犁式除雪車除雪裝置設計-掃雪機【含6張CAD高清圖紙、文檔全套】【LB4】

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本科生畢業(yè)設計（論文）開題報告 論文(設計)題目 犁式除雪車除雪裝置設計 作者所在系別 機電工程學院 作者所在專業(yè) 車輛工程 作者所在班級 B13141 作 者 姓 名 羅輝 作 者 學 號 201322273 指導教師姓名 劉志強 指導教師職稱 講師 完 成 時 間 2017 年 3 月 北華航天工業(yè)學院教務處制 說 明 1．根據學?！懂厴I(yè)設計(論文)工作暫行規(guī)定》，學生必須撰寫《畢業(yè)設計（論文）開題報告》。開題報告作為畢業(yè)設計（論文）答辯委員會對學生答辯資格審查的依據材料之一。 2．開題報告應在指導教師指導下，由學生在畢業(yè)設計（論文）工作前期內完成，經指導教師簽署意見及所在專業(yè)教研室論證審查后生效。開題報告不合格者需重做。 3．畢業(yè)設計開題報告各項內容要實事求是，逐條認真填寫。其中的文字表達要明確、嚴謹，語言通順，外來語要同時用原文和中文表達。第一次出現縮寫詞，須注出全稱。 4．開題報告中除最后一頁外均由學生填寫，填寫各欄目時可根據內容另加附頁。 5．閱讀的主要參考文獻應在10篇以上（土建類專業(yè)文獻篇數可酌減），其中外文資料應占一定比例。本學科的基礎和專業(yè)課教材一般不應列為參考資料。 6．參考文獻的書寫應遵循畢業(yè)設計（論文）撰寫規(guī)范要求。 7．開題報告應與文獻綜述、一篇外文譯文和外文原文復印件同時提交，文獻綜述的撰寫格式按畢業(yè)設計（論文）撰寫規(guī)范的要求，字數在2000字左右。 畢業(yè)設計(論文)開題報告 學生姓名 羅輝 專 業(yè) 車輛工程 班 級 B13141 指導教師姓名 劉志強 職 稱 講師 工作單位 北華航天工業(yè)學院 課題來源 教師自擬課題 課題性質 應用設計 課題名稱 犁式鏟雪車除雪裝置設計 本設計的科學依據 （科學意義和應用前景，國內外研究概況，目前技術現狀、水平和發(fā)展趨勢等） 一、專用汽車的一般概念 人類主要在陸地上從事生產和生活，任何移動性較大的陸上運輸和專項作業(yè)都離不開使用可靠的汽車來實現。因此特殊用途的汽車隨之出現，并越來越廣泛的深入到社會的各行、各業(yè)、各個方面。世界對于專用汽車沒有一般標準，對于其理解也有所差別。我國“專用汽車”相關標準為1998年執(zhí)行的ZB/T17305-2009。規(guī)定裝有專用設備、具備裝用功能、用于承擔專用運輸任務或專項作業(yè)以及其他專門用途的汽車。 二、專用汽車的設計理念 1、運輸成本、運輸效率、作業(yè)損耗 專用汽車是充分發(fā)揮汽車的運輸能力、提高實載率、降低運輸成本的有效工具。據統計，在建筑作業(yè)中使用混凝土車泵送施工，一般能降低施工費用20%-30%，縮短工時30%-35%，節(jié)約勞動力約41%。 2、 減小貨損貨差，保證運輸質量 貨物的性質和物理狀態(tài)差別比較大，若采用普通載貨汽車運輸，其中有一些貨物在運輸中發(fā)生腐爛和變質，有些貨物易損和流失。據聯合國糧食組估計，目前世界各國農牧業(yè)每年生產食品30多億噸，其中腐食品占?，這些食品在流通中易腐爛變質，不能食用的就有2-3億噸。 3、 提高經濟效益 以粉粒物料的散裝運輸汽車的開發(fā)為例，每運輸100萬噸水泥可節(jié)約紙袋6000t，不僅節(jié)約了造紙原料和能源，還節(jié)約了近40萬人的勞動力。 綜上所述，專業(yè)汽車的設計開發(fā)要滿足設計需要，在滿足特定條件下，完成各項作業(yè)要求，滿足經濟發(fā)展的需要，有效發(fā)揮汽車在生產生活中的作用。 3、 國外專用汽車的發(fā)展概況 1、 多品種，小批量。這是世界專用汽車生產廠家的一個主要特點。 2、 廠家多、規(guī)模小、生產率高。美英德日各國專用汽車生產廠都在六七百家以上。 3、 技術人員多，產品開發(fā)和市場開發(fā)能力強。開發(fā)技術人員占總工作人員數的30%到50%；新品開發(fā)周期短。 4、 專用汽車零部件和裝置總成專業(yè)化生產。 5、 高速公路專用車向重型化、高速化、高技術化發(fā)展；城市專用汽車向輕型化方向發(fā)展。 設計內容和預期成果 （具體設計內容和重點解決的技術問題、預期成果和提供的形式） 一、犁式除雪車內容 1、設計一輛犁式除雪車，適合于日常生活； 2、設計犁刀除雪裝置，要求適用于常規(guī)除雪車主車，并滿足于一般情況下的除雪任務。 3、設計計算選擇除雪車主體功率滿足設計要求，符合功率、最大爬坡度要求。 二、預期成果 1、機械結構部分 1）設計目標： 根據產品設計要求，完整地設計出裝配圖一套、零件圖若干，設計出的產品能應用于實際生產中。 2）設計要求：系統地說明設計過程中問題的解決（確定傳動和結構方案及零件材料的選擇）及全部計算。計算內容應包括有關計算簡圖，如主要參數的選擇及設計與校核、傳動方案簡圖、相關零件的結構簡圖、零件的受力分析圖、彎矩和扭矩圖等。 3）計算過程完整有序，計算結果正確清晰，文字說明簡明通順。計算過程只需列出已知條件、計算公式，將有關數據代入公式，省略計算過程，直接寫出計算結果。將計算結果整理后，寫入右邊欄內，并注明此結果是否“合用”或“安全”等結論。 4）任務完成驗收時提供材料：設計說明書一份，總裝配圖2張、零件圖若干。 2、電路部分 電路設計部分，以單片機為例，要求提供以下設計資料，并裝訂成冊： 1）裝置結構圖 2）單片機硬件電路 3）完整的程序資料，包括程序流程圖、程序代碼及注解 4)所用器件、元件的明細表 5)操作原理簡要說明 擬采取設計方法和技術支持 （設計方案、技術要求、實驗方法和步驟、可能遇到的問題和解決辦法等） 1、 設計方法 查閱資料，設計電控懸架系統的參數并運用caxa、solidworks畫出產品的零件圖和裝配圖。用caxa畫出單片機硬件電路圖、裝置結構圖和程序流程圖，采用visual c6.0++編寫程序。 2、 技術要求 通過電控空氣懸架可以實現車身高度調整、阻尼力控制、彈性系數控制等功能。 3、 可能遇到的問題 若編寫單片機程序不正確，可以請教老師； 若裝配圖有問題，可以查閱資料或請教同學； 實現本項目已具備的條件 （包括過去學習、研究工作基礎，現有主要儀器設備、設計環(huán)境及協作條件等） 汽車設計參數可參考相關書籍自己擬定 各環(huán)節(jié)擬定階段性工作進度 (以周為單位) 1-4周 完成開題報告 5-6周 查閱資料，確定設計方案 7-8周 計算所需參數 9-10周 畫出各個零件圖和裝配圖 11-12周 畫出單片機硬件電路并編寫程序 13-14周 細節(jié)工作，準備答辯 開 題 報 告 審 定 紀 要 時 間 地點 主持人 參 會 教 師 姓 名 職 務（職 稱） 姓 名 職 務（職 稱） 論 證 情 況 摘 要 記錄人： 指 導 教 師 意 見 指導教師簽名： 年 月 日 教 研 室 意 見 教研室主任簽名： 年 月 日 第 4 頁 共4頁 北華航天工業(yè)學院畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯 北華航天工業(yè)學院 本科畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯 設計 (論文)題目 犁式除雪車除雪裝置設計 作者所在系別 機電工程學院 作者所在專業(yè) 車輛工程 作者所在班級 B13141 作 者 姓 名 羅輝 作 者 學 號 201322273 指導教師姓名 劉志強 指導教師職稱 講師 完 成 時 間 2017 年 3 月 北華航天工業(yè)學院教務處制 History Of The Snowblower So who did invent the snowblower or snowthrower? We need to begin by qualifying that question since there are a number of answers depending on your interest. Some notable firsts would be: ●The first machine to clear snow by throwing or blowing it ●The first fully mobile snow clearing machine? ●The first domestic walk-behind snow blower The latter is the one people generally think of and have the most interest in. It is also the one that has the most elusive answer. Chapter 1 So where did it all begin? Looking back in time we need to consider where would there be a need to remove snow while having a source of power available? The need and the enabling power were found on the railways of the U.S. snowbelt and in Canada. The earliest documented art belongs to a Toronto dentist known as J/W Elliot. His 1869 patent #390 design was never built. The story next takes us to Orangeville Ontario, Canada where we find Orange Jull, a gristmill operator and inventor. In 1884 he applied for a patent and was subsequently granted patent #18506. Jull did not have the means to build and commercialize his invention so he contracted the local Leslie brothers to build the machines. The Jull/Leslie machines were self powered but not self propelled. A locomotive was used to move the machine. The Jull design consisted of 2 large inline fans rotating in opposite directions. The lead fan chewed into and pulverized the snow while blowing it back into the discharge fan, which propelled it into the sky. Due to clogging problems it was simplified to a single fan. Further changes to effectively control the discharge were made including a movable deflector and pitching impeller blades. Production was moved to the Cook locomotive works in several locations. Additional machines were built under license. Finally 5 machines were "home built" by end users with the last one finished in 1971. In all 146 were built. Later work consisted of fortifying the design to deal with the hazards of the unknown. Tracks were often blocked with fallen trees and other debris that were concealed in the snow. Legend has it that in one case a herd of cattle were trapped and buried under the snow on the rail bed. As the rotary snowplow progressed forward beefsteaks were flying. They remained in production into the 1950s and a few are still in service today. Many survive as museum pieces with an occasional demonstration. Following his collaboration with the Leslie Brothers Orange Jull went on to create a next generation machine. This design utilized a screw auger to collect the snow. It was not as effective, especially in deep snow and only eleven were ever built. Sadly all have been scrapped. All of the available photos and drawings of these machines are on enthusiasts sites where they are best viewed.. A Google search using Jull snowblower as keywords will deliver hours of reading and nostalgia. On You-tube you may be able to find " The Return of Rotary #1 ". A search for "rotary snowplow" found this video. Chapter 2 Our next installment finds Arthur Sicard, circa 1894, an 18 year old working on the family dairy farm in Saint-Leonard-de-Port-Maurice, Quebec. Snowstorms being frequent and dairy products being perishable motivated him to find a better snow removal means. Motivation found inspiration one day when he saw a new piece of farm machinery called the thresher. If this machine could gather grain perhaps he could use the design to gather and move snow. It wasn't long before he had built and tested his first prototype however it bogged down in snow. His notion was dismissed by those around him and he went on unsupported in his pursuit. He went on to make a life for himself in Montreal until finally in 1925, 31 years later he astonished the people of that city with his "Sicard Snow Remover Snowblower". The first sale was to the nearby town of Outremont, in 1927. The Sicard name has been synonymous with large snowblowers ever since. My hometown had a Sicard unit mounted to an old Michigan front end loader for several decades. Chapter 3 The curious question then becomes when did the walk behind domestic snowblower emerge? The Toro website makes the claim that Toro introduced the first snowthrower, the Snowhound in 1951. Ariens entered snow moving the market in 1952 with an attachment for it's Yardster series. The Ariens Sno-Thro series was launched in 1960. Simplicty followed in 1962. The earliest confirmed Gilson dates back to 1966. Meanwhile dozens of others launched product lines.This of course is in the context of domestic walk-behind units. If you have an early machine I'd appreciate a picture and brief story. Of all of the archival material I have amassed nothing points to an earlier machine. The 1951 Toro was not the driveway behemoth than many of us use today as can be seen in the photo. In my Vintage Machine Showcase you can get a sense of the diversity found in the early machines and a search of patents will reveal even more radical designs. Machines of modern proportions began to emerge in the 1960's. The small-scale brands slowly disappeared and most were gone by the 1980s. The Gilson snow blower line launched in 1966. The full sized gear drives continued to evolve through the decade and with the introduction of the Unitrol machines in 1970 Gilson had 2 full size formats that evolved into the 1980s. The small Gilson single stage models were discontinued after the 1970 model year. Just as the small scale models were fading away the industry was turned on it's head with the introduction of "personal sized" 2 stroke machines. The models were easy to handle, store and pay for. They pack enough power to handle a significant storm if you are patient enough to let it eat the elephant one bite at a time. Gilson was an early player with some patent action and the Snow-Cannon was a hit. Horsepower grew over the years. Early machines were in the 3-4 horsepower range. In 1970 8HP was the big machine. By 1980 most brands included a 10 or even 11 HP machine. Today 13 HP models easy to find. The 21st century brought power accessories. Manufacturers are offering heated handles, motorized chute rotators and you can find machines that have onboard battery power to allow electric starting when away from household power. While engine powered lighting is nothing new it is becoming far more common. The other big story is consolidation. Where there used to be scores of suppliers there are now essentially 7. Promotional grade machines (I'm being kind here) are made by MTD, Murray and AYP. Quality machine are built by Simplicity, Ariens, Toro and Honda. Virtually any machine you can find on the market, regardless of the brand is from one of these sources. The exceptions as small players such as attachments for BCS tillers. The age of the mass merchandiser has forced everyone to slash cost in pursuit of market share. The quality brands often sell machines in several tiers with one targeted at the promotional grade competition. What do the coming decades hold for snowblower users? The market moves slowly. While nearly every homeowner owns a lawn mower the snowblower market is confined to the snowbelt region and many property owners choose not to own such a machine. That being said it is a small piece of the pie that has a hard time attracting R&D money. The basic concepts have been quite stable for along time. Ecology has been a big driver of engine refinements and this is likely to continue. Much of the recent work has been value engineering with most of the benefit going to the manufacturers. The brute strength built into the machines of yesteryear is gone forever. We can only hope that future machines will not be overburdened with fragile accessories. Other than that we will all have to wait and see what blows in the future. Chapter 4 Each year, countries will spend huge cost to snow removal operations.There are recent studies that focus on beneficiaries’ awareness for the service level of snow removal to find a solution for cost reduction. From this viewpoint, issues including the demand for snow removal, residents’ willingness to pay and residents’ satisfaction levels for snow removal have been discussed. Most of these studies on snow removal addressed economic benefits, or used questionnaire surveys to address public involvement or customer satisfaction. Very few in-depth studies have addressed the cost structure of snow removal by the Japanese government. As for the cost reduction efforts for infrastructure management including snow removal in the U.S.A. and other countries, Baroga, E.V. proposed to measure performance -based service levels to use it for budget and resource allocations; and Lindsey, R.K.et al. focused work conditions including geography and climate that are different by work site to realize efficient resource allocation for snow removal. Other than those for snow removal, efforts including the bridge management system have been made to optimize budget allocation for infrastructure management. However, there seem to be few studies on a model that enables efficient snow removal budget and resource allocations on the basis of cost structure analyses as well as of inter-regional comparisons of the time-series data of snow removal costs. Out?of?Japan’s?total?road?length?of?1.2?mil.?km?(744?thou.?miles),?municipal?roads?account?for?about?84%.?The?length?of?national?roads?under?the?direct?control?of?the?national?government?accounts?for?a?mere?1.9%?of?the?total.?The?length?of?roads?in?the?cold,?snowy?areas?that?account?for?about?60%?of?Japan’s?land?area?is?about?41.6?thou.?km?(25.79?thou.?miles).?The?national?government?fully?finances?snow?removal?for?national?highways,?including?expressways,?and?partially?subsidizes?snow?removal?for?national?highways?under?the?control?of?prefectures?and?prefectural?roads?in?areas?designated?as?snowy?and?cold?by?The?national?government?covers?snow?removal?costs?for?nationally?managed?national?highways.?The?national?government?subsidizes?snow?removal?costs?for?prefecturally?managed?national?highways?and?prefectural?roads?in?areas?designated?as?snowy?and?cold?by?.?The?law?states?that?the?national?government?shall?subsidize?prefectures?for?two?thirds?of?the?cost?of?snow?removal,?with?the?prefecture?covering?the?remaining?third.?At?present,?the?national?government’s?subsidy?for?roads?in?areas?that?are?designated?as?snowy?and?cold?by?the?law?amunts?to?about?70?billion?yen?($583?million?($1/?￥120),?FY?2007).?National?revenues?for?this?subsidy?include?those?from?the?national?gas?tax,?the?automobile?tonnage?tax?and?the?automobile?acquisition?tax.?Those?revenues,?whose?disbursement?is?limited?to?road-related?projects,?amount?to?about?5.6?trillion?yen?($47?billion,?FY?2007).?? Each?prefecture’s?snow?removal?costs?are?financed?from?the?prefectural?general?account?and?the?prefectural?special?account.?The?revenue?sources?for?the?prefectural?special?account?includes?the?light?oil?wholesale?tax,?whose?disbursement?is?limited?to?road-related?projects.And the key to reduce snow removal costs is snow sweeper on the development and production and human resource saving. Chapter 5 Let's take a look at each country different snow blowers. (1) schmidt CJS Super Ⅱ compact tractor. The machine on skis, roller and snow blower can work alone or at the same time, roller length is 4200 mm, roller diameter of 914 mm, high-performance gas flow rate of 530 m3 / h, the snow blower adopts hydraulic drive, blowing snow speed can be adjusted, and it is mainly used for snow removal of airport runway, taxiway and parking apron. Its compact design, high flexibility, excellent performance, high reliability, schmidt is one of the largest equipment ownership in China. The machine USES 4 x4 overloaded trucks, chassis after appropriate modification, to install snow equipment. A separate engine used to drive hydraulic pump control rolling brush and high-pressure blower, driven by the chassis engine hydraulic circuit used to push the skis operation, roller between before and after the truck bridge, roller powered by two hydraulic motor, by hydraulic cylinder pushing skis swinging and ascend. Roller is suspended under the table, make its can adjust Angle in the horizontal direction in order to adapt to the change of clean the road. Roller is working from two free to support roller bearing. High pressure blower by auxiliary engine driven hydraulic pump, driven by a hydraulic motor, air volume according to different power is divided into two levels. Blower is located in the rear, used in dry be swept pavement or away the remaining cx. Blower under driving condition, back and side not highlight parts, so as to avoid risk while backing out. When using the CJS is cleared when the airport pavement snow, often need to install the skis, MS56.1 and push type MS64.1 airport skis are suitable for the machine of snow removal operations at the airport. (2) wave male company able to provide a complete line of laminated push the snow shovel, the car can be installed in various types of chassis, winter snow removal operations for a variety of occasions. The automatic collision avoidance height is 150 mm, push the snow shovel suspension adopts hydraulic control, ensure the snow removal more clean and effective; Patented high pressure hydraulic control valve can avoid because of the snow shovel side collision damage caused by the. Wave MF push the snow shovel male the company are controlled by the "Vpad" operating system. Male company dedicated to the airport and the width of the highway design and manufacturing. (3) The House Card H series, multi-purpose snow sweeper to hao and H series models based on design and manufacture, the snow sweeper can be hung in front of all kinds of snow blower, snow, and snow brush, the vehicle cab design highlights the safety and comfort of the driver. Snow and pull (Sno - way) throw snow machine adopts B/S engine, move, Yang xue suction, throw the snow Yang can reach 3 ~ 15 m, can automatically walk, backward; The improved type steel hollow out hob has a big mouth, into the snow in improving work efficiency and reduce the fuel consumption; Increase the acupoint redirector, easily toggle can complete turn; Multiple block transform, speed can be adjusted forward or backward. Applicable Yu Daxue, blizzard when opened up a road, as well as the heaps of snow loading pickup, suitable for state organs and units, schools, parking lot, square, property management community, garden and winter snow removal of non-motor vehicle lanes etc. (4) the Zoomlion ZLJ5250TCXZE3 / ZLJ5251 TCXZE4 multi-functional snow sweeper is a collection of snow, the snow, solid, prewetting cloth and cloth, scraping ice and other functions in a body's comprehensive snow sweeper. With large power and high efficiency, Hunan and GuiZhou mountainous area highway in early 2011 in the fight against snow disaster played a huge role in work. Which USES push before and after, the operation mode, solved the problem of the snow removal after freezes again. Spraying machine control system adopts the closed loop ratio control, and high accuracy, high reliability and convenient operation. Adopt multi-function integrated design, installation at the front have push the snow shovel, rolling, options to improve the working efficiency of snow removal; Equipped with central in addition to ice skate, can wipe out the compacted snow and ice road. With a large cloth, profile options wings shovel, which can realize the highway fast and efficient in addition to the snow and ice. Road snow blocking will bring a great deal of trouble and loss, snow removal vehicles is an effective countermeasure for this bad situation, however, snow sweeper is the development of future life development could not drink the lack of necessary conditions.掃雪機的歷史及概況 所以誰發(fā)明了掃雪機？我們需要開始的排位賽，因為有許多問題的答案取決于你的興趣。一些值得注意的第一次是： ●第一臺通過投擲或吹雪清除雪的機器 ●什么是第一個完全移動清理雪的機器? ●第一個國內手動除雪機 后者通常是人們最感興趣的一個，但是也是最難回答的一個。 第1章 那么這一切在哪里開始?回首往事時我們需要考慮在哪里有需要清除雪雖然有一個電源可用?這種需要和力量在美國多雪地帶和在加拿大的鐵路被發(fā)現。最早的記載藝術屬于一個叫J / W埃利奧特的多倫多牙醫(yī)。他1869年專利390號設計從來沒有建造。 接下來的故事發(fā)生在加拿大，奧蘭治維爾安大略，是發(fā)現Orange Jull的地方。Orange Jull是磨坊的操作員和發(fā)明者。1884年他申請了專利，隨后被授予專利18506號。Jull沒有建立和推廣他的發(fā)明，他承包了當地的萊斯利兄弟建造機器的裝置。 Jull/萊斯利機器可以自行供電但是卻不能自己行走。所以利用火車頭來移動機器。Jull設計有兩大內聯風扇在相反的方向旋轉。風扇將雪粉碎成沫，再經由排風扇將其吹向天空。由于堵塞問題，所以將風扇簡化成單扇。為了有效地控制放電，將其進一步改變成一個可移動的偏轉和俯仰葉輪葉片。產品被轉移到幾個做機車廠的地方。額外的機器是建立在許可證下。最后5臺“家庭建設”是在1971年通過最終用戶的最后一個完成的。一共共建造146臺機器。 接下來的工作是設計處理未知的危險。通常是阻止倒下的樹木和其他隱藏在雪地里的碎片。傳說，有一次牛群被困，埋在雪下的床身導軌。旋轉掃雪機前進過程中，牛排是飛行的。它們一直生產到上個世紀50年代，有一些甚至用到了今天。還有一些偶爾展示在博物館。 與萊斯利兄弟合作后Orange Jull繼續(xù)創(chuàng)建了下一代機器。這次設計利用了螺旋鉆來收集雪。但不是很有效，尤其是在積雪厚只有11厘米的地方，所以很遺憾的都被取消了。 在圖紙愛好者網站上這些所有可用的圖片和繪畫是這些機器最好的歸宿。在谷歌上輸入Jull掃雪機的關鍵字，那么你將花費幾個小時的時間閱讀和懷舊。在You-tube上，你可以找到“扶輪1號的回歸”相關話題，還可以搜索發(fā)現“旋轉掃雪機”的視頻。 第2章 大約在1894年，我們進一步的發(fā)現亞瑟西卡德，一個18歲在圣倫納德的毛里斯港的家庭農場努力工作。暴風雪的頻繁發(fā)生和奶制品的腐爛使他找到了一個更好地除雪動力裝置。 這個動機的靈感來自于，有一天他發(fā)現一個叫做脫粒機的農場機械。如果這種機器可以收集糧食，那么或許他可以利用這種設計來收集和清除雪。不久之后，他完成了他的第一個原型，并進行測試，然而機器卻陷在雪里。他的觀點沒有被周圍的人理解，他的追求人們并不支持。他獨自一人前往蒙特利爾生活，一直到1925年，31年后，他發(fā)明的“西卡德除雪機”令那些城市的人感到驚訝。他第一次賣出掃雪機，是在1927年，賣到了附近的外山鎮(zhèn)。 西卡德的名字因此成為了大型除雪機的代名詞。我的家鄉(xiāng)有一個西卡德機器安裝到了舊密歇根，使用了幾十年。 第3章 人們好奇的問題變成了國內可以行走的除雪機是什么時候發(fā)明的？托羅網站上說第一臺行走掃雪機是托羅在1951年提出的。這種機器和其附件Yardster系列在1952年進入掃雪機市場。該產品的Sno-Thro系列在1960年問世。Simplicty也在1962年緊隨其后生產出來。這最早的確認的Gilson產品要追溯到1966年。與此同時，其他許多公司也推出了生產線。這項發(fā)明當然是國內第一個行走單位。如果你有一個早期的機器，我可以欣賞它的圖片和簡短的故事。我積累了所有早期機器的檔案資料。1951年托羅并不是我們今天看到的照片中的那樣。 在我的古董機展示中，你可以了解發(fā)現早期機器和搜索多樣性的專利，從而顯示更加激進的設計。 現代機器的模型在20世紀60年代開始出現。小規(guī)模品牌慢慢消失，20世紀80年代之前的都成為了過去。Gilson除雪機成立于1966年，全尺寸齒輪驅動器通過十年的不斷發(fā)展，在1970年引進Unitrol機器。20世紀80年代Gilson 2演變?yōu)槿叽绺袷健Ｐ〉腉ilson單級模型在1970年停產。 小規(guī)模模型消失后，這個行業(yè)推出了“個人型號”的沖程機器。模型很容易處理，存儲和支付。如果你有足夠的耐心讓它吃一頭大象，他們就有足夠的權利來處理強大的風暴。Gilson是一個早期的專利行動的球員也是雪炮的打擊。 多年后馬力增長。早期的機器是3-4的馬力。1970年第8代惠普是大型機器。到1980年，包括第10代甚至第11代惠普機器在內的大多數品牌都已經出現。在今天，惠普13模型也很容易找到。 21世紀是電力配件。制造商提供加熱處理，電槽轉子，你可以找到機器主板電池，可以在遠離家庭的時候啟動。而發(fā)動機動力照明就不是什么新鮮事情了。 另一個故事是整理。那里曾經有許多供應商。促銷級的機器是由MTD,Murray和AYP傳達出來。質量好的機器制造廠商有Simplicity，Ariens，Toro和Honda等。在市場上幾乎任何種類的機器你都找的到，無論品牌是其中的哪一個。作為BCS分部的小型機例外。大量銷售商的出現導致每家廠商不得不削減成本來追求市場份額。質量品牌通常出售幾個層次機器在針對吸引各個級別的消費者來競爭得到更高的利益。 掃雪機用戶的未來幾十年將是什么樣的呢？市場變換很慢。雖然幾乎每家都擁有割草機的掃雪機市場，但掃雪機的使用僅限于多雪地區(qū)，許多業(yè)主選擇不買這種機器。也就是說這是一小塊蛋糕，很難吸引研發(fā)資金。隨著時間的推移，基本概念已經相當穩(wěn)定。生態(tài)環(huán)境是一個強大的推動力，且會一直延續(xù)下去。最近大多工作已經被大多數工廠利益去制造有價值的工程。昔日的制造機器的蠻力已經一去不復返了，我們只能希望，未來的機器不會配置過多的脆弱零件。除此之外，我們都將等待，看看未來的打擊。 第4章 有最近的研究，專注于受益人的要求，為達到預期水平的除雪服務而找到一個有效方案來降低成本。從這個角度出發(fā)，討論了除雪需求、居民的支付意愿和居民對積雪消除的滿意度等問題。 這些積雪去除的研究大多涉及經濟效益，或使用問卷調查，以解決公眾參與或客戶滿意度的問題。很少有深入的研究能夠根本解決政府的除雪成本不足的問題。 對于基礎設施管理，包括在美國和其他國家，包括巴羅加除雪的降低成本的努力，E.V.提出了用以衡量性能的除雪服務水平，使用它給出的預算和資源分配；除雪車滿足的工作條件，包括地理和氣候不同的工作場所，實現有效的資源分配用以有效除雪。除了那些除雪方案外，包括橋梁管理系統在內的努力，已為基礎設施管理優(yōu)化預算分配。然而，似乎有一些研究的模型，在高效的除雪預算和資源分配的成本結構分析的基礎上，以跨區(qū)域比較消耗時間排列數據的方法來比較除雪成本。 日本的道路總長度約1.2萬公里(744千英里),市政道路的長度約占84%。國家道路在中央政府直接控制下的僅占總數的1.9%。道路中長期處在寒冷,下雪地區(qū)的約占日本60%，其中的土地面積約為41.6萬公里(25.79 萬英里)。國民政府完全使用財政來為國家高速公路除雪,包括在高速公路、和部分補貼國家高速公路除雪的支持下縣和縣級公路地區(qū)、由國家政府規(guī)定為雪和寒冷覆蓋的為由國家負責除雪的國家高速公路。國家地方政府補貼除雪成本管理國家高速公路。法律規(guī)定,國家政府補貼縣除雪成本的三分之二,剩下由各個縣自行負責。目前,國家政府補貼的道路所指定為雪和寒冷地區(qū)。據統計每年使用約700億日圓(5.83億美元(1美元/￥120),2007財政年度)的開支,國家收入補貼包括那些來自全國汽油稅,汽車噸位稅和汽車收購的稅收,這些收入的支出僅限于road-related項目,金額約5.6萬億日圓(470億美元,2007財年)每年。 每個縣的除雪成本資金分為全州一般賬戶和全州特殊賬戶。地方專門賬戶的收入來源包括輕油批發(fā)稅,其支出僅限于road-related項目。而消減除雪開支的關鍵就在于除雪車開發(fā)生產以及人力資源的節(jié)約上了。 第5章 讓我們來看看各個國家的不同除雪車。 （1） 施密特CJS Super Ⅱ緊湊型掃雪車。該機的推雪板、滾刷和吹雪機可以單獨或同時工作，滾刷長度4200mm，滾刷直徑914mm，高性能吹雪機氣流量530m3/h，采用液壓驅動，吹雪速度可以任意調節(jié)，主要用于機場跑道、滑行道和停機坪的除雪。該車設計緊湊、靈活度高、性能優(yōu)異、可靠性高，是施密特在中國保有量最大的設備之一。該機采用四驅重載卡車，底盤經過相應改裝，以安裝掃雪設備。一臺獨立的發(fā)動機用于驅動液壓泵控制滾刷和高壓鼓風機，由底盤發(fā)動機驅動的液壓回路用來操作推雪板，滾刷位于卡車前后橋之間，滾刷由2臺液壓馬達提供動力，通過液壓缸實現推雪板的左右擺動和提升。滾刷被懸置在轉盤下，使其可在水平方向調整角度以適應清掃路面的變化。滾刷工作時由2個自由轉向支承輪支承。高壓鼓風機由輔助發(fā)動機驅動液壓泵，通過一個液壓馬達進行驅動，出風量按不同功率分為兩級。鼓風機位于車輛后部，用于吹干被掃過的路面或吹去剩余殘雪。鼓風機在行駛狀態(tài)下，后部和側面沒有突出部件，從而避免倒車時的危險。當使用CJS清除機場路面積雪時，通常需要安裝推雪板，MS56.1和MS64.1型機場推雪板均適合于該機的機場除雪作業(yè)。 （2） 瑞士波雄公司能夠提供完整系列的多片式推