的部分設(shè)計(jì)
學(xué) 生 姓 名 王 飛
班 級(jí) 04機(jī)本（5）
起 止 日 期 2008.2.25—2008.6.2
指 導(dǎo) 教 師 仇文寧
教研室主任 李 志
發(fā)任務(wù)書(shū)日期 2008年 2 月 25 日
1. 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的背景：
隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，國(guó)家提出西部大開(kāi)發(fā)計(jì)劃，在此框架下，基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)的需求
不斷擴(kuò)大，在建筑施工作業(yè)中，急需一種一其節(jié)省勞動(dòng)力施工速度快，澆筑質(zhì)量高等
一系列要求的工程機(jī)械。因此在這種情況下，有必要設(shè)計(jì)一種結(jié)構(gòu)合理、性能優(yōu)越的
混凝土工程機(jī)械，而混凝土泵車(chē)可以一次同時(shí)完成現(xiàn)場(chǎng)混凝土的輸送的布料作業(yè)，在
臂架活動(dòng)范圍內(nèi)可以任意改變混凝土澆筑的位置，不需要在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)臨時(shí)鋪設(shè)管道，可以
節(jié)省輔料時(shí)間，提高工效。
2.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的內(nèi)容和要求：
內(nèi)容：
1．穩(wěn)定性分析以及傾翻力矩的計(jì)算；
2．回轉(zhuǎn)支承的設(shè)計(jì)；
3．回轉(zhuǎn)底座的設(shè)計(jì)
要求：
1．回轉(zhuǎn)底座的總裝以及部件圖；
2．設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)一份，20000字；
3．譯文5000字。
3.主要參考文獻(xiàn)：
[1] 雷玉成.于治水.焊接成型技術(shù).北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2004
[2] 徐灝.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1991
[3] 張國(guó)忠.現(xiàn)代混凝土泵車(chē)及施工應(yīng)用技術(shù).北京：中國(guó)建材工業(yè)出版
[4] 呂玲.焊工應(yīng)知應(yīng)會(huì)實(shí)務(wù)手冊(cè).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2006
[5] 機(jī)械工程師手冊(cè)編輯委員會(huì).機(jī)械工程師手冊(cè).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2000.5
[6] 邱宣懷.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì).北京：高等教育出版社，2006
[7] 馬寶國(guó).新型泵送混凝土技術(shù)及施工分析 [M].北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2006.5
4.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)進(jìn)度計(jì)劃(以周為單位)：
起 止 日 期
工 作 內(nèi) 容
備 注
2.25－3.2
3.3 －3.9
3.10－3.16
3.17－3.23
3.24－3.30
3.31－4.6
4.7 －4.13
4.14－4.20
4.21－4.27
4.28－5.4
5.5 －5.11
5.12－5.18
5.19－5.25
5.26－6.1
進(jìn)行實(shí)地調(diào)研、查閱相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)，收集資料；
進(jìn)行實(shí)地調(diào)研、查閱相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)，收集資料；
綜合分析文獻(xiàn)資料、提出并論證整體設(shè)計(jì)方案；
分析泵車(chē)的結(jié)構(gòu)組成，工作原理，以及整體參數(shù)；
對(duì)泵車(chē)的穩(wěn)定性做整體判斷；
計(jì)算并確定布料桿的傾翻力矩；
回轉(zhuǎn)支承的設(shè)計(jì)；
回轉(zhuǎn)支承的選擇和強(qiáng)度校核；
回轉(zhuǎn)底座的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)；
回轉(zhuǎn)底座的強(qiáng)度校核，并開(kāi)始繪圖；
設(shè)計(jì)繪制回轉(zhuǎn)支承和回轉(zhuǎn)底座的圖紙；
繼續(xù)繪制沒(méi)完成的圖紙，并整理撰寫(xiě)論文；
對(duì)繪制的圖紙進(jìn)行審核，對(duì)論文進(jìn)行總體完善；
查漏補(bǔ)缺完善論文和圖紙，準(zhǔn)備答辯。
教研室審查意見(jiàn)：
室主任
年 月 日
學(xué)院審查意見(jiàn)：
教學(xué)院長(zhǎng)
年 月 日
徐州工程學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開(kāi)題報(bào)告
課 題 名 稱(chēng)：混凝土泵車(chē)的回轉(zhuǎn)支承和回轉(zhuǎn)底座的部分設(shè)計(jì)
學(xué) 生 姓 名：王 飛 學(xué)號(hào)： 20040601535
指 導(dǎo) 教 師：仇文寧 職稱(chēng)： 高級(jí)工程師
所 在 學(xué) 院： 機(jī) 電 工 程 學(xué) 院
專(zhuān) 業(yè) 名 稱(chēng)： 機(jī) 械 設(shè) 計(jì) 制 造 及 其 自 動(dòng) 化
徐州工程學(xué)院
2008年 3月 4日
說(shuō) 明
1．根據(jù)《徐州工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)管理規(guī)定》，學(xué)生必須撰寫(xiě)《畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開(kāi)題報(bào)告》，由指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見(jiàn)、教研室審查，學(xué)院教學(xué)院長(zhǎng)批準(zhǔn)后實(shí)施。
2．開(kāi)題報(bào)告是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）答辯委員會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。學(xué)生應(yīng)當(dāng)在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）工作前期內(nèi)完成，開(kāi)題報(bào)告不合格者不得參加答辯。
3．畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容要實(shí)事求是，逐條認(rèn)真填寫(xiě)。其中的文字表達(dá)要明確、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語(yǔ)言通順，外來(lái)語(yǔ)要同時(shí)用原文和中文表達(dá)。第一次出現(xiàn)縮寫(xiě)詞，須注出全稱(chēng)。
4．本報(bào)告中，由學(xué)生本人撰寫(xiě)的對(duì)課題和研究工作的分析及描述，沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)整理歸納，缺乏個(gè)人見(jiàn)解僅僅從網(wǎng)上下載材料拼湊而成的開(kāi)題報(bào)告按不合格論。
5. 課題類(lèi)型填：工程設(shè)計(jì)類(lèi)；理論研究類(lèi)；應(yīng)用（實(shí)驗(yàn)）研究類(lèi)；軟件設(shè)計(jì)類(lèi)；其它。
6、課題來(lái)源填：教師科研；社會(huì)生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐；教學(xué)；其它
課題
名稱(chēng)
混凝土泵車(chē)回轉(zhuǎn)支承及回轉(zhuǎn)底座部分設(shè)計(jì)
課題來(lái)源
社會(huì)生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐
課題類(lèi)型
工程設(shè)計(jì)
選題的背景及意義
隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，國(guó)家提出西部大開(kāi)發(fā)計(jì)劃，在此框架下，基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)的需求不斷擴(kuò)大，在建筑施工作業(yè)中, 急需一種以其節(jié)省勞動(dòng)力施工速度快,澆筑質(zhì)量高等一系列要求的工程機(jī)械。因此，在這樣情況下，有必要設(shè)計(jì)一種結(jié)構(gòu)合理、性能優(yōu)越的混凝土工程機(jī)械，對(duì)國(guó)家的基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)完善和改善傳統(tǒng)的建筑施工方法有著重要的意義，而混凝土泵車(chē)可以一次同時(shí)完成現(xiàn)場(chǎng)混凝土的輸送和布料作業(yè)，具有泵送性能好、布料范圍大、能自行行走，機(jī)動(dòng)靈活和轉(zhuǎn)移方便等特點(diǎn)。尤其是在基礎(chǔ)、低層施工及需頻繁轉(zhuǎn)移工地時(shí)，使用混凝土泵車(chē)更能顯示其優(yōu)越性。采用它施工方便，在臂架活動(dòng)范圍內(nèi)可任意改變混凝土澆筑位置，不需在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)臨時(shí)鋪設(shè)管道，可節(jié)省鋪助時(shí)間，提高工效。特別適用于混凝土澆筑需求量大、超大體積及超厚基礎(chǔ)混凝土的一次澆筑和質(zhì)量要求高的工程。
研究?jī)?nèi)容擬解決的主要問(wèn)題
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)研究的內(nèi)容：
1．總體布局的確定；
2．泵車(chē)傾翻力矩的確定和泵車(chē)穩(wěn)定性的判斷；
3．回轉(zhuǎn)支承的選型以及強(qiáng)度校核；
4．回轉(zhuǎn)底座的強(qiáng)度校核以及回轉(zhuǎn)底座的焊接加。
擬解決的主要問(wèn)題：
1．穩(wěn)定性的判斷是否達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)要求；
2．支承的選型是否合理；
3．回轉(zhuǎn)底座材料的選擇其強(qiáng)度強(qiáng)度否達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)要求；
4．焊接加工的方案是否合理。
研究方法技術(shù)路線(xiàn)
研究方法：
1．閱讀大量相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)資料,教材及新聞背景資料,包括機(jī)械制造的原理及方法，泵車(chē)技術(shù)的現(xiàn)有技術(shù)水準(zhǔn),國(guó)際水平探討方面的書(shū)籍,報(bào)刊.以了解可靠性的內(nèi)容,和工程機(jī)械領(lǐng)域的基本知識(shí)體系。
2．通過(guò)調(diào)研,進(jìn)一步了解企業(yè)現(xiàn)狀及需求.接下來(lái)進(jìn)行分析與設(shè)計(jì).確定數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源的真實(shí)準(zhǔn)確.再進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。
技術(shù)路線(xiàn)：
1．采用至下而上的設(shè)計(jì)方法，查閱相關(guān)資料，設(shè)計(jì)出總裝圖。
2．在現(xiàn)有的資料基礎(chǔ)上，運(yùn)用最新的研究成果，進(jìn)行畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。
研究的總體安排和進(jìn)度計(jì)劃
第1、2 周：進(jìn)行實(shí)地調(diào)研、查閱相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)，收集資料。
第3、4 周：綜合分析文獻(xiàn)資料，提出論證整體設(shè)計(jì)方案。
第5、6 周：計(jì)算并確定布料桿的傾翻力矩確定泵車(chē)的穩(wěn)定性。
第7、8 周：回轉(zhuǎn)支承的選型以及強(qiáng)度校核。
第9、10 周：回轉(zhuǎn)底座的強(qiáng)度校核，以及結(jié)構(gòu)的確定。
第11、12周：回轉(zhuǎn)底座的工藝設(shè)計(jì)。
第13、14周：繪制回轉(zhuǎn)支承和回轉(zhuǎn)底座的圖紙。
第15、16周：整理圖紙資料，撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文，審核，畢業(yè)論文的完善，準(zhǔn)備答辯。
主要參考
文獻(xiàn)
[1] 雷玉成.于治水.焊接成型技術(shù).北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2004
[2] 徐灝.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1991
[3] 張國(guó)忠.現(xiàn)代混凝土泵車(chē)及施工應(yīng)用技術(shù).北京：中國(guó)建材工業(yè)出版
[4] 呂玲.焊工應(yīng)知應(yīng)會(huì)實(shí)務(wù)手冊(cè).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2006
[5] 機(jī)械工程師手冊(cè)編輯委員會(huì).機(jī)械工程師手冊(cè).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2000
[5] 邱宣懷.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì).北京：高等教育出版社，2006.
[6] 馬寶國(guó).新型泵送混凝土技術(shù)及施工分析 [M].北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2006.5
指導(dǎo)教師
意 見(jiàn)
指導(dǎo)教師簽名：
年 月 日
教研室意見(jiàn)
學(xué)院意見(jiàn)
教研室主任簽名：
年 月 日
教學(xué)院長(zhǎng)簽名：
年 月 日
摘要
混凝土泵車(chē)在建筑施工作業(yè)中, 以其節(jié)省勞動(dòng)力施工速度快、澆筑質(zhì)量高等一系列優(yōu)點(diǎn)受到人們的普遍重視,現(xiàn)己成為建筑施工過(guò)程中不可缺少的機(jī)械設(shè)備。本文首先介紹了泵車(chē)結(jié)構(gòu)和特點(diǎn)以及工作原理，重點(diǎn)對(duì)泵車(chē)的穩(wěn)定性、底座和回轉(zhuǎn)支承部分進(jìn)行了校核和設(shè)計(jì)，通過(guò)對(duì)泵車(chē)的傾翻力矩和穩(wěn)定力矩的比較從而確定整車(chē)的穩(wěn)定性，對(duì)回轉(zhuǎn)支承的受力載荷和受力分析以及強(qiáng)度校核最終確定選擇雙排球的回轉(zhuǎn)支承，這種回轉(zhuǎn)支承有上、下兩排滾動(dòng)體，它具有較大的接觸壓力角，同其它形式的回轉(zhuǎn)支承相比能承受很大的軸向載荷和傾翻力矩，回轉(zhuǎn)底座部分通過(guò)對(duì)危險(xiǎn)截面的強(qiáng)度校核以確定回轉(zhuǎn)底座的材料，設(shè)計(jì)為了保證其回轉(zhuǎn)底座的結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊可靠在其內(nèi)部設(shè)計(jì)了油箱和水箱，在凝土泵車(chē)回轉(zhuǎn)區(qū)域由于連接回轉(zhuǎn)支撐及回轉(zhuǎn)減速機(jī)，為了保證回轉(zhuǎn)減速機(jī)及回轉(zhuǎn)支撐具有良好的嚙和特性，回轉(zhuǎn)部位均設(shè)計(jì)具有較大的剛度，在該區(qū)域的設(shè)計(jì)廣泛采用的辦法是薄座圈板加筋增加整體剛性的辦法以及厚座圈鋼板的連接方法，主體結(jié)構(gòu)部分通過(guò)焊接完成。
關(guān)鍵詞：混凝土泵車(chē)；傾翻力矩；穩(wěn)定力矩；回轉(zhuǎn)支承；回轉(zhuǎn)底座；
Abstract
The concrete pump car is in the building the construction the homework, with it economical labor force construction speed quick, sprinkle to build quality a series of advantage is widespreadly valued by people, personal become a building construction process now in indispensability of machine equipments. With the modern science technical quick development, pump car the application is more and more wide in the modernization the building the production line.This text first introduced a pump car structure and characteristics and work principle, point to pump car of stability, base and turn-over paid to accept part to carry on a check and design, through to pump car of the tipping gear moment and stability moment of more and thus make sure the whole car of stability, to the turn-over pay to accept of is carry by dint lotus and is analyze by dint and the strength check an end and certain choice double the turn-over of the volleyball pay to accept, this kind of the turn-over pay accept up, the next two rowses roll over a body, it have bigger contact pressure cape, the turn-over of together other forms pay accept compare can bear very big stalk to carry lotus and tipping gear moment, turn round a base part pass to dangerous piece noodles of strength check with material of make sure the turn-over base, design for promise the structure tightly packed credibility that it turns round a base at it internal designed fuel tank and water tank, pump car turn-over district because of conjunction the turn-over prop up and turn round deceleration machine, for promising turn-over deceleration machine and turn-over prop up to have good and characteristic and turn round part to all design to have bigger just degree, in the design of that district extensively adopt of the way be the conjunction method that thin turn plank adds the increment whole and rigid way and thick turn steel plate, corpus structure part pass to weld completion.
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Keywords The concrete pump truck The tipping gear moment The stability moment
The angulation bearing The swinging base
徐州工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)
目 錄
1 緒 論 1
1.1前言 1
1.2國(guó)外的泵車(chē)研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 1
1.3我國(guó)的研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 2
1.4 國(guó)內(nèi)外混凝土泵車(chē)技術(shù)水平比較 3
1.5 混凝土機(jī)械發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 4
1.6 泵車(chē)現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法概述 4
2 泵車(chē)組成、工作原理及技術(shù)參數(shù)確定 6
2.1混凝土泵車(chē)的基本組成與構(gòu)造 6
2.1.1混凝土泵車(chē)基本組成 6
2.1.2混凝土泵車(chē)構(gòu)造 6
2.2 泵車(chē)的工作原理 7
2.3 泵車(chē)的主要技術(shù)參數(shù)的確定 8
3混凝土泵車(chē)底架設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)及整體設(shè)計(jì) 10
3.1混凝土泵車(chē)底架結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)及主要連接方式 10
3.2混凝土泵車(chē)底架設(shè)計(jì)制造中的難點(diǎn)及重點(diǎn) 10
3.3設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化理論和計(jì)算方法在設(shè)計(jì)、制造中的應(yīng)用 11
3.4混凝土泵車(chē)底架結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 12
4 混凝土泵車(chē)的穩(wěn)定性 13
4.1 布料桿的組成及結(jié)構(gòu)形式 13
4.1.1 布料桿 13
4.1.2 布料桿的結(jié)構(gòu) 13
4.1.3 布料桿的形式 13
4.2 部件重心的計(jì)算 14
4.3 泵車(chē)工作時(shí)的穩(wěn)定性計(jì)算 16
4.3.1布料桿傾翻力矩的計(jì)算 16
4.3.2 布料桿的穩(wěn)定力矩的計(jì)算及穩(wěn)定性判斷 17
5 回轉(zhuǎn)支承的設(shè)計(jì) 19
5.1回轉(zhuǎn)支承裝置的作用 19
5.2回轉(zhuǎn)支承裝置的類(lèi)型 19
5.3 回轉(zhuǎn)支承裝置的選擇 19
5.3.1 載荷的確定 19
5.3.2 回轉(zhuǎn)支承的受力分析 20
5.4 回轉(zhuǎn)支承選型 23
5.5 回轉(zhuǎn)支承裝置的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算 24
6 回轉(zhuǎn)底座的焊接加工工藝 26
6.1焊接的特點(diǎn)、分類(lèi)及其應(yīng)用 26
6.1.1 焊接 26
6.1.2 焊接成型技術(shù)的特點(diǎn) 26
6.1.3 焊接方法及分類(lèi) 27
6.2 計(jì)算校核底座與支腿連接處的強(qiáng)度 27
6.2.1 剛性支承體系 27
6.2.2 柔性支承體系 27
6.2.3 支腿反力計(jì)算以及危險(xiǎn)截面的強(qiáng)度校核 28
6.3 回轉(zhuǎn)底座的整體焊接 30
6.3.1 回轉(zhuǎn)底座的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) 30
6.3.2 焊接裝配前的準(zhǔn)備 31
6.3.3 焊接中的定位焊 31
6.4 回轉(zhuǎn)底座的主體焊接 32
6.5 回轉(zhuǎn)底座油箱和水箱的焊接 36
6.6 焊接質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn) 37
6.6.1 焊接質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)的重要性 37
6.6.2 焊接質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)的過(guò)程 37
結(jié)論 39
致謝 40
參考文獻(xiàn) 41
附錄 42
附錄1 42
2
徐州工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)
附錄
附錄1
英文原文
Computer-Aided Manufacturing System Engineering
C.R. McLean
Factory Automation Systems Division, Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
Abstract
A new type of computer-aided engineering environment is envisioned which will improve the productivity of manufacturing/industrial engineers. This environment would be used by engineers to design and implement future manufacturing systems and subsystems. This paper describes work which is currently underway at the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) on computer-aided manufacturing system engineering environments. The NIST project is aimed at advancing the development of software environments and tools for the design and engineering of manufacturing systems. The paper presents an overall vision of the proposed environment, identifies technical issues which must be addressed, and describes work on a current prototype computer-aided manufacturing system engineering environment.
Keyword Codes: J.6, I.6.3, D.2.2
Keywords: Computer Applications Computer-Aided Engineering Simulation and Modeling, Applications Software Engineering Tools and Techniques
1. INTRODUCTION
The future success of a manufacturing enterprise is likely to be determined by the speed and efficiency with which it incorporates new technologies into its operations. The process which is currently used to engineer, or re-engineer, manufacturing systems is often ad hoc. Computerized tools are used on a very limited basis. Given the costs and resources involved in the construction and operation of manufacturing systems, the engineering process must be made more scientific. Powerful new computing environments for engineering manufacturing systems could help achieve that objective.
What is computer-aided manufacturing system engineering (CAMSE)? In much the same way that product designers need computer-aided design systems, manufacturing and industrial engineers need sophisticated computing capabilities to solve the complex problems and manage the vast data associated with the design of a manufacturing system. CAMSE may be defined as:
--the use of computerized tools in the application of scientific and engineering methods to the problem of the design and implementation of manufacturing systems.
The goal of this engineering process is to find the best solution to a problem, i.e., a factory or subsystem implementation, given a specific set of requirements and constraints.
What is the scope of this problem? Engineers must address the entire factory as a system and the interactions of that system with its surrounding environment. Component elements of the factory system include:
? the physical plant or buildings which house the manufacturing facility,
? the production facilities which perform the manufacturing operations,
? the technologies used in the production facility, i.e., processes,methods, and techniques which are used to manufacture the products,
? the work centers/stations, machinery, equipment, tools, and materials which comprise or are used by the production facilities,
? the various support facilities and systems which move and store materials, handle manufacturing by-products and waste, manage information resources, maintain machinery and information systems, and support other needs of factory personnel,
? the staff organization and mechanisms which are instituted to operate and maintain the manufacturing facility, and
? the interface between the factory and its environment, e.g. movements of goods and materials, human access to the facility, links to utilities, and the controls on various forms of environmental impact (air, water, noise).
Manufacturing system engineering must not only be concerned with the initial design and engineering of the factory, it must also address enhancements and other modifications over time.
A CAMSE environment should support standard engineering methods and problem-solving techniques, automate many mundane tasks, and provide critical technical reference data to support the decision-making process. The environment should be designed so as to help engineers become more productive and effective in their work. The environment could be implemented on a high performance personal computer or engineering workstation which has been configured with appropriate peripheral devices. Engineering tool developers will have to integrate the functions and data which are used by a number of different disciplines, for example:
? manufacturing engineering,
? industrial engineering,
? plant engineering,
? materials processing,
? environmental engineering,
? mathematical modeling/simulation,
? quality engineering,
? statistical process control,
? economic and cost analysis,
? computer science, and
? management science.
Most of the methods, formulas, and data associated with these technical areas currently remains embedded in engineering handbooks. Although some computerized tools are available, they are often very specialized, difficult-to-use, and do not share information or work together. Engineering tools built by different vendors be must made plug-compatible through appropriate open systems architectures and interface standards.
This paper describes a project underway at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology to accelerate the development of this new type of computing environment. The project is currently funded by the U.S. Navy Manufacturing Technology Program. Section 1 introduces and defines computeraided manufacturing system engineering. Section 2 presents a vision of the proposed computing environment. Section 3 describes some of the technical issues which must be resolved to achieve this vision. Section 4 briefly outlines the work that is currently underway at NIST. Section 5 provides a summary and conclusions.
2. VISION OF THE ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENT
What would the computer-aided factory engineering environment of the future look like? It would be based upon a computer workstation or network of workstations which provide an integrated set of design and engineering tools. These software tools would be used by a company’s manufacturing engineering team to continuously improve its production systems. The tools would be used to maintain information about current manufacturing resources, enhance existing production capabilities, and develop new facilities and systems. Engineers working on different workstations would share information through a common manufacturing system engineering database.
Using this environment, an engineering team might be able to prepare detailed plans and working models for an entire factory in a matter of days. Many alternative solutions to production problems could be quickly developed and evaluated. This type of capability would be a significant improvement over current manual methods which may require weeks or months of intensive activity. To achieve this ambitious goal, a new set of engineering tools are needed.
A company’s manufacturing engineering team require a number of different tools to support its mission. Examples of functions which should be supported include:
? identification of product specifications and production requirements,
? producibility analysis for individual products,
? modeling and specification of manufacturing processes,
? modification of product designs to address manufacturability issues,
? plant layout and facilities planning,
? simulation and analysis of system performance,
? consideration of various economic/cost tradeoffs of different manufacturing processes, systems, tools, and materials,
? analysis supporting selection of systems/vendors,
? procurement of manufacturing equipment and support systems,
? specification of interfaces and the integration of information systems,
? task and work place design,
? handling of various organizational and personnel concerns, e.g. labor issues, human factors, health, safety,
? compliance with various regulations, specifications, and standards,
? control of hazardous materials, and
? management, scheduling and tracking of projects.
For more information on the types of functions that manufacturing and industrial engineers would need to perform, see [1-3].
The tools which implement these functions must be highly automated and integrated. Automation is needed to eliminate, minimize or simplify tasks that are mundane, repetitive, time-consuming, complex, and/or error-prone. Integration is needed to ensure that tools can share common data and operate in a consistent, synergistic manner. Figure 1 illustrates some of the types of tools which might be integrated in a CAMSE environment.
The engineering tools, taken by themselves, are not sufficient to achieve productivity goals. The tools need data to be useful. Today, it is unlikely that the data required for a major engineering project could be loaded into the computer in a week’s time. On-line engineering reference libraries are needed to streamline this process. On-line technical reference data must be maintained in a format that is accessible and usable by the engineering tools. Some examples of the information that might be contained in these electronic libraries include:
? production process models and data,
? generic manufacturing systems configurations,
? machinery and equipment specifications,
? vendor catalogs,
? recommended methods, practices, algorithms, etc.
? benchmarking data,
? typical plant/system layouts,
? cost estimation models, labor rates, other cost data,
? budget templates,
? time standards,
? project plans,
? laws/government regulations, and
? industrial standards.
The libraries would minimize the amount of time that the engineer spends entering data. They would also allow engineers to quickly develop solutions based upon the work of others. This on-line reference capability does not exist today.
Another critical aspect of this engineering environment is affordability. The engineering capabilities are needed by large and small manufacturing firms alike. Affordability can best be achieved by designing an environment which can be constructed from low cost "off-the-shelf" commercial products, rather than custombuilt computer hardware and software. The basic engineering environment must be affordable. For both cost and technical reasons, it must be designed to be extensible, i.e., support incremental upgrades. Incremental upgrades would allow companies to add capabilities as they are needed. Commercial software products must be easy to install and integrate with other software already resident in the engineering environment. These capabilities exist to a limited extent in some general purpose commercial software today, e.g., word processors, databases, spreadsheets. Some installation and integration problems have been resolved in these software packages through vendor acceptance of certain "de facto standard" file formats. Both technical and legal problems have resulted from current dependence upon this type of standard within the software community. In any case, there are virtually no existing standards which directly support the installation and integration of software tools within a CAMSE environment.
3. TECHNICAL ISSUES
A number of technical issues must be considered in the design and development of new engineering tools for the CAMSE environment. These issues include:
? required functionality of the tools themselves,
? formalization and refinement of relevant engineering methods,
? underlying data management schemes (e.g., object-oriented approach),
? development of on-line technical reference libraries,
? user engineering and graphics visualization techniques,
? system connectivity and information sharing, and
? integration standards for the computing environment,
? incorporation of intelligent behavior in the tools.
A common conceptual foundation and systems framework for CAMSE could help developers address these issues. Three critical elements of this foundation are:
1）common manufacturing systems information model, 2) an engineering life cycle approach, and 3) a software tool integration framework. These elements will help ensure that independently developed systems will be able to work together and share information.
The common information model should identify: 1) the elements of the manufacturing system and their relationships to each other, 2) the functions or processes performed by each element, 3) the tools, materials, and information (i.e.,data) that are required to perform those functions, and 4) measures of effectiveness for the model and its component elements. There have been a number of efforts over the years to develop information models for different aspects of manufacturing [4], but no known existing model fully meets the needs of computer-aided manufacturing system engineering. A review of the strengths and weaknesses of existing models is beyond the scope of this paper.
A life cycle approach is needed to identify all of the different processes that a CAMSE environment must support. This "cradle-to-grave" approach to system engineering would define all of the phases of a manufacturing system or subsystem’s existence. Some of the major phases which may be included in a system life cycle approach are: 1) requirements identification (includes product specification), 2) system design specification, 3) vendor selection and procurement, 4) system development and upgrades, 5) installation, testing, and training, 6) production operations, process monitoring, and benchmarking, and 7) system phaseout and resource recovery. Management, coordination, and administration functions need to be performed during each phase of the life cycle. Phases may be repeated over time as a system is upgraded or re-engineered to meet changing needs or incorporate new technologies.
A software tool integration framework would specify how interoperable tools could be independently designed and developed. The framework would define how CAMSE tools would: 1) deal with common services, e.g., user interfaces, peripheral devices, operating system, databases, 2) interact with each other, e.g., exchange data, maintain data integrity, resolve conflicts, and coordinate problem solving activities. Although some existing software products and standards currently address the common services issue, the problem of tool interaction remains largely unsolved. The problem of tool interaction is not limited to the domain of computer-aided manufacturing systems engineering--it is pervasive across the software industry.
4. CURRENT WORK
An initial computer-aided manufacturing system engineering environment has been established at NIST from commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software packages. These packages have been installed on a high performance personal computer. The engineering environment is being used to: 1) demonstrate tools that are commercially available to perform computer-aided manufacturing system engineering, 2) develop a better understanding and define functional requirements for individual engineering tools and the overall environment, 3) identify the integration issues which must be addressed to implement plug-compatible environments in the future. There is no overall integration scheme or sharing of data between the tools in the current environment. Some point-to-point integration and data exchange is possible between selected tools using available data exchange formats, e.g., IGES. The environment reveals many of the integration problems faced by potential users of manufacturing system engineering environments.
An engineering demonstration using COTS tools is currently under development by project staff. The demonstration scenario is based upon a valve manufacturing facility. The scenario is designed to illustrate the various types of functions that must be performed in engineering a manufacturing system. Functions supported by the current COTS environment include: system specification/diagramming, process flowcharting, information modeling, computer-aided design of products, plant layout, material flow analysis, ergonomic workplace design, mathematical modeling, statistical analysis, line balancing, manufacturing simulation, investment analysis, project management, knowledge-based system development, spreadsheets, document preparation, user interface development, document illustration, forms and database management. Additional tools are currently under consideration for incorporation into the COTS environment.
Other ongoing project activities include: an extensive survey of existing manufacturing system engineering tools, the development of a preliminary requirements specification document for future integrated CAMSE environments, and industry workshops.
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
This paper has outlined a vision for a computing environment for engineering manufacturing systems. Such an engineering environment would provide an integrated set of tools to improve the productivity of manufacturing and industrial engineers. An initial environment based upon commercial, off-the-shelf tools has been assembled on a personal computer at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. The full potential of this engineering environment cannot be realized today due to the incompatibilities which exist between commercial software packages. Incompatibilities could be minimized in the future through the establishment of industry-wide consensus on common models and frameworks for engineering environments. Achievement of this goal will undoubtedly require a concerted effort by system developers, users, research institutions, and standards organizations over a several year period.
6. REFERENCES
1 J.P. Tanner, Manufacturing Engineering: An Introduction to Basic Functions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1991.
2 G. Salvendy (ed.), Handbook of Industrial Engineering, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1992.
3 D. Dallas (ed.), Tool and Manufacturing Engineers Handbook, McGraw- Hill, New York, 1976.
4 W.D Compton (ed.), Design and Analysis of Integrated Manufacturing Systems, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1988, p. 92, 167.
中文譯文
計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造系統(tǒng)工程
作者： C.R. McLean
單位：美國(guó)，Gaithersburg, MD（在美國(guó)馬里蘭州）
國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)技術(shù)局, 工業(yè)自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)部, 制造業(yè)工程實(shí)驗(yàn)室
摘要
計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工程環(huán)境正在構(gòu)想之中，它將改進(jìn)制造業(yè)/工業(yè)生產(chǎn)力。工程師們得以將這些技術(shù)用到設(shè)計(jì)及實(shí)現(xiàn)未來(lái)的制造系統(tǒng)和子系統(tǒng)中。本文描述了美國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)技術(shù)局(NIST)對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造系統(tǒng)工程當(dāng)前的研究狀況。美國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)技術(shù)局(NIST)這一工程的目標(biāo)是為推進(jìn)工程設(shè)計(jì)與制造系統(tǒng)軟件環(huán)境和工具的發(fā)展。本文提出了了全面的提議的環(huán)境和必須涉及的技術(shù)，并描述了當(dāng)前計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造系統(tǒng)工程的狀況。
關(guān)鍵字代碼：J.6, I.6.3, D.2.2
關(guān)鍵字：計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工程學(xué) 仿真及建模 應(yīng)用軟件 軟件工程 工具與技術(shù)
1.緒論
未來(lái)制造業(yè)企業(yè)的成功將在很大程度上決定于企業(yè)將新技術(shù)融入其運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的速度和效率。
當(dāng)前正在使用的設(shè)計(jì)及再設(shè)計(jì)制造系統(tǒng)是普遍有缺陷的。計(jì)算機(jī)工具只在有限的范圍內(nèi)初步使用?？紤]到成本以及資源因素，在建設(shè)和實(shí)施制造系統(tǒng)的過(guò)程中，必須使工程工藝過(guò)程更加科學(xué)化。強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算機(jī)工程制造環(huán)境有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目標(biāo)。
什么是計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造系統(tǒng)工程(CAMSE)? 正如產(chǎn)品造型工程師需要計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)一樣，制造及工業(yè)工程師也需要駕輕就熟的計(jì)算機(jī)能力去解決復(fù)雜和處理浩大的制造系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造系統(tǒng)工程可以定義為：在制造系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施過(guò)程中，用計(jì)算機(jī)化的工具去科學(xué)的、符合工程學(xué)的方法去解決問(wèn)題。這個(gè)工程過(guò)程的目標(biāo)是發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)問(wèn)題的最佳解答。比如，在工廠(chǎng)及其子系統(tǒng)實(shí)施過(guò)程中，給定詳細(xì)而精確的必備條件個(gè)約束。 這個(gè)問(wèn)題涉及什么呢？工程師必須著眼整個(gè)工廠(chǎng)，視之為系統(tǒng)，并且考慮到系統(tǒng)與其環(huán)境的交互作用。作為系統(tǒng)和與之相互作用以它周?chē)h(huán)境，工廠(chǎng)系統(tǒng)的組分元素包括:
? 安置制造設(shè)施的物理車(chē)間或廠(chǎng)房
? 進(jìn)行制造過(guò)程的生產(chǎn)設(shè)施
? 生產(chǎn)設(shè)備使用的技術(shù), 如在制造產(chǎn)品過(guò)程中使用的工藝過(guò)程方法和技術(shù)。
? 由生產(chǎn)設(shè)施組成的工作場(chǎng)所、機(jī)械、 設(shè)備、工具、 和材料。
? 各種各樣的支持設(shè)施和系統(tǒng)（包括搬運(yùn)和存放材料設(shè)施, 搬運(yùn)制造副產(chǎn)物和廢物設(shè)施, 管理信息資源設(shè)施, 維護(hù)機(jī)械和信息系統(tǒng)設(shè)施,和支持工作人員其它需求的設(shè)施）。
? 用于維護(hù)生產(chǎn)設(shè)施的后勤人員和機(jī)械設(shè)備
? 廠(chǎng)房及其相互作用的環(huán)境。比如，貨物和材料的搬運(yùn), 設(shè)備使用的權(quán)限, 以及控制種各各樣環(huán)境影響(空氣, 水, 噪聲) 。
制造系統(tǒng)工程必須與不僅僅是最初工廠(chǎng)的設(shè)計(jì)和制造，隨著時(shí)間的推移，它必須加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn)。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工程環(huán)境（CAMSE） 應(yīng)該支持標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工程方法和解決問(wèn)題的技術(shù), 時(shí)普通的任務(wù)自動(dòng)化， 并且提供重要技術(shù)參考數(shù)據(jù)支持決策過(guò)程。這個(gè)（計(jì)算機(jī)）環(huán)境應(yīng)該設(shè)計(jì)用以幫助工程師在他們工作過(guò)程中變得更加多產(chǎn)和高效。這個(gè)（計(jì)算機(jī)）環(huán)境要能在個(gè)人電腦或配置了適當(dāng)外圍設(shè)備工程工作站上高性能運(yùn)行。工程工具開(kāi)發(fā)者將不得不集成不同學(xué)科的各種各樣的功能及數(shù)據(jù)，比如：
制造工程學(xué),
工業(yè)工程學(xué)
設(shè)備安裝工程學(xué),
材料處理學(xué)
環(huán)境工程學(xué),
數(shù)學(xué)建模與仿真學(xué)
品管工程學(xué)
統(tǒng)計(jì)過(guò)程控制學(xué)
經(jīng)濟(jì)和成本分析學(xué)
計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)
管理科學(xué)
當(dāng)前，這些方法、規(guī)則和數(shù)據(jù)都被深埋在工程學(xué)手冊(cè)里。雖然有些計(jì)算機(jī)化的工具是可利用的, 但它們往往非常被專(zhuān)業(yè), 不易使用,并且沒(méi)有共享信息或協(xié)同工作。工程工具開(kāi)發(fā)者的當(dāng)務(wù)之急是通過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)拈_(kāi)放式系統(tǒng)體系機(jī)構(gòu)和接口標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，開(kāi)發(fā)兼容的工具。本文描述了一個(gè)在進(jìn)行中的美國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)技術(shù)局的項(xiàng)目，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目旨在加速發(fā)展這一新型的計(jì)算機(jī)環(huán)境。此工程由當(dāng)前立項(xiàng)在美國(guó)海軍制造技術(shù)計(jì)劃上。 第一部分介紹和定義計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造系統(tǒng)工程。第二部分構(gòu)想了一個(gè)建議的計(jì)算機(jī)環(huán)境版本。第三部分描述了一些為達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)必須解決的問(wèn)題。第四部分概述開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目當(dāng)前在國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)技術(shù)局中的進(jìn)展。第五部分提供了摘要和結(jié)論。
2.展望工程環(huán)境
未來(lái)的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助的工程環(huán)境會(huì)是什么樣子呢？它