畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）任 務(wù) 書設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目： 機(jī)械式立體停車庫機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)生姓名：專 業(yè)：所在學(xué)院：指導(dǎo)教師：職 稱：發(fā)任務(wù)書日期：年月日 任務(wù)書填寫要求1．畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）任務(wù)書由指導(dǎo)教師根據(jù)各課題的具體情況填寫，經(jīng)學(xué)生所在專業(yè)的負(fù)責(zé)人審查、系（院）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽字后生效。此任務(wù)書應(yīng)在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開始前一周內(nèi)填好并發(fā)給學(xué)生。2．任務(wù)書內(nèi)容必須用黑墨水筆工整書寫，不得涂改或潦草書寫；或者按教務(wù)處統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的電子文檔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式（可從教務(wù)處網(wǎng)頁上下載）打印，要求正文小 4 號宋體，1.5 倍行距，禁止打印在其它紙上剪貼。3．任務(wù)書內(nèi)填寫的內(nèi)容，必須和學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）完成的情況相一致，若有變更，應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)過所在專業(yè)及系（院）主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)審批后方可重新填寫。4．任務(wù)書內(nèi)有關(guān)“學(xué)院”、“專業(yè)”等名稱的填寫，應(yīng)寫中文全稱，不能寫數(shù)字代碼。學(xué)生的“學(xué)號”要寫全號，不能只寫最后 2 位或 1 位數(shù)字。 5．任務(wù)書內(nèi)“主要參考文獻(xiàn)”的填寫，應(yīng)按照《金陵科技學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）撰寫規(guī)范》的要求書寫。6．有關(guān)年月日等日期的填寫，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照國標(biāo) GB/T 7408—94《數(shù)據(jù)元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時間表示法》規(guī)定的要求，一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書寫。如“2002 年 4 月 2 日”或“2002-04-02”。畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）任 務(wù) 書1．本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題應(yīng)達(dá)到的目的：通過設(shè)計(jì)初步掌握機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的方法和步驟，培養(yǎng)自己發(fā)現(xiàn)問題解決問題的能力。2．本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題任務(wù)的內(nèi)容和要求（包括原始數(shù)據(jù)、技術(shù)要求、工作要求等）：任務(wù)：設(shè)計(jì)一種能停放小型客車的機(jī)械式立體停車庫。要求：用盡可能少的占地停盡可能多得小型汽車。成本低、使用方便、美觀。畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）任 務(wù) 書3．對本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題成果的要求〔包括圖表、實(shí)物等硬件要求〕： 一、設(shè)計(jì)總圖和部分零件圖二、設(shè)計(jì)說明書三、英文翻譯資料4．主要參考文獻(xiàn)： 1 《無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)與應(yīng)用》陳林星 編著 電子工業(yè)出版社2《自動顯示技術(shù)與儀表》何金田 張全法 編著 西安電子科技大學(xué)出版社3《單片機(jī)無線發(fā)射與接收電路設(shè)計(jì)》黃智偉 編著 西安電子科技大學(xué)出版社4《單片機(jī) MCS-51 原理及應(yīng)用開發(fā)教程》晁陽 編著 清華大學(xué)出版社5《運(yùn)算放大器應(yīng)用電路設(shè)計(jì)》 （日） 馬場清太郎 著 科學(xué)出版社6《城市住宅小區(qū)停車問題初探》全保軍 山西建筑 20087《對當(dāng)前住宅小區(qū)“停車難”問題的剖析》吳興路 綜述 20078《居住小區(qū)停車問題研究》張東輝，張少峰 中外建筑 20049《住宅小區(qū)規(guī)劃非小事》嚴(yán)旭兵 中國房地產(chǎn)報 200310《居住區(qū)停車方式的選擇》陳艷品 建筑學(xué)報 199811《談住宅小區(qū)的規(guī)劃創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)》王國平 建材技術(shù)與應(yīng)用 200212《關(guān)于住宅小區(qū)停車問題探討》林東杰 福建建設(shè)科技出版社 200513《住宅小區(qū)內(nèi)停車方式的思考》莫曼春，鄧明 山西建筑出版社 200014《魔方式停車庫自動控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)》周奇才 起重機(jī)與運(yùn)輸機(jī)械 200615《基于組態(tài)控制技術(shù)的智能立體停車庫》胡瑜 起重機(jī)與運(yùn)輸機(jī)械 2006畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）任 務(wù) 書5．本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題工作進(jìn)度計(jì)劃：2015.12.16-2016.1.10 完成開題2016.2.25-2.16.3.9 畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)調(diào)研，完成開題報告、中英文翻譯、論文大綱2016.3.19-2016.4.25 提交論文草稿，4 月中旬中期檢查2016.4.26-2016.5.6 提交論文定稿2016.5.6-2016.5.13 準(zhǔn)備答辯2016.5.13-2016.5.26 答辯，成績評定，修改完成最終稿所在專業(yè)審查意見：通過 負(fù)責(zé)人： 2015 年 12 月 23 日 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）開 題 報 告設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目： 機(jī)械式立體停車庫機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)生姓名：專 業(yè)：所在學(xué)院：指導(dǎo)教師：職 稱：年 月 日 開題報告填寫要求1．開題報告（含“文獻(xiàn)綜述”）作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）答辯委員會對學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。此報告應(yīng)在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下，由學(xué)生在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）工作前期內(nèi)完成，經(jīng)指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見及所在專業(yè)審查后生效；2．開題報告內(nèi)容必須用黑墨水筆工整書寫或按教務(wù)處統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的電子文檔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式打印，禁止打印在其它紙上后剪貼，完成后應(yīng)及時交給指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見；3．“文獻(xiàn)綜述”應(yīng)按論文的框架成文，并直接書寫（或打?。┰诒鹃_題報告第一欄目內(nèi)，學(xué)生寫文獻(xiàn)綜述的參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)不少于 15 篇（不包括辭典、手冊）；4．有關(guān)年月日等日期的填寫，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照國標(biāo) GB/T 7408—94《數(shù)據(jù)元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時間表示法》規(guī)定的要求，一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書寫。如“2004年 4 月 26 日”或“2004-04-26”。5、開題報告（文獻(xiàn)綜述）字體請按宋體、小四號書寫，行間距 1.5 倍。畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論文） 開 題 報 告 1．結(jié)合畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題情況，根據(jù)所查閱的文獻(xiàn)資料，每人撰寫不少于1000 字左右的文獻(xiàn)綜述： 隨著汽車的急增致使城市停車難問題不斷惡化,而作為解決城市靜態(tài)交通的有效措施——向空間、向高層發(fā)展的自動化立體停車設(shè)備,以其占地面積少、停車率高、布置靈活、高效低耗、性價比高、安全可靠等優(yōu)點(diǎn),越來越受到人們的青睞。 車輛無處停放的問題是城市的社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)、交通發(fā)展到一定程度產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，立體停車設(shè)備的發(fā)展在國外，尤其在日本已有近 30～40 年的歷史，無論在技術(shù)上還是在經(jīng)驗(yàn)上均已獲得了成功。現(xiàn)在所知的最早的立體車庫建于 1918 年，位于美國伊利諾斯州芝加哥市華盛頓西大街 215 號的一家賓館(Hotel La Salle)的停車庫，設(shè)計(jì)師是 Holabird 和 Roche，該車庫于 2005 年被推到，在該原址上，后來由 Jupiter Realty Corp.興建了一座 49 層的公寓大樓。在第十五屆全國發(fā)明展覽會項(xiàng)目中交通、建筑類提到不占地立體車庫的第一發(fā)明人：劉玉恩，該發(fā)明是一種不占地位立體車庫，包括：通行架，其可允許車輛正常通行；固設(shè)于通行架上的車庫群，其為多層結(jié)構(gòu)，每層至少包括有兩個或兩個以上可存放車輛的單元車庫；縱向升降機(jī)，其設(shè)于車庫群及通行架中；橫向移動架，其可在升降機(jī)與單元車庫之間移動；推舉式交換裝置，其可將橫向移動架上的車輛放置于單元車庫上或可將單元車庫上的車輛取回于橫向移動架上；控制機(jī)構(gòu)，其控制存放或取出車輛。 我國也于 90 年代初開始研究開發(fā)機(jī)械立體停車設(shè)備，距今已有十年的歷程。由于很多新建小區(qū)內(nèi)住戶與車位的配比為 1:1，為了解決停車位占地面積與住戶商用面積的矛盾，立體機(jī)械停車設(shè)備以其平均單車占地面積小的獨(dú)特特性，已被廣大用戶接受。 立體車庫與地下車庫相比可更加有效地保證人身和車輛的安全，人在車庫內(nèi)或車不停準(zhǔn)位置，由電子控制的整個設(shè)備便不會運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。應(yīng)該說，機(jī)械車庫從管理上可以做到徹底的人車分流。在地下車庫中采用機(jī)械存車，還可以免除采暖通風(fēng)設(shè)施，因此，運(yùn)行中的耗電量比工人管理的地下車庫低得多。機(jī)械車庫一般不做成套系統(tǒng)，而是以單臺集裝而成。這樣可以充分發(fā)揮其用地少、可化整為零的優(yōu)勢，在住宅區(qū)的每個組團(tuán)中或每棟樓下都可以隨機(jī)設(shè)立機(jī)械停車樓。這對眼下車庫短缺的小區(qū)解決停車難的問題提供了方便條件。目前，立體車庫主要有一下幾種形式：升降橫移式、巷道堆垛式、垂直提升式、垂直循環(huán)式、圓形水平循環(huán)式等。在國內(nèi)外各種同類產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行分析的基礎(chǔ)上，再結(jié)合造價、技術(shù)難度以及用戶需求等各方面的因素。可以發(fā)現(xiàn)升降橫移式立體車庫形式比較多，規(guī)?？纱罂尚?，而且對場地的適應(yīng)性較強(qiáng)，同時采用這類設(shè)備的車庫十分普遍。因此，最終確定研究對象為升降橫移式立體車庫。畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論文） 開 題 報 告 2．本課題要研究或解決的問題和擬采用的研究手段（途徑）： 研究的主要內(nèi)容：（1） 升降橫移式立體車停車設(shè)備的總體結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)與研究：確定垂直升降是立體停車設(shè)備的總體布局、運(yùn)行方式，然后進(jìn)行存取車方式、提升系統(tǒng)、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)等各部分的總體設(shè)計(jì)。（2） 升降橫移式立體停車設(shè)備的存取機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)：在分析比較的基礎(chǔ)上，確定車庫的存取車形式，然后詳細(xì)的設(shè)計(jì)停車位、載車板和存取機(jī)構(gòu)。（3） 升降橫移式立體停車設(shè)備的升降驅(qū)動機(jī)構(gòu)的研究：通過分析比較，選定曳引驅(qū)動方式作為整個車庫的升降方式，然后設(shè)計(jì)升降平臺、安全機(jī)構(gòu)等。并計(jì)算升降系統(tǒng)電機(jī)所需要的曳引能力、平衡配重的重量等。研究手段：（1） 結(jié)合現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中已經(jīng)建成的升降橫移式立體車庫的項(xiàng)目，了解立體車庫；參觀大酒店的立體車庫，了解車庫運(yùn)行的基本原理，了解轎車停車流程等。（2） 查閱國內(nèi)外的幾種升降橫移式立體車庫的相關(guān)資料，對當(dāng)前的車庫技術(shù)發(fā)展前沿有一個大概的了解，從而能夠把握車庫技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢和方向；通過網(wǎng)上檢索，了解立體車庫的最新發(fā)展概況等。以及了解立體車庫的鋼材選用，電機(jī)選擇，建設(shè)方法等。（3） 根據(jù)以上的了解提出相應(yīng)立體車庫的要求，再由此設(shè)計(jì)出立體車庫的控制部分，并編寫 PLC 控制程序，對相應(yīng)的控制部分進(jìn)行控制。（4） 對立體車庫的關(guān)鍵部位進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度校核，并繪制出總裝圖和相應(yīng)的零部件圖。（5） 歸納、總結(jié)并完善論文。畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論文） 開 題 報 告 指導(dǎo)教師意見：1．對“文獻(xiàn)綜述”的評語：文獻(xiàn)綜述寫的缺少新意，希望多看一些新的資料。 2．對本課題的深度、廣度及工作量的意見和對設(shè)計(jì)（論文）結(jié)果的預(yù)測：要防止只設(shè)計(jì)一個方案，要設(shè)計(jì)好具體結(jié)構(gòu)。 3.是否同意開題：√ 同意 □ 不同意指導(dǎo)教師： 2016 年 03 月 08 日所在專業(yè)審查意見：同意 負(fù)責(zé)人： 2016 年 03 月 09 日畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文譯文題目： 機(jī)械式立體停車庫設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)生姓名：專 業(yè)：所在學(xué)院：指導(dǎo)教師：職 稱：Machine design theoryThe machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wronglyA good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem: (1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability(2) does this product compare with other companies'' existing similar products?(3) produces this kind of product is whether economical?(4) product service is whether convenient?(5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposalUsually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method.Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker''s health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer''s aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material.Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence.In recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; (d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material. Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理論機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一門通過設(shè)計(jì)新產(chǎn)品或者改進(jìn)老產(chǎn)品來滿足人類需求的應(yīng)用技術(shù)科學(xué)。它涉及工程技術(shù)的各個領(lǐng)域，主要研究產(chǎn)品的尺寸、形狀和詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本構(gòu)思，還要研究產(chǎn)品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的問題。進(jìn)行各種機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工作的人員通常被稱為設(shè)計(jì)人員或者機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工程師。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性，還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識。如前所訴，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處，只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識到在一個特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如，即使將一個小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯，也會使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯誤的。一個好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險，當(dāng)新的方法不適用時，就使用原來的方法。因此，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心，因?yàn)?所花費(fèi)的時間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個全新的設(shè)計(jì)，要求屏棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法，在此過程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理，將其與未經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的新觀念結(jié)合起來。新設(shè)計(jì)本身會有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段，應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不受各種約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實(shí)際的想法，也會在設(shè)計(jì)的早期，即繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不致于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常，要提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作，因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個對所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程另一個重要問題，設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開始階段，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商，并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。為了進(jìn)行有效的交流 ，需要解決下列問題（1） 所設(shè)計(jì)的這個產(chǎn)品是否真正為人們所需要？（2） 此產(chǎn)品與其他公司的現(xiàn)有同類產(chǎn)品相比有無競爭能力？（3） 生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品是否經(jīng)濟(jì)？ （4） 產(chǎn)品的維修是否方便？（5） 產(chǎn)品有無銷路？是否可以盈利？只有時間能對上述問題給出正確答案。但是， 產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)、制造和銷售只能在對上述問題的初步肯定答案的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。設(shè)計(jì)工程師還應(yīng)該通過零件圖和裝配圖，與制造部門一起對最終設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行磋商。通常 ，在制造過程中會出現(xiàn)某個問題?？赡軙髮δ硞€零件尺寸或公差作一些更改，使零件的生產(chǎn)變得容易。但是，工程上的更改必須要經(jīng)過設(shè)計(jì)人員批準(zhǔn)，以保證不會損傷產(chǎn)品的功能。有時，在產(chǎn)品的裝配時或者裝箱外運(yùn)前的試驗(yàn)中才發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)中的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說明了設(shè)計(jì)是一個動態(tài)過程?？偸谴嬖谥玫姆椒▉硗瓿稍O(shè)計(jì)工作，設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該不斷努力，尋找這些更好的方法。近些年來，工程材料的選擇已經(jīng)顯得重要。此外，選擇過程應(yīng)該是一個對材料的連續(xù)不斷的重新評價過程。新材料不斷出現(xiàn)，而一些原有的材料的能夠獲得的數(shù)量可能會減少。環(huán)境污染、材料的回收利用、工人的健康及安全等方面經(jīng)常會對材料選擇附加新的限制條件。為了減輕重量或者節(jié)約能源，可能會要求使用不同的材料。來自國內(nèi)和國際競爭、對產(chǎn)品維修保養(yǎng)方便性要求的提高和顧客的反饋等方面的壓力，都會促使人們對材料進(jìn)行重新評價。由于材料選用不當(dāng)造成的產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。此外，材料與材料加工之間的相互依賴關(guān)系已經(jīng)被人們認(rèn)識得更清楚。因此，為了能在合理的成本和確保質(zhì)量的前提下獲得滿意的結(jié)果，設(shè)計(jì)工程師的制造工程師都必須認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地選擇、確定和使用材料。制造任何產(chǎn)品的第一步工作都是設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)計(jì)通?？梢苑譃閹讉€明確的階段：（a）初步設(shè)計(jì)；（b）功能設(shè)計(jì)；（c）生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)。在初步設(shè)計(jì)階段，設(shè)計(jì)者著重考慮產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該具有的功能。通常要設(shè)想和考慮幾個方案，然后決定這種思想是否可行；如果可行，則應(yīng)該對其中一個或幾個方案作進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)。在此階段，關(guān)于材料選擇唯一要考慮的問題是：是否有性能符合要求的材料可供選擇；如果沒有的話，是否有較大的把握在成本和時間都允許的限度內(nèi)研制出一種新材料。在功能設(shè)計(jì)和工程設(shè)計(jì)階段，要做出一個切實(shí)可行的設(shè)計(jì)。在這個階段要繪制出相當(dāng)完整的圖紙，選擇并確定各種零件的材料。通常要制造出樣機(jī)或者實(shí)物模型，并對其進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)，評價產(chǎn)品的功能、可靠性、外觀和維修保養(yǎng)性等。雖然這種試驗(yàn)可能會表明，在產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入到生產(chǎn)階段之前，應(yīng)該更換某些材料，但是，絕對不能將這一點(diǎn)作為不認(rèn)真選擇材料的借口。應(yīng)該結(jié)合產(chǎn)品的功能，認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地考慮產(chǎn)品的外觀、成本和可靠性。一個很有成就的公司在制造所有的樣機(jī)時，所選用的材料應(yīng)該和其生產(chǎn)中使用的材料相同，并盡可能使用同樣的制造技術(shù)。這樣對公司是很有好處的。功能完備的樣機(jī)如果不能根據(jù)預(yù)期的銷售量經(jīng)濟(jì)地制造出來，或者是樣機(jī)與正式生產(chǎn)的裝置在質(zhì)量和可靠性方面有很大不同，則這種樣機(jī)就沒有多大的價值。設(shè)計(jì)工程師最好能在這一階段完全完成材料的分析、選擇和確定工作，而不是將其留到生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段去做。因?yàn)?，在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段材料的更換是由其他人進(jìn)行的，這些人對產(chǎn)品的所有功能的了解不如設(shè)計(jì)工程師。在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段中，與材料有關(guān)的主要問題是應(yīng)該把材料完全確定下來，使它們與現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備相適應(yīng)，能夠利用現(xiàn)有設(shè)備經(jīng)濟(jì)地進(jìn)行加工，而且材料的數(shù)量能夠比較容易保證供應(yīng)。在制造過程中，不可避免地會出現(xiàn)對使用中的材料做一些更改的情況。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，可采用某些便宜材料作為替代品。然而，在大多數(shù)情況下，在進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)以后改換材料要比在開始生產(chǎn)前改換材料所花費(fèi)的代價要高。在設(shè)計(jì)階段做好材料選擇工作，可以避免多數(shù)這樣的情況。在生產(chǎn)制造開始后出現(xiàn)了可供使用的新材料是更換材料的最常見的原因。當(dāng)然，這些新材料可能降低成本、改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的性能。但是，必須對新材料進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的評價，以確保其所有性能都滿足要求。應(yīng)當(dāng)記住，新材料的性能和可靠性很少像現(xiàn)有材料那樣為人們所了解。大部分的產(chǎn)品失效和產(chǎn)品責(zé)任事故案件是由于在選用新材料作為替代材料之前，沒有真正了解它們的長期使用性能而引起的。產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計(jì)人員和公司在選擇材料時，采用最好的程序。在材料過程中，五個最常見的問題為：（a）不了解或者不會使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料；(b)未能預(yù)見和考慮擦黑年品可能的合理用途（如有可能，設(shè)計(jì)人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中，由于錯誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家，并且贏得判決）；(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定，尤其是當(dāng)其長期性能數(shù)據(jù)是如此的時候；(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證；(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。通過對上述五個問題的分析，可以得出這些問題是沒有充分理由存在的結(jié)論。對這些問題的研究分析可以為避免這些問題的出現(xiàn)指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，設(shè)計(jì)人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇，可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。從以上的討論可以看出，選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對材料的性質(zhì)，特點(diǎn)和加工方法有一個全面而基本的了解。