龍門式起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)【10噸】【27張CAD圖紙+文檔全套文件】
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龍門起重機(jī)目錄前言 4第一章 起重機(jī)械應(yīng)用管理概述 5第二章 起重機(jī)管理的意義、現(xiàn)狀及其發(fā)展 6第三章 起重機(jī)的涂漆 9第四章 操作保養(yǎng)規(guī)程 11第五章 設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算書 13第六章 拆裝管理 24結(jié)束語 26 前言隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)步伐的加快,生產(chǎn)和生活各個領(lǐng)域的建設(shè)規(guī)模逐年擴(kuò)大,也促進(jìn)了施工機(jī)械化程度的迅速提高。先進(jìn)的施工機(jī)械已成為加快施工速度,保證工程質(zhì)量和降低成本的物質(zhì)保證。起重機(jī)械是工礦企業(yè)、車站碼頭、各企事業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)運(yùn)輸機(jī)械化、自動化,提高勞動生產(chǎn)率的重要工具和設(shè)備。有些起重設(shè)備還能在生產(chǎn)過程中進(jìn)行某些特殊的工藝操作,如擔(dān)任危險(xiǎn)的、對人體有嚴(yán)重危害的特殊作業(yè),使操作程序更加簡化、可靠,操作人員更加省力,也更加安全。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,先進(jìn)的電氣控制技術(shù)和機(jī)械技術(shù)逐漸應(yīng)用到起重機(jī)械上,使起重機(jī)械的自動化程度更加完善、結(jié)構(gòu)日趨簡單、性能更加可靠、品種也越來越全。起重機(jī)械是以間歇、重復(fù)的工作方式,通過取物裝置的起升、下降或升降與運(yùn)移物料的設(shè)備。在其工作過程中,經(jīng)歷上料、運(yùn)送、卸料及返回原處的過程,工作范圍較大,危險(xiǎn)因素很多。如施工電梯和升降機(jī)在用吊籠(或轎廂)輸送人員和物料時(shí),被提升在空中的人員、物料等的安全取決于提升鋼絲繩和一些安全裝置的有效性、可靠性。因此,在起重機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)、制造過程中,設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)與參數(shù)就尤為重要,基于上述原因,本書收集了有關(guān)起重吊裝各種常用數(shù)據(jù)和必要的簡易計(jì)算公式與圖表。主要內(nèi)容包括:起重繩索,輔助工具,各式滑車、滑車組,千斤頂、絞車及錨碇,桅桿起重機(jī)構(gòu),汽車起重機(jī)和輪胎起重機(jī),履帶式起重機(jī),塔式起重機(jī),纜索起重機(jī),樁基施工,構(gòu)件(設(shè)備)裝卸運(yùn)輸與堆放,吊裝設(shè)計(jì)通用計(jì)算公式以及安全技術(shù)要點(diǎn)及常用數(shù)據(jù)等。設(shè)備管理是以企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營目標(biāo)為依據(jù),運(yùn)用各種技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和組織措施,對設(shè)備從規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)、制造、購置、安裝、使用、維護(hù)、修理、改造、更新直至報(bào)廢的整個壽命周期進(jìn)行全過程的管理。其目的是獲取最佳的設(shè)備投資效果,也就是說,要充分發(fā)揮設(shè)備效能,并謀求壽命周期費(fèi)用最經(jīng)濟(jì)。要規(guī)范安裝,使用起重機(jī)械,從而減少安全生產(chǎn)事故。起重機(jī)械事故的直接原因往往是設(shè)計(jì)不當(dāng)、制造質(zhì)量(包括材料質(zhì)量)低劣、使用中違章操作以及拆裝不按規(guī)定順序等諸方面。但在不少的案例中可以看到生產(chǎn)管理不善、安全生產(chǎn)觀念淡薄常是引發(fā)事故的主要因素。我們國家歷來十分重視安全生產(chǎn),但是由于具體執(zhí)行者、生產(chǎn)指揮者主觀上和生產(chǎn)條件客觀上兩方面都存在許多不安全因素,龍其是主觀方面人為的忽視安全生產(chǎn)因素的作用,造成了一些重大事故。如何從這些機(jī)毀人亡,以鮮血和生命為代價(jià)的事故中吸取教訓(xùn),防患于未然,就要從起重機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)、制造、使用和管理一系列環(huán)節(jié)上下工夫。本書涉及范圍廣,極具指導(dǎo)意義。 第一章 起重機(jī)械應(yīng)用管理概述起重機(jī)是現(xiàn)代工業(yè)在實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)過程機(jī)械化、自動化,改善物料搬運(yùn)條件,提高勞動生產(chǎn)率必不可少的重要機(jī)械設(shè)備。它對于發(fā)展國民經(jīng)濟(jì),改善人們的物質(zhì)、文化生活的需要都起著重要的作用。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的迅速發(fā)展,機(jī)械化、自動化程度也在不斷提高,與此相適應(yīng)的起重機(jī)技術(shù)也在高速發(fā)展,產(chǎn)品種類不斷增加,使用范圍越來越廣。一些企業(yè)由于沒有起重機(jī)械,不僅工作效率低,勞動強(qiáng)度大,甚至難以工作。高層建筑的施工,上萬噸級或幾十萬噸級的大型船舶的建造,火箭和導(dǎo)彈的發(fā)射,大型電站的施工和安裝,大重件的裝卸與搬運(yùn)等,都離不開起重機(jī)的作業(yè)。起重機(jī)不僅可以作為輔助的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備,完成原料、半成品、產(chǎn)品的裝卸、搬運(yùn),進(jìn)行機(jī)電設(shè)備、船體分段的吊運(yùn)與安裝,而且也是一些生產(chǎn)過程及工藝操作中的必須的裝備。再如冶金工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的爐料準(zhǔn)備、加料、鋼水澆鑄成錠、脫模取錠等,必須依靠起重機(jī)進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)作業(yè)。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),在國內(nèi)的冶金、煤炭部門的機(jī)械設(shè)備總數(shù)量或總自重中,起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械約占。起重機(jī)是機(jī)械化作業(yè)的重要的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),是一些工業(yè)企業(yè)中主要的固定資產(chǎn)。對于工礦企業(yè)、港口碼頭、車站庫場、建筑施工工地,以及海洋開發(fā)、宇宙航行等部門,起重機(jī)已成為主要的生產(chǎn)力要素,在生產(chǎn)中進(jìn)行著高效的工作,構(gòu)成合理組織批量生產(chǎn)和機(jī)械化流水作業(yè)的基礎(chǔ),是現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)的重要標(biāo)志之一?,F(xiàn)代企業(yè)管理,也應(yīng)該重視圍繞生產(chǎn)力管理這個中心。起重機(jī)的管理與正確使用,就是按照這種生產(chǎn)力本身的客觀規(guī)律,運(yùn)用組織、計(jì)劃、指導(dǎo)、監(jiān)督、檢查等基本活動,科學(xué)地對起重機(jī)、人員和資金等因素進(jìn)行綜合管理,充分發(fā)揮起重機(jī)效能,努力提高這種裝備的技術(shù)素質(zhì)和作業(yè)水平,高效、優(yōu)質(zhì)、低消耗地完成施工、生產(chǎn)、裝卸作業(yè)任務(wù),追求其壽命周期費(fèi)用最經(jīng)濟(jì),獲取最佳的經(jīng)濟(jì)投資效益,促進(jìn)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)持續(xù)發(fā)展,增強(qiáng)企業(yè)活力。 第二章 起重機(jī)管理的意義、現(xiàn)狀及其發(fā)展在企業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動中,人員、設(shè)備及原材料作為輸入,經(jīng)組織和處理后輸出產(chǎn)品。輸入項(xiàng)目的管理是定員管理、設(shè)備管理、物質(zhì)管理,輸出的管理則是生產(chǎn)管理、質(zhì)量管理、成本管理、勞動管理等。生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、產(chǎn)量,以及安全、環(huán)境、衛(wèi)生、職工勞動情緒等都與設(shè)備緊密相關(guān)??梢姡O(shè)備是影響企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的主要因素之一,設(shè)備管理在企業(yè)管理中有著舉足輕重的地位。一、起重機(jī)管理的意義起重機(jī)在一些行業(yè)與部門得到廣泛使用,并在企業(yè)設(shè)備中占有相當(dāng)?shù)谋戎兀绺劭诠竞鸵苯疖囬g,起重機(jī)則是命脈性設(shè)備,其作業(yè)情況直接影響到企業(yè)的經(jīng)營管理。因此,起重機(jī)管理是這些企業(yè)和部門企業(yè)管理的重要內(nèi)容,是施工、安裝、生產(chǎn)和裝卸作業(yè)的保證,是提高企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的重要環(huán)節(jié)。(一)起重機(jī)管理關(guān)系到企業(yè)生產(chǎn)力要素的管理一個生產(chǎn)企業(yè)在生產(chǎn)活動中的首要任務(wù)是按照生產(chǎn)運(yùn)動規(guī)律、自然規(guī)律和生產(chǎn)關(guān)系運(yùn)動規(guī)律,科學(xué)地組織好生產(chǎn)力要素,優(yōu)質(zhì)、高效、低耗地進(jìn)行生產(chǎn),創(chuàng)造出最佳的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。生產(chǎn)力中的勞動力、勞動手段和勞動對象中,具有活力的要素是勞動力和勞動手段。起重機(jī)是一種機(jī)械方式作業(yè)的勞動手段。起重機(jī)通過司機(jī)的操作來實(shí)現(xiàn)對物料的裝卸搬運(yùn)或?qū)C(jī)械電器設(shè)備進(jìn)行吊運(yùn)與安裝,在生產(chǎn)過程中形成了生產(chǎn)力。因此,起重機(jī)的管理不僅是管理起重機(jī)這種勞動手段,而且直接或間接地管理著操作和使用起重機(jī)的司機(jī)、機(jī)組人員和管理者等勞動力。起重機(jī)管理實(shí)際上管理著生產(chǎn)力三要素中最具有活力的要素,即一部分勞動力和主要勞動手段,亦即管理著企業(yè)生產(chǎn)力的重要要素。(二)起重機(jī)管理關(guān)系到企業(yè)固定資產(chǎn)管理大型專業(yè)化港口裝卸碼頭、專業(yè)建筑安裝企業(yè)的起重機(jī)是其固定資產(chǎn)的重要組成部分,固定資產(chǎn)管理又是企業(yè)管理的重要成分。隨著改革開放與建設(shè)事業(yè)的發(fā)展,一些專業(yè)化企業(yè)擁有和使用著引進(jìn)的或國產(chǎn)的起重機(jī),這些機(jī)型所共有的特點(diǎn)是:大型化、高速化、高效化、技術(shù)先進(jìn)、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、單機(jī)價(jià)格昂貴、管理要求嚴(yán)格,而這些大型起重機(jī)都是安裝、裝卸作業(yè)中的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備。如果對起重機(jī)只重使用,而管理不善,則容易發(fā)生損機(jī)故障。加強(qiáng)起重機(jī)管理,有利于企業(yè)固定資產(chǎn)管理。(三)起重機(jī)管理關(guān)系到企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益固定資產(chǎn)在企業(yè)經(jīng)營活動中產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,作為固定資產(chǎn)的起重機(jī)在使用中發(fā)揮效能而取得經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。隨著生產(chǎn)自動化程度提高和技術(shù)進(jìn)步,物流過程和設(shè)備安裝工藝對起重機(jī)的依賴程度也不斷提高,起重機(jī)管理和企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營的方針目標(biāo)的關(guān)系更加密切,即這些企業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展要依靠起重機(jī)技術(shù)水平的提高和對起重機(jī)管理素質(zhì)的改善,實(shí)行對起重機(jī)規(guī)范化管理,也是企業(yè)管理中的重要組成部分。(四)起重機(jī)管理關(guān)系到企業(yè)機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)的實(shí)現(xiàn)“工欲善其事,必先利其器”明確闡明了勞動手段與生產(chǎn)力之間的辯證關(guān)系,也表達(dá)了起重機(jī)和起重機(jī)管理對生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的重要作用。目前,隨著起重機(jī)行業(yè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,起重機(jī)及其管理技術(shù)在許多部門的生產(chǎn)建設(shè)中發(fā)揮著重要作用。有了精良的起重機(jī)械,并不等于實(shí)現(xiàn)了物料搬運(yùn)、裝卸、設(shè)備安裝的機(jī)械化。眾多的重生產(chǎn)、輕管理,重使用、輕維修的起重機(jī)管理方式造成損機(jī)傷人事故,以致導(dǎo)致重大經(jīng)濟(jì)損失的實(shí)例,充分說明了只有科學(xué)地遵循起重機(jī)管理規(guī)律,重視管理工作,才能保證其在經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中的機(jī)械化作用。(五)起重機(jī)管理關(guān)系到先進(jìn)技術(shù)的發(fā)展近年來國內(nèi)外起重機(jī)行業(yè)的先進(jìn)技術(shù)高速發(fā)展,給起重機(jī)管理工作提出了新的要求。如起重機(jī)的操縱控制已由司機(jī)室作業(yè)發(fā)展到遙控,一改由司機(jī)操作為起重工或其他生產(chǎn)工人在工作位置借助于微型攜帶式控制臺,運(yùn)用遙控系統(tǒng)命令起重機(jī)動作。如前蘇聯(lián)亞歷山大起重運(yùn)輸設(shè)備廠,已將遙控系統(tǒng)運(yùn)用于通用橋式起重機(jī)上;別爾戈羅德金屬結(jié)構(gòu)廠將原有臺雙小車橋式起重機(jī)全部采用了遙控系統(tǒng)。另外一點(diǎn)是由常規(guī)的繼電器控制裝置發(fā)展到利用微機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)半自動或自動化控制。先進(jìn)技術(shù)的研究與應(yīng)用對人機(jī)管理問題更有著重要性。起重機(jī)遙控技術(shù)和微機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)的操作與維護(hù),只有受過專門訓(xùn)練和考核合格的人員才能勝任。制定操作保養(yǎng)人員的培訓(xùn)大綱,嚴(yán)格培訓(xùn)教育,考核合格上崗等實(shí)施的教育管理,也是為了適應(yīng)先進(jìn)技術(shù)的發(fā)展。所以,我們要充分認(rèn)識起重機(jī)管理現(xiàn)狀,重視起重機(jī)管理在企業(yè)經(jīng)營活動中的重要性。二、起重機(jī)管理現(xiàn)狀發(fā)達(dá)國家的起重機(jī)現(xiàn)代管理狀況是強(qiáng)調(diào)理論性、科學(xué)性、全面性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性、綜合性、生產(chǎn)性和全員性。我國起重機(jī)管理現(xiàn)狀正處在傳統(tǒng)管理向現(xiàn)代化管理過渡的階段。(一)理論性我國起重機(jī)管理與其他機(jī)械管理一樣,以磨損理論為基礎(chǔ),以傳統(tǒng)的科學(xué)管理理論為指導(dǎo)思想,以預(yù)防維修和生產(chǎn)維修方式等管理理論指導(dǎo)起重機(jī)管理。(二)科學(xué)性在科學(xué)性方面,起重機(jī)的管理方法比較落后,目前正在開始學(xué)習(xí)和應(yīng)用先進(jìn)的理論、方法、技術(shù)和設(shè)備,如電子計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)、系統(tǒng)工程、價(jià)值工程、概率論、線性規(guī)劃、以及狀態(tài)監(jiān)測和故障診斷技術(shù)及設(shè)備。(三)全面性起重機(jī)管理大多數(shù)是由選型開始,包括運(yùn)輸、安裝調(diào)試、使用、維修、改造至報(bào)廢為止,其現(xiàn)狀實(shí)際上是大多數(shù)使用部門只管了起重機(jī)的后半生,設(shè)計(jì)部門和使用單位往往分工分家,各行其事,在管理工作上造成片面性,各管一段。使用部門只注重購買與使用,忽視合理選型,擇優(yōu)購置等管理過程。沒有或極少有關(guān)于起重機(jī)使用管理的信息向設(shè)計(jì)制造部門反饋。近年來,行業(yè)開始強(qiáng)調(diào)產(chǎn)品售后跟蹤服務(wù),有的設(shè)計(jì)部門和制造廠走訪用戶和開展質(zhì)量跟蹤、信函或登門訪問,使用部門也開始參與選型等管理,起重機(jī)管理工作正向著全面性邁開步伐。(四)經(jīng)濟(jì)性目前,許多部門對起重機(jī)投資的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益不夠重視,基本上是以能夠完成生產(chǎn)任務(wù)為目標(biāo)。起重機(jī)的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)性指標(biāo)主要以完好率、利用率、生產(chǎn)率、機(jī)械效率為基本內(nèi)容。然而,這些指標(biāo)缺乏科學(xué)性與經(jīng)濟(jì)性,一般多為靜態(tài)指標(biāo),強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)濟(jì)論證和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益不夠。起重機(jī)的來源主要的還是依靠購置,自有率接近百分之百。更新時(shí)間一般為年,基本折舊只考慮到起重機(jī)的有形磨損,沒有考慮無形磨損,每年只按均衡比例提取折舊費(fèi)用。起重機(jī)經(jīng)濟(jì)性管理指標(biāo)有待審定評議。(五)綜合性所謂綜合性即技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、組織管理緊密結(jié)合。我國起重機(jī)管理現(xiàn)狀中存在著技術(shù)管理與經(jīng)濟(jì)管理相脫離的現(xiàn)象。有些只重視技術(shù)管理、忽視經(jīng)濟(jì)管理,隨著企業(yè)經(jīng)營機(jī)制的轉(zhuǎn)換與社會觀念的變革,目前已有所改進(jìn),尤其以港口、冶金部門起重機(jī)管理的步伐扭轉(zhuǎn)較快。對起重機(jī)進(jìn)行技術(shù)、組織、經(jīng)濟(jì)等方面的綜合管理,在技術(shù)方面,把機(jī)械、電氣、電子、化學(xué)、環(huán)保、安全、人機(jī)學(xué)等專門科學(xué)技術(shù)橫向聯(lián)系起來研究;在組織方面,運(yùn)用管理工程、系統(tǒng)工程、價(jià)值工程、質(zhì)量控制管理方法;在經(jīng)濟(jì)性方面,周密計(jì)算與起重機(jī)、人員、物質(zhì)有關(guān)的各種經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)。(六)生產(chǎn)性目前,起重機(jī)管理與生產(chǎn)相脫離,推行定期保養(yǎng)、計(jì)劃修理,開始推廣狀態(tài)監(jiān)測與故障診斷技術(shù),而且存在著只用不養(yǎng),養(yǎng)修不分,過度修理或過剩修理兩種極端,也不太重視技術(shù)改造。這些現(xiàn)象主要是偏重生產(chǎn)、疏于管理所致。(七)全員性全員性即全員參與的起重機(jī)管理體制。國內(nèi)一些企業(yè)中,只有部分部門和少數(shù)人參加機(jī)械管理,不能最大限度地動員所有人員參與管理。國有企業(yè)目前對起重機(jī)的管理現(xiàn)狀出現(xiàn)過渡、轉(zhuǎn)軌、強(qiáng)化意識,對綜合管理認(rèn)識提高了,尤其是在以下幾個方面有了新的開端,即:(1)注重起重機(jī)前半生管理與后半生管理相結(jié)合。(2)注重技術(shù)管理與經(jīng)濟(jì)管理相結(jié)合。(3)注重維修專業(yè)化與協(xié)作化相結(jié)合。(4)注重專業(yè)隊(duì)伍的技術(shù)素質(zhì)與培訓(xùn)教育。第三章 起重機(jī)的涂漆起重機(jī)涂漆是為保護(hù)起重機(jī)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件不受銹蝕,而不銹蝕是延長鋼結(jié)構(gòu)使用壽命的有效手段。由于起重機(jī)在使用中受到太陽光照、氣候冷熱、風(fēng)雨潮濕、霉菌侵蝕以及機(jī)械碰撞、摩擦、灰砂、酸堿或化學(xué)藥品的腐蝕,以及原涂層下的銹蝕作用等,使原有涂層逐漸破壞而失去保護(hù)能力。這時(shí)如不認(rèn)真對待,銹蝕會迅速發(fā)展,結(jié)果勢必影響鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)度和剛度。因此,對起重機(jī)每年應(yīng)檢查一次涂漆情況,一般單位 年重涂一遍漆,個別特殊單位需每年涂刷一遍。 涂層破壞的原因(1)氧化皮:一般存在于熱軋鋼材和焊接部位上。它是涂層的隱患,在受機(jī)械、大氣腐蝕等作用后,引起漆膜凸起和剝落。(2)鐵銹:即三氧化四鐵,如涂漆前沒有清除干凈,則在漆膜下的氧化鐵繼續(xù)腐蝕金屬,并發(fā)生膨脹而引起漆膜開裂脫落。(3)焊渣:由金屬氧化物、無機(jī)鹽類、氯化胺、氯化鋅、松香等物質(zhì)組成。能使漆膜下的金屬腐蝕,最后破壞漆膜。(4)油污:金屬表面上沒有清除掉的各種油污、潤滑脂等,不僅影響涂層的附著力和干燥性能,最后還會使漆膜破壞。(5)舊漆:重新涂漆時(shí),如不清除已破壞的漆膜和金屬上的氧化鐵,或舊漆膜雖然完好但不能適應(yīng)欲涂的新漆時(shí),則新漆膜仍會脫落。(6)酸、堿等腐蝕性物質(zhì):化工廠的起重機(jī)設(shè)備與腐蝕性介質(zhì)經(jīng)常接觸,涂漆或修補(bǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)徹底清除于凈,否則影響漆膜的干燥和附著能力。涂料的選擇通常起重機(jī)上所用底漆為 鐵紅醇酸底漆或紅丹油性防銹漆。而面漆為 醇酸磁漆或鋼灰色醇酸磁漆。在一般化工廠中,為防止酸性氣體腐蝕時(shí)可用酯膠耐酸漆為防止酸、堿氣體腐蝕以及亞熱帶和潮濕地區(qū)可用 過氯乙烯外用磁漆。用過氯乙烯外用磁漆時(shí),須用配套底漆鐵紅過氯乙烯底漆,有酸、堿腐蝕的場所還應(yīng)在面漆之后再涂 1 層 過氯乙烯防腐清漆。起重機(jī)的面漆一般涂灰色,如果有鋼灰色醇酸磁漆更好,沒有時(shí)可自行調(diào)配。鋼灰色漆可用白漆、藍(lán)漆、黑漆調(diào)配。中灰色漆可用白漆藍(lán)漆、黑漆,調(diào)配。也可涂其他顏色。調(diào)色時(shí)所用涂料的基料必須相同,如用醇酸漆絕不能與硝基漆相配,調(diào)色時(shí)一定攪拌均勻,應(yīng)先試配小樣,滿意后再按比例配大樣,并應(yīng)掌握漆料顏色濕時(shí)較淺,干后變深的特點(diǎn)。 涂漆方法和程序最常用的涂漆方法是刷涂。刷涂施工的好壞,與所選用的漆刷有直接關(guān)系,一般鬃厚、口齊、根硬、頭軟的為上品,這種刷子比較好用。涂刷磁漆、調(diào)合漆和底漆的刷子應(yīng)選用扁形、圓形或歪脖形硬毛刷,刷毛的彈性要大,因?yàn)檫@類漆的黏度大。在涂刷水平面時(shí),最后一次的涂刷應(yīng)沿光線照射的方向進(jìn)行;在涂刷垂直面時(shí),最后一次的涂刷應(yīng)由上向下地進(jìn)行。漆膜的厚薄要均勻適宜。另一種常用的涂漆方法是噴涂,它是以壓縮空氣的氣流通過噴槍的噴嘴,把霧狀的油漆噴到金屬表面上。噴涂法可獲得薄而均勻的漆膜,適于噴涂大面積的物體,且大部分涂料都可以用噴涂法噴涂,尤其是對快干揮發(fā)性漆,如硝基漆、過氯乙烯漆等更適宜。噴涂法的效率高,勞動強(qiáng)度低,已被廣泛的應(yīng)用。但應(yīng)注意的是,油漆將隨著空氣擴(kuò)散而有一定的損耗。要得到相當(dāng)厚的涂層,須反復(fù)噴涂幾遍才能獲得。擴(kuò)散在空氣中的涂料和溶劑對人體有害;通風(fēng)不良時(shí),容易引起失火,甚至在空氣中溶劑蒸發(fā)達(dá)到一定濃度時(shí)會發(fā)生爆炸。因此,對噴涂要注意安全防護(hù)工作。涂漆時(shí)可能發(fā)生的缺陷:流掛。垂直面上涂料在重力作用下有淌流現(xiàn)象,稱為流掛。原因是漆料太稀、漆膜太厚,場地溫度過高,漆本身干燥較慢,涂料本身的附著力差,以及物體表面有凸凹不平或含油、水等物。如果用刷涂法,也可能是蘸漆大多,刷子太小太軟;如果是用噴涂法,則是由于噴槍距離涂面不一致或壓力不均等所造成。一般噴槍距涂面為為合適。咬底。指面漆中的溶劑很容易把底漆漆膜軟化而破壞。它多因底漆膜未充分干燥或底、面漆不配套所致。如油脂底漆與物面雖有一定的附著力,但不能與硝基漆、過氯乙烯涂料配套。滲色。指面漆把底漆溶解,使底漆顏色滲到面漆上。多因施工中未待底漆干透就涂具有強(qiáng)溶劑的面漆所致。表面粗糙(起粒)。因涂料過粗,工具、漆桶、刷子中夾帶了沙土,留有漆皮,槍口小、壓力大,噴槍與涂面距離太遠(yuǎn),漆面未擦干凈及環(huán)境有灰塵飛揚(yáng)等原因造成。形成漆膜后可能發(fā)生缺陷發(fā)笑。指漆膜表面收縮,好像把水抹在蠟紙上一樣,斑斑點(diǎn)點(diǎn),露出底漆,也稱“花臉、麻點(diǎn)、笑口”等。收縮常見于紅丹漆、清漆、環(huán)氧漆、聚氨酯漆等。原因是漆面太滑,底漆光澤度高,涂面上有油污或潮濕,噴槍管路中混入油或水等??U紋。漆膜不光,收縮成很多彎曲的棱脊(非特殊要求的美術(shù)漆),主要是漆膜太厚,干燥不均勻,涂漆后在強(qiáng)烈的日光下暴曬或烘烤等造成。起泡。漆膜在高濕度環(huán)境,浸水或日曬中容易出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象。多因施工不良而引起,如膜下有潮氣或揮發(fā)性液體。漆膜過厚易起泡。失光。成膜后經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間(幾小時(shí)或數(shù)星期)光澤慢慢消失(非指室外長期氧化而失光),這除涂料本身問題外,還與施工時(shí)涂面上留有礦物油、堿類、水分、臟物、雜質(zhì)及物面高低不平有關(guān),較冷天氣施工、新涂漆膜遇雨或露水等,都易造成失光。粉化。這是隨著失光而出現(xiàn)的一種缺陷。手摸漆面有粉末粘在手上,說明涂料已失去黏著力。失光后再受紫外線、水氣、氧化、海洋氣候、化學(xué)用品等作用便出現(xiàn)粉化。開裂。開裂從外表看有粗裂、細(xì)裂和龜裂之分,都是漆膜老化現(xiàn)象。粗、細(xì)裂是漆膜在老化中產(chǎn)生的收縮,即漆膜下部的收縮力較漆膜本身的內(nèi)聚力大而出現(xiàn)的膜面破裂,這與涂層過厚、底漆未干、空氣中有污氣存在有關(guān)。龜裂是漆膜一裂到底,露出物面或較深地不露物面的裂縫。底、面漆不配套或涂層厚且底漆未干最易龜裂。有時(shí)連續(xù)在舊漆膜上,補(bǔ)修漆層數(shù)次后也會龜裂。在熱帶,溫度很高,潮氣又重,漆膜受冷熱而伸縮,也易龜裂。 第四章 操作保養(yǎng)規(guī)程一、操作保養(yǎng)規(guī)程的編制原則操作保養(yǎng)規(guī)程是起重機(jī)使用管理中重要的指導(dǎo)性技術(shù)文件,直接關(guān)系到使用部門能否正確使用起重機(jī)。因此,操作規(guī)程的編制要具有指導(dǎo)性和約束性,操作保養(yǎng)規(guī)程的編制一般遵循以下原則。(1)力求內(nèi)容精煉、重點(diǎn)突出、全面實(shí)用。參照使用環(huán)境、作業(yè)條件接起重機(jī)操作順序及班前、工作時(shí)、班后的工作內(nèi)容和注意事項(xiàng)編寫,一般為了便于記憶,采用分條排列。(2)機(jī)型、作業(yè)對象和作業(yè)方式相同的起重機(jī),可以編制通用規(guī)程。(3)應(yīng)按照具體機(jī)型、主要技術(shù)性能、結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)、操作保養(yǎng)內(nèi)容、要求和注意事項(xiàng)按順序編制,便于操作保養(yǎng)人員掌握要點(diǎn)、執(zhí)行與實(shí)施。(4)對于大型以上、重點(diǎn)和生產(chǎn)線上的關(guān)鍵型起重機(jī),要用專制的板牌顯示在機(jī)房、休息室、司機(jī)室內(nèi)部的圍壁上,要求及提醒操作保養(yǎng)人員特別注意。二、起重機(jī)操作保養(yǎng)規(guī)程的內(nèi)容對于不同機(jī)型、不同使用環(huán)境條件的起重機(jī),操作保養(yǎng)規(guī)程有部分內(nèi)容是通用的,其余部分則有一定差異,以下列出通用橋式起重機(jī)的操作保養(yǎng)規(guī)程,其它機(jī)型可參閱有關(guān)章節(jié)中的相應(yīng)內(nèi)容。(1)操作者必須熟悉起重機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)和性能,經(jīng)考試合格取得“特殊工種操作證”后,方能進(jìn)行獨(dú)立操作,并應(yīng)遵守安全守則。(2)按照潤滑規(guī)定加足潤滑油料,加油后要將油箱、油杯的蓋子蓋好。(3)每班開動前必須進(jìn)行以下各項(xiàng)檢查。(4)吊鉤鉤頭、滑輪有無缺陷。(5)鋼絲繩是否完好,在卷筒上的固定是否牢固,有無脫槽現(xiàn)象。(6)大車、小車及起升機(jī)構(gòu)的制動器是否安全可靠。(7)各傳動機(jī)構(gòu)是否正常,各安全開關(guān)是否靈敏可靠,起升限位和大小車限位是否正常。(8)起重機(jī)運(yùn)行時(shí)有無異常振動與噪聲。若發(fā)現(xiàn)缺陷或不正?,F(xiàn)象,應(yīng)立即進(jìn)行調(diào)整、檢修,不得遷就使用。(9)開車前,應(yīng)將所有控制手柄扳至零位,關(guān)好門窗,鳴鈴示警后方可開車。(10)起重機(jī)起動要求平穩(wěn),并逐檔加速;對起升機(jī)構(gòu)每檔的轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)間可在;對運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)每檔的轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)間不小于;對大起重量的橋式起重機(jī),各檔轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)間在,視起重量而定,嚴(yán)禁高檔起動。(11)嚴(yán)禁超規(guī)范使用起重機(jī),必須遵守起重機(jī)械安全管理規(guī)程中“十不吊”的規(guī)定。(12)超過額定載荷不吊。(13)指揮信號不明、起重量不明、光線暗淡不吊。(14)吊索和附件捆扎不牢、不符合安全要求不吊。(15)起重機(jī)拴掛工件直接加工不吊。歪拉斜掛不吊。(16)工件上站人或工件上浮放有活動物件的不吊。(17)氧氣瓶、乙炔發(fā)生器等具有爆炸性物品不吊。(18)帶棱角刃口物件沒有鋼絲繩被切斷保護(hù)措施的不吊。(19)埋在地下或水中的物件不拔吊。(20)干部違章指揮不吊。(21)每班第一次起吊重物(或者載荷在最大額定起重量)時(shí),應(yīng)在重物吊離地面后,將重物放下以檢查制動器性能是否正常,確認(rèn)可靠后繼續(xù)起吊。(22)操縱控制器時(shí),必須按檔次進(jìn)行。要保持被吊物平穩(wěn),吊鉤轉(zhuǎn)動時(shí)不允許起升,防止鋼絲繩出槽或扭繞。(23)起重機(jī)或小車運(yùn)行至接近終點(diǎn)時(shí),應(yīng)降低速度,嚴(yán)禁用終點(diǎn)開關(guān)作停車手段使用,也不允許用反車達(dá)到制動目的。(24)操作者在作業(yè)中應(yīng)按規(guī)定對下列各項(xiàng)作業(yè)鳴鈴報(bào)警。1)起升、降落重物,開動大、小車運(yùn)行時(shí)。2)起重機(jī)在視線不清處行駛通過時(shí),要連續(xù)鳴鈴報(bào)警。3)起重機(jī)運(yùn)行至接近同跨向另一臺起重機(jī)時(shí)。4)吊運(yùn)重物接近人員時(shí)。(25)禁止起重機(jī)懸吊重物在空中長時(shí)間停留。起重機(jī)在吊著重物時(shí),操作者和起重工不得隨意離開工作崗位。(26)起重機(jī)運(yùn)行時(shí)禁止人員上下車,禁止在軌道或走臺上行走,也不允許從事檢修。(27)對于雙吊鉤(主、副鉤)起重機(jī),不準(zhǔn)同時(shí)用兩鉤吊兩個物件,不工作的吊鉤必須開到接近上極限高度位置,并且不準(zhǔn)帶有吊索。(28)有主副吊鉤的起重機(jī),在主副鉤換用或兩鉤高度相近時(shí),必須一個一個單獨(dú)工作,以避免兩鉤相碰。(29)同一跨度內(nèi)有多臺起重機(jī)工作時(shí),兩起重機(jī)之間必須保持的距離,以防碰撞。工作需要接近時(shí),應(yīng)經(jīng)鄰機(jī)司機(jī)同意,但最小距離應(yīng)在以上。(30)禁止兩臺起重機(jī)同時(shí)吊一物件,在特殊情況下需要雙機(jī)抬吊時(shí),要采取安全措施,且每臺起重機(jī)均不得超載荷,并由精通專業(yè)技術(shù)的主管工程師負(fù)責(zé)現(xiàn)場指揮。單機(jī)允許起吊最大載荷規(guī)定為該機(jī)額定起重量的。(31)在正常工作中變換運(yùn)行方向時(shí),必須將控制器手柄扳到“零位”,當(dāng)機(jī)構(gòu)完全停止轉(zhuǎn)動后再換向開動。(32)電器各種保護(hù)裝置必須保持完好,不得隨意調(diào)整和更換。(33)起重機(jī)運(yùn)行中電氣設(shè)備注意的問題。1)電機(jī)有無過熱、異常振動和噪聲。2)配電箱內(nèi)的起動器有無異常噪聲。3)電機(jī)軸承、磁盤有無過熱現(xiàn)象。4)直流電機(jī)換相器的火花大小。5)導(dǎo)線有無松動及摩擦現(xiàn)象。6)若發(fā)生故障,如電機(jī)過熱、異常噪聲、線路及配電箱冒煙等,應(yīng)立即停機(jī),切斷電源進(jìn)行檢修。(34)露天工作的起重機(jī),風(fēng)力大于* 級和遇到雷雨時(shí),應(yīng)立即停止工作,不工作時(shí),應(yīng)將起重機(jī)開到停車位置,并可靠錨固。(35)如果為抓斗或電磁盤的起重機(jī)。還應(yīng)遵守以下規(guī)定:1)使用抓斗或電磁盤工作時(shí),必須保證電纜和鋼絲繩運(yùn)動速度一致,不得使抓斗、電磁盤轉(zhuǎn)動,以免電纜和鋼絲繩相互纏繞發(fā)生事故。2)不準(zhǔn)用電磁盤吊運(yùn)溫度在#/以上的工件。3)使用抓斗時(shí),不允許抓取整塊物件,避免在吊運(yùn)中滑落。4)當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)電磁盤有殘磁時(shí)(切斷電源后有部分重物不能掉離電磁盤),應(yīng)停機(jī)進(jìn)行檢修。吊運(yùn)作業(yè)完成后,將起重機(jī)開到指定地點(diǎn),小車開到司機(jī)室一端,吊構(gòu)升起,全部控制器扳到“零位”,切斷電源,并清掃擦拭,保持清潔。做好當(dāng)班運(yùn)行記錄和交接班工作。第五章 設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算書一、 計(jì)算依據(jù):GB3811-83 起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊 中國鐵道出版社1998二、 設(shè)計(jì)條件:1、起 重 量 Q=10000kg2、跨 度 S0=13500mm3、起升高度 H=6000mm4、工作級別 A45、起升速度 V起=7m/min大車速度 V大=23m/min小車速度 V小=20m/min6、起重機(jī)最大風(fēng)壓 80kg/ 起重機(jī)工作風(fēng)壓 25kg/ 7、地面操縱 三、主梁截面幾何特性(見圖一): 1、主梁截面積 2、主梁截面對軸的靜矩 圖一 3、主梁截面形心至軸距離 4、主梁形心以上截面的靜矩 5、 6、 7、 8、 9、 10、四、支腿截面特性(見圖二)圖二 1、支腿大端截面慣性矩 2、支腿小端截面慣性矩 支腿小端截面3、支腿折算慣性矩 4、上橫梁慣性矩 支腿折算截面 5、下橫梁面積 五、主梁計(jì)算載荷與內(nèi)力 上橫梁截面1、在門架平面內(nèi)(1) (2) (3) -電動葫蘆重量=947kg(H=6m)(4) -支腿重量=12302=2460kg(5) -主梁重量=3800kg(6) (7) -動載系數(shù)=1.15(8) -沖擊系數(shù)=1.05 (9) -大車起制動產(chǎn)生的加速度0.1m/s2(10)-小車起制動產(chǎn)生的加速度0.1m/s2(11)=2.18kg/cm(12)-起重機(jī)運(yùn)行時(shí)主梁單位長度起制動產(chǎn)生的制動力 (13)-主梁單位長度由風(fēng)載荷產(chǎn)生的力 - -1.4 -0.0025kg/cm2 (14) -滿載小車起制動時(shí)產(chǎn)生的水平力 (15)-滿載小車于跨中時(shí)起重機(jī)起制動產(chǎn)生的水平力(垂直于主梁) 2、由主梁自重產(chǎn)生的支反力及內(nèi)力 3、由計(jì)算載荷(移動載荷)處于跨中產(chǎn)生的支反力及內(nèi)力 當(dāng) -水平推力 - 代入式 得 5、滿載小車在起制動時(shí)的慣性力產(chǎn)生的支反力及內(nèi)力 6、由風(fēng)載荷和起重機(jī)起制動主梁自重產(chǎn)生的水平反力及內(nèi)力 7、由滿載小車在跨中時(shí)因起制動產(chǎn)生的慣性力而引起的水平支反力和內(nèi)力 8、總內(nèi)力(主梁) -主梁跨中最大彎矩 -主梁跨中最大水平彎矩 六、主梁強(qiáng)度計(jì)算1、-主梁上面應(yīng)力2、-主梁下面應(yīng)力3、許用應(yīng)力 剪應(yīng)力忽略不計(jì)七、主梁工字鋼下翼緣局部集中應(yīng)力 1、 -2、 -3、 -4、 -5、 -式中系數(shù) 決定于 -式中-輪子與工字鋼踏面接觸點(diǎn)至腹板的距離=38.5mm 代入式 得根據(jù)起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊第599頁 圖4-3-6 圖4-3-7當(dāng) 時(shí) 代入式 得 式中-每個輪子的輪壓 代入 得 八、合成應(yīng)力1、工字鋼下翼緣下表面1點(diǎn)處的合成應(yīng)力 2、工字鋼下翼緣下表面2點(diǎn)處的合成應(yīng)力 3、工字鋼下翼緣下表面3點(diǎn)處的合成應(yīng)力 主梁合格九、支腿幾何參數(shù)1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、 12、 式中 代入 得13、 14、 式中 15、-主梁自重=3800kg16、17、18、19、十、支腿強(qiáng)度計(jì)算1、在門架平面內(nèi)由主梁自重產(chǎn)生的支反力及內(nèi)力 由用于跨中時(shí)產(chǎn)生的支反力及內(nèi)力 由滿載小車處于端起制動時(shí)產(chǎn)生的引起的支反力及內(nèi)力 由風(fēng)載荷產(chǎn)生的支反力及內(nèi)力 2、在支腿平面內(nèi)由(主梁自重和計(jì)算載荷)產(chǎn)生的反力和內(nèi)力 式中:由滿載小車處于點(diǎn)時(shí),大車起制動慣性力產(chǎn)生的反力和內(nèi)力 式中:3、支腿總內(nèi)力-在門架平面內(nèi)支腿點(diǎn)的最大彎矩 -由主梁自重引起的彎矩 -由移動載荷引起的彎矩 -由滿載小車起制動產(chǎn)生的彎矩 -由風(fēng)載荷引起的彎矩-在支腿平面內(nèi)支腿點(diǎn)的最大彎矩 -由移動載荷和主梁自重在點(diǎn)引起的最大彎矩 -由起重機(jī)制動產(chǎn)生的慣性力引起的彎矩 -由風(fēng)載荷引起的彎矩-支腿點(diǎn)的最大應(yīng)力 十一、主梁剛度計(jì)算 主梁撓度: 許用撓度:綜上所計(jì)算結(jié)果,主梁、支腿強(qiáng)度和剛度均滿足要求。第六章 安裝管理一、拆裝管理塔機(jī)的拆裝是事故的多發(fā)階段。因拆裝不當(dāng)和安裝質(zhì)量不合格而引起的安全事故占有很大的比重。塔機(jī)拆裝必須要具有資質(zhì)的拆裝單位進(jìn)行作業(yè),而且要在資質(zhì)范圍內(nèi)從事安裝拆卸。拆裝人員要經(jīng)過專門的業(yè)務(wù)培訓(xùn),有一定的拆裝經(jīng)驗(yàn)并持證上崗,同時(shí)要各工種人員齊全,崗位明確,各司其職,聽從統(tǒng)一指揮,在調(diào)試的過程中,專業(yè)電工的技術(shù)水平和責(zé)任心很重要,電工要持電工證和起重工證,我們通過對大量的塔機(jī)檢測資料進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),發(fā)現(xiàn)我市某拆裝單位今年到目前一共安裝54臺塔機(jī),而首檢不合格47臺,首檢合格率僅為13%,其中大多是由于安裝電工的安裝技術(shù)水平較差,拆裝單位疏于管理,安全意識尚有待進(jìn)一步提高。因此,我們對該單位進(jìn)行了加強(qiáng)業(yè)務(wù)培訓(xùn)的專項(xiàng)治理,并取得了良好的效果。另外還由于拆裝市場拆裝費(fèi)用不按照預(yù)算價(jià)格,甚至出現(xiàn)400500元安裝一臺塔機(jī),這也導(dǎo)致安裝質(zhì)量下降的一個重要原因。拆裝要編制專項(xiàng)的拆裝方案,方案要有安裝單位技術(shù)負(fù)責(zé)人審核簽字,并向拆裝單位參與拆裝的警戒區(qū)和警戒線,安排專人指揮,無關(guān)人員禁止入場,嚴(yán)格按照拆裝程序和說明書的要求進(jìn)行作業(yè),當(dāng)遇風(fēng)力超過4級要停止拆裝,風(fēng)力超過6級塔機(jī)要停止起重作業(yè)。特殊情況確實(shí)需要在夜間作業(yè)的要有足夠的照明,特殊情況確實(shí)需要在夜間作業(yè)的要與汽車吊司機(jī)就有關(guān)拆裝的程序和注意事項(xiàng)進(jìn)行充分的協(xié)商并達(dá)成共識。二、塔機(jī)基礎(chǔ)塔機(jī)基礎(chǔ)是塔機(jī)的根本,實(shí)踐證明有不少重大安全事故都是由于塔吊基礎(chǔ)存在問題而引起的,它是影響塔吊整體穩(wěn)定性的一個重要因素。有的事故是由于工地為了搶工期,在混凝土強(qiáng)度不夠的情況下而草率安裝,有的事故是由于地耐力不夠,有的是由于在基礎(chǔ)附近開挖而導(dǎo)致甚至滑坡產(chǎn)生位移,或是由于積水而產(chǎn)生不均勻的沉降等等,諸如此類,都會造成嚴(yán)重的安全事故。必須引起我們的高度重視,來不得半點(diǎn)含糊,塔吊的穩(wěn)定性就是塔吊抗傾覆的能力,塔吊最大的事故就是傾翻倒塌。做塔吊基礎(chǔ)的時(shí)候,一定要確保地耐力符合設(shè)計(jì)要求,鋼筋混凝土的強(qiáng)度至少達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)值的80%。有地下室工程的塔吊基礎(chǔ)要采取特別的處理措施:有的要在基礎(chǔ)下打樁,并將樁端的鋼筋與基礎(chǔ)地腳螺栓牢固的焊接在一起?;炷粱A(chǔ)底面要平整夯實(shí),基礎(chǔ)底部不能作成鍋底狀?;A(chǔ)的地腳螺栓尺寸誤差必須嚴(yán)格按照基礎(chǔ)圖的要求施工,地腳螺栓要保持足夠的露出地面的長度,每個地腳螺栓要雙螺帽預(yù)緊。在安裝前要對基礎(chǔ)表面進(jìn)行處理,保證基礎(chǔ)的水平度不能超過1/1000。同時(shí)塔吊基礎(chǔ)不得積水,積水會造成塔吊基礎(chǔ)的不均勻沉降。在塔吊基礎(chǔ)附近內(nèi)不得隨意挖坑或開溝。二、安全距離塔吊在平面布置的時(shí)候要繪制平面圖,尤其是房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)小區(qū),住宅樓多,塔吊如林,更要考慮相鄰塔吊的安全距離,在水平和垂直兩個方向上都要保證不少于2m的安全距離,相鄰塔機(jī)的塔身和起重臂不能發(fā)生干涉,盡量保證塔機(jī)在風(fēng)力過大時(shí)能自由旋轉(zhuǎn)。塔機(jī)后臂與相鄰建筑物之間的安全距離不少于50cm。塔機(jī)與輸電線之間的安全距離符合要求。塔機(jī)與輸電線的安全距離不夠表1要求的要塔設(shè)防護(hù)架,防護(hù)架搭設(shè)原則上要停電搭設(shè),不得使用金屬材料,可使用竹竿等材料。竹竿與輸電線的距離不得小于1m還要有一定的穩(wěn)定性的強(qiáng)度,防止大風(fēng)吹倒。為了確保以上幾個安全距離達(dá)到規(guī)范要求,尤其在成片小區(qū)施工時(shí),我們在平時(shí)的安全檢查中,將我們的工作重心前移,在工程開工的時(shí)候要求施工企業(yè)將現(xiàn)場施工機(jī)械的總平面合理布置好以后報(bào)給我們,對于不同施工企業(yè)不好相互協(xié)調(diào)的,就通知建設(shè)設(shè)單位統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào),例如,在今年我們對市區(qū)香溢房地產(chǎn)小區(qū)、杏壇花園小區(qū)、頤和花園小區(qū)等施工現(xiàn)場都進(jìn)行了專項(xiàng)治理取得了良好的效果。為了保證塔機(jī)的正常與安全使用,我們強(qiáng)制性要求塔機(jī)在安裝時(shí)必須具備規(guī)定的安全裝置,主要有:起重力矩限制器、起重量限制器、高度限位裝置、幅度限位器、回轉(zhuǎn)限位器、吊鉤保險(xiǎn)裝置、卷筒保險(xiǎn)裝置、風(fēng)向風(fēng)速儀、鋼絲繩脫槽保險(xiǎn)、小車防斷繩裝置、小車防斷軸裝置和緩沖器等。這些安全裝置要確保它的完好與靈敏可靠。在使用中如發(fā)現(xiàn)損壞應(yīng)及時(shí)維修更換,不得私自解除或任意調(diào)節(jié),2003年4月20日,我市灌云縣一工地塔機(jī)司機(jī)擅自將力矩限制器拆除,在超載時(shí)作業(yè)導(dǎo)致塔機(jī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)節(jié)角鋼開裂,塔機(jī)起重臂傾覆,幸虧發(fā)現(xiàn)及時(shí),沒有人員傷亡。又如7月16日南通三建公司在北京施工導(dǎo)致2死3傷的重大塔機(jī)傾覆事故也是由于違章調(diào)大力矩限制器超載作業(yè)引起的,這些血的教訓(xùn)不能不引起我們對塔機(jī)安全保險(xiǎn)裝置的高度重視。結(jié)束語這次的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是最后一次在學(xué)校完成的報(bào)告了,馬上就要離開學(xué)校的大門,這份畢業(yè)報(bào)告也是對我們五年來在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)所做的一個綜合性的總結(jié)。這次的畢業(yè)報(bào)告由老師指導(dǎo),自己獨(dú)立完成,但由于是唯一一次自己獨(dú)立完成的大型作業(yè),沒有同學(xué)在旁邊的幫助,就這樣在茫然中度過了一個星期。后來通過和老師的溝通才慢慢的了解到該怎么做。老師也對我們進(jìn)行了指導(dǎo)。就這樣開始了我的論文設(shè)計(jì)報(bào)告。關(guān)于數(shù)控專業(yè)的論題有很多,我寫的是機(jī)械零件加工工藝分析及程序編制這道論題和我們五年來所學(xué)的專業(yè)是息息相關(guān)的,所以寫起來也不是太難。把以前所有的專業(yè)書籍全部都找了出來,對于畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中所需的資料都有了大概得了解,這樣對畢業(yè)論文的設(shè)計(jì)才能做到更好。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)其實(shí)和我們以前所作的課程設(shè)計(jì)很類似,只是比課程設(shè)計(jì)還要復(fù)雜得多,基于夾具設(shè)計(jì),零件的加工工藝的分析等等。在這段時(shí)間的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過程中等于是讓我從新把關(guān)于數(shù)控方面的專業(yè)知識都在鞏固了一遍,對于以前不懂得地方,不是很精的地方又從新學(xué)習(xí)了一遍。在設(shè)計(jì)的過程中遇到的問題請教了很多同學(xué),例如masetercam的繪制,在繪圖的過程中有很多的符號健,用途都已經(jīng)不太熟悉,這樣畫出來的零件圖也不是很好,所以就去請教了我們班在繪圖方面工作的同學(xué),通過他們的幫助,繪圖已不是難事,從中我也學(xué)到了與在學(xué)校所學(xué)不一樣的東西,例如對程序的編制在學(xué)校中我們都是通過手動的自我編程,有段在校時(shí)間還對于編程進(jìn)行了專門的培訓(xùn),有很多人都是利用了自我編程,而我用了電腦的直接編制,這樣比較的方便,對電腦軟件的應(yīng)用也是有很高的要求的。通過對計(jì)算機(jī)編程和手動編成的比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)編出來的一系列程序都有很多,有些在手動編程中認(rèn)為不必要的寫出來,可以省略的計(jì)算機(jī)中還是會把他編出來。這樣就造成了,計(jì)算機(jī)編制簡單零件的程序很多。比手動的更為繁瑣。但是在以后的社會中基本上都是利用電腦自動生成的。這次的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)報(bào)告不同于以前的課程設(shè)計(jì),從任何角度上來看都要以更認(rèn)真的態(tài)度來對待,這也關(guān)系著我們是否能順利地通過畢業(yè)答辯,也就是說,畢業(yè)論文最終也就是為畢業(yè)答辯而提前作的準(zhǔn)備。所以在態(tài)度上一定要先擺正才行,只有把態(tài)度調(diào)整好才是解決論文的首要問題,然后才是對我們專業(yè)知識的考察。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)也接近尾聲了,我發(fā)現(xiàn)這段時(shí)間我也學(xué)到了不少東西,最起碼我在遇到問題時(shí)不在毛毛燥燥,而是,靜下心來冷靜的思考解決的方法,并且,依賴性也沒那么強(qiáng)了,學(xué)會了怎樣獨(dú)立面對問題,我叢老師布置下課題下來之后,我就一直處在該怎樣寫好論文的氛圍中,我叢選題到畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)束,這中間所經(jīng)歷的一切都是我獨(dú)自走過來的,在這里我要感謝我的老師和同學(xué)對我的指導(dǎo)和幫助,他們給了我很大的助力,對我完成設(shè)計(jì)起到了非常大的幫助,也是通過老師認(rèn)真地指導(dǎo)才能使我順利的完成畢業(yè)報(bào)告。畢業(yè)報(bào)告中設(shè)置的不合理的地方還請老師多多指導(dǎo),加以糾正,我一定會認(rèn)真對待。 23常州工學(xué)院成人(繼續(xù))教育學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書系:機(jī)電工程系 專業(yè):數(shù)控 班級:數(shù)控50303 學(xué)生姓名王浩指導(dǎo)教師景魏職稱講師課題名稱龍門起重機(jī)課題工作內(nèi)容龍門起重機(jī)指標(biāo)目標(biāo)要求對龍門起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)(包括工藝過程設(shè)計(jì))圖紙不少于2張A0進(jìn)程安排2008.03.172008.04.01 了解課題,收集資料2008.04.012008.04.20 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),工藝設(shè)計(jì)2008.04.202008.05.10 CAD繪圖2008.05.102008.05.15 整理說明書主要參與文獻(xiàn)1 濮良貴,胡綜武,張鄰康機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)M沈陽:西北工業(yè)大學(xué),2 許林發(fā).建筑材料機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)M.武漢:武漢工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,3 最新起重機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)、制造、安裝調(diào)試、維護(hù)新工藝、新技術(shù)與常用數(shù)據(jù)及質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)用手冊4機(jī)械CAD/CAM技術(shù) 魏生民 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社地點(diǎn)無錫技師學(xué)院起止日期2008.3.172008.5.16系主任: 指導(dǎo)教師:年 月 日 年 月 日說明:畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書由指導(dǎo)教師根據(jù)課題的具體情況填寫,經(jīng)系部審核簽字后生效。英文原文:SHAFT AND GEAR DESIGNAbstract: The important position of the wheel gear and shaft can t falter in traditional machine and modern machines. The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box. The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, useding for many situations respectively. So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many waysKey words : Wheel gear ; ShaftIn the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane .We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions.The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case of bevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn.Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid. The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side byside on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft,the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power There is on difference between a crossed heli cal gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is , a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle are equal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same handWorm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gearsWorm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is one in which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm. . A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of doubleenveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand ofhelix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 90-deg. Shaft angleWhen gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 90 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered.Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity In these cases it is often go od design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of the helical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered. It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding alonga straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power-transmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compression, or torsional loads, acting singly or in combination with one another. When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength tobe important design considerations, since a single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, completely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time The word shaft covers numerous variations, such as axles and spindles. Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle. When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the stresses. The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe. But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe; it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits Whenever possible, the power-transruission elements, such as gears or pullets, should be located close to the supporting bearings, This reduces the bending moment, and hence the deflection and bending stress.Although the von Mises-Hencky-Goodman method is difficult to use in design of shaft, it probably comes closest to predicting actual failure. Thus it is a good way of checking a shaft that has already been designed or of discovering why a particular shaft has failed in service. Furthermore, there are a considerable number of shaft-design problems in which the dimension are pretty well limited by other considerations, such as rigidity, and it is only necessary for the designer to discover something about the fillet sizes, heat-treatment, and surface finish and whether or not shot peening is necessary in order to achieve the required life and reliabilityBecause of the similarity of their functions, clutches and brakes are treated together. In a simplified dynamic representation of a friction clutch, or brake two in ertias 11 and 12 traveling at the respective angular velocities Wl and W2, one of which may be zero in the case of brake, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging the clutch or brake. Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise. In analyzing the performance of these devices we shall beinterested in the actuating force, the torque transmitted, the energy loss and the temperature rise. The torque transmitted is related to the actuating force, the coefficient of friction, and the geometry of the clutch or brake. This is problem in static, which will have to be studied separately for eath geometric configuration. However, temperature rise is related to energy loss and can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch because the geometry of interest is the heat-dissipating surfaces. The various types of clutches and brakes may be classified as fllows1. Rim type with internally expanding shoes2. Rim type with externally contracting shoes3。 Band type4. Disk or axial type5 Cone type6. Miscellaneous typeThe analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The following step are necessary1. Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces2. Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point3. Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactionsMiscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others.A positive-contact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws. The greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws. To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchet-shaped, or gear-tooth-shaped. Sometimes a greatmany teeth or jaws are used, and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of the mating elements Although positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictional-contact type, they do have important applications where synchronous operation is required Devices such as linear drives or motor-operated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then come to a stop. An overload-release type of clutch is required for these applications. These clutches are usually spring-loaded so as to release at a predetermined toque. The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to freewheel or overrun because the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven. This type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery. Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats. The clutch is therefore equivalent to a pawl and ratchet with an infinite number of teeth Magnetic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magnetic plates. Between these plates is a lubricated magnetic powder mixture. An electromagnetic coil is inserted somewhere in the magnetic circuit. By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magnetic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled. Thus any condition from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtainedIntroduciton of MachiningHave a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majorityof the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete. Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining Strict precision and good surface finish, Machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the largescale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.Primary Cutting ParametersCutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool. Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry - to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics - for each cutting process must be correct. Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts - with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece materialthe lower the rate. Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。 Depth of penetration of a cutting tool - to inches dollars - is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.Wears of Cutting To01We already have been processed and the rattle of the countless cracks edge tool we learn that tool wear are basically three forms : flank wear, the former flank wear and V-Notch wear. Flank wear occurred in both the main blade occurred vice blade On the main blade, shoulder removed because most metal chip mandate, which resulted in an increase cutting force and cutting temperature increase, If not allowed to check, That could lead to the work piece and the tool vibration and provide for efficient cutting conditions may no longer exist. Vicebladed on, it is determined work piece dimensions and surface finish. Flank wear size of the possible failure of the product and surface finish are also inferior. In most actual cutting conditions, as the principal in the former first deputy flank before flank wear, wear arrival enough, Tool will be effective, the results are made unqualified partsAs Tool stress on the surface uneven, chip and flank before sliding contact zone between stress, in sliding contact the start of the largest, and in contact with the tail of zero, so abrasive wear in the region occurred. This is because the card cutting edge than the nearby settlements near the more serious wear, and bladed chip due to the vicinity of the former flank and lost contact wear lighter. This resultsfrom a certain distance from the cutting edge of the surface formed before the knife point Ma pit, which is usually considered before wear. Under normal circumstances, this is wear cross-sectional shape of an arc. In many instances and for the actual cutting conditions, the former flank wear compared to flank wear light, Therefore flank wear more generally as a tool failure of scale signs. But because many authors have said in the cutting speed of the increase, Maeto surface temperature than the knife surface temperatures have risen faster. but because any form of wear rate is essentially temperature changes by the significant impact. Therefore, the former usually wear in high-speed cutting happen The main tool flank wear the tail is not processed with the work piece surface in contact, Therefore flank wear than wear along with the ends more visible, which is the most common. This is because the local effect, which is as rough on the surface has hardened layer, This effect is by cutting in front of the hardening of t he work piece. Not just cutting, and as oxidation skin, the blade local high temperature will also cause this effect. This partial wear normally referred to as pit sexual wear, but occasionally it is very serious. Despite the emergence of the pits on the Cutting Tool nature is not meaningful impact, but often pits gradually become darker If cutting continued the case, then there cutter fracture crisis If any form of sexual allowed to wear, eventually wear rate increase obviously will be a tool to destroy failure destruction, that will no longer tool for cutting, cause the work piece scrapped, it is good, can cause serious damage machine. For various carbide cutting tools and for the various types of wear, in the event of a serious lapse, on the tool that has reached the end of the life cycle. But for various high-speed steel cutting tools and wear belonging to the non-uniformity of wear, has been found : When the wear and even to allow for a serious lapse, the most meaningful is that the tool can re-mill use, of course, In practice, cutting the time to use than the short time lapse. Several phenomena are one tool serious lapse began features : the most common is the sudden increase cutting force, appeared on the work piece burning ring patterns and an increase in noise.The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting TemperaturesIn metal cutting operations heat is ge
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