遺傳學(xué)：第五章遺傳的分子基礎(chǔ)

《遺傳學(xué)：第五章遺傳的分子基礎(chǔ)》由會(huì)員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《遺傳學(xué)：第五章遺傳的分子基礎(chǔ)（22頁珍藏版）》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNC

2、ZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENE

3、TICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSProtein？ DNA？GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENET

4、ICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENE

5、TICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICS遺傳物質(zhì)必須具備的幾個(gè)條件：遺傳物質(zhì)必須具備的幾個(gè)條件：(1)自我復(fù)制，代代相傳。自我復(fù)制，代代相傳。(2)儲(chǔ)備、傳遞信息的潛在能力。儲(chǔ)備、傳遞信息的潛在能力。(3)穩(wěn)定性強(qiáng)，變異罕見。穩(wěn)定性強(qiáng)，變異罕見。(4)細(xì)胞分裂時(shí)把遺傳信息有規(guī)律分配到子細(xì)胞分裂時(shí)把遺傳信息有規(guī)律分配到子細(xì)胞中。細(xì)胞中。1868年瑞士年瑞士J. T. Mie

6、scher發(fā)現(xiàn)核素發(fā)現(xiàn)核素18831889年間年間Weismann（種質(zhì)學(xué)說）（種質(zhì)學(xué)說）“遺傳物質(zhì)是具有特定分子結(jié)構(gòu)的化合遺傳物質(zhì)是具有特定分子結(jié)構(gòu)的化合物物”GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZH

7、JNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS Z

8、HJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICS1928年，英國(guó)微生物學(xué)家年，英國(guó)微生物學(xué)家Griffith.F做了肺炎雙球菌的轉(zhuǎn)化實(shí)驗(yàn)。做了肺炎雙球菌的轉(zhuǎn)化實(shí)驗(yàn)。GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC

9、GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC

10、GENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICS1944年年 Avery.O 、 Macleod.C、 McCarty.M.J 揭

11、開了轉(zhuǎn)化因子的化學(xué)本質(zhì)。揭開了轉(zhuǎn)化因子的化學(xué)本質(zhì)。GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSG

12、ENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS

13、ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICS體外轉(zhuǎn)化實(shí)驗(yàn)要點(diǎn)：體外轉(zhuǎn)化實(shí)驗(yàn)要點(diǎn)：A 將將S細(xì)胞細(xì)胞提取液純化的提取液純化的DNA加到加到R細(xì)胞培細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)物中就能產(chǎn)生養(yǎng)物中就能產(chǎn)生R-S的轉(zhuǎn)化。的轉(zhuǎn)化。B 這種轉(zhuǎn)化因子這種轉(zhuǎn)化因子對(duì)水解對(duì)水解DNA的酶敏感的酶敏感。C R型細(xì)菌轉(zhuǎn)化為型細(xì)菌轉(zhuǎn)化為S型后，按同樣方法型后，按同樣方法抽提抽提DNA仍有轉(zhuǎn)化能力仍有轉(zhuǎn)化能力。D 轉(zhuǎn)化的細(xì)菌與轉(zhuǎn)化的細(xì)菌與S型細(xì)菌相比，型細(xì)菌相比，莢膜生化特莢膜生化特性性完全一樣。完全一樣。 GEN

14、ETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJ

15、NC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETIC

16、SGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICS1952年年Hersey和和Chase的同位素標(biāo)記侵染實(shí)驗(yàn)。的同位素標(biāo)記侵染實(shí)驗(yàn)。GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS

17、ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETIC

18、S ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICS煙草花葉病毒的感染和繁殖過程煙草花葉病毒的感染和繁殖過程證實(shí)證實(shí)RNA也是重要的遺傳物質(zhì)。也是重要的遺傳物質(zhì)。Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV5%RNA, 95%Protein1956年，年，Gierer和和Schraim分離分離RNA和和protein的實(shí)驗(yàn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)G

19、ENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZ

20、HJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENET

21、ICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICS1957年，年，Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat和和B. Singre的雜合病毒實(shí)驗(yàn)：的雜合病毒實(shí)驗(yàn)：HR(Holmes Rib Grass Strain) M(Masked Strain) TMVGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZH

22、JNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETI

23、CSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICS1869年年 Miescher測(cè)定淋巴細(xì)胞中蛋白，發(fā)現(xiàn)和定名測(cè)定淋巴細(xì)胞中蛋白，發(fā)現(xiàn)和定名Nuclein 核素核素。1875年提出核素的實(shí)驗(yàn)式。年提出核素

24、的實(shí)驗(yàn)式。Altman建立了制備不含蛋白的核素的方法，并定名為建立了制備不含蛋白的核素的方法，并定名為Nucleic acidKessel研究了核酸的化學(xué)組成，分離出四種研究了核酸的化學(xué)組成，分離出四種堿基堿基。明。明確提出核酸具有含氮堿基。確提出核酸具有含氮堿基。(1910年獲諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)年獲諾貝爾獎(jiǎng))1909年年Levene.P.A發(fā)現(xiàn)酵母的核酸含有核糖，以后他發(fā)現(xiàn)酵母的核酸含有核糖，以后他又發(fā)現(xiàn)又發(fā)現(xiàn)脫氧核糖脫氧核糖，正確指出了核酸的糖基組成。核，正確指出了核酸的糖基組成。核苷、核苷酸的分子結(jié)構(gòu)。苷、核苷酸的分子結(jié)構(gòu)。GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS

25、ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETIC

26、S ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC G

27、ENETICSGENETICSGENETICSChargaff.E 當(dāng)量定律：當(dāng)量定律：AG=T+C DNA堿基組成具有物種特異性，而堿基組成具有物種特異性，而無組織特異性無組織特異性GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC

28、GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJN

29、CGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICS 1938年，年，W.T.Astbury和和Bell用用X衍射研究衍射研究DNA（Hammorsten、Caspersson提供）提供）1947年第一張年第一張DNA衍射照片。衍射照片。 1950年年Chargaff的當(dāng)量規(guī)律。的當(dāng)量規(guī)律。 1951年年P(guān)auling和和Corey連載連載7篇篇

30、 螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)文章。螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)文章。 1952年年R. Franklin和和Wilkins一張清晰的一張清晰的DNA結(jié)晶結(jié)晶X衍射照片。衍射照片。GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS

31、 ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETIC

32、S ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENET

33、ICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC

34、 GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSG

35、ENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS

36、ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETIC

37、S ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETI

38、CS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETI

39、CSGENETICS 20世紀(jì)初，英國(guó)醫(yī)生世紀(jì)初，英國(guó)醫(yī)生A. Garrod提出提出了基因與酶之間的關(guān)系，認(rèn)為基因了基因與酶之間的關(guān)系，認(rèn)為基因是通過控制酶和其他蛋白質(zhì)合成來是通過控制酶和其他蛋白質(zhì)合成來控制細(xì)胞代謝。控制細(xì)胞代謝。 1941年，年，G. Beadle和和E. Tatum提出：提出：一個(gè)基因，一個(gè)酶一個(gè)基因，一個(gè)酶GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJN

40、CZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GEN

41、ETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICS鐮刀形細(xì)胞貧血癥。正常鐮刀形細(xì)胞貧血癥。正常HbA四條多肽鏈（四條多肽鏈（2條條 鏈，兩條鏈，兩條 鏈）鏈）Vernon M. Ingram證明證明

42、 鏈第六位氨基酸鏈第六位氨基酸HbA是谷氨酸，是谷氨酸，HbS是纈氨酸。是纈氨酸。證明基因與氨基酸之間存在直接對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系的第一個(gè)直接證據(jù)證明基因與氨基酸之間存在直接對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系的第一個(gè)直接證據(jù)GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC

43、 GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJ

44、NCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICS基因平均由基因平均由1000個(gè)左右的堿基對(duì)組成，個(gè)左右的堿基對(duì)組成，一個(gè)一個(gè)DNA分子可以包含幾個(gè)乃至幾分子可以包含幾個(gè)乃至幾千個(gè)基因。千個(gè)基因。GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGEN

45、ETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC G

46、ENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICS 1955年，年，Benze

47、r的互補(bǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)的互補(bǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETIC

48、SZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJN

49、CZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETIC

50、S ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETI

51、CS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSCistronmutonreconGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGEN

52、ETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENET

53、ICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICS 核酸是遺傳物質(zhì)核酸是遺傳物質(zhì)（轉(zhuǎn)化實(shí)驗(yàn)，噬菌體侵染實(shí)驗(yàn)）（轉(zhuǎn)化實(shí)驗(yàn)，噬菌體侵染實(shí)驗(yàn)） DNA結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)現(xiàn)（物理學(xué)家和生物學(xué)家的偉大合作）（物理學(xué)家和生物學(xué)家的偉大合作） 一個(gè)

54、基因，一個(gè)酶一個(gè)基因，一個(gè)酶（杰出理論的還原論證明）（杰出理論的還原論證明）GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZH

55、JNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNC GENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCGENETICS ZHJNCZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICSZHJNCZHJNCZHJNC GENETICSGENETICSGENETICS努力學(xué)習(xí)