非謂語動(dòng)詞 (6)

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1、非謂語動(dòng)詞 非謂語動(dòng)詞包括不定式，分詞和動(dòng)名詞三種。非謂語動(dòng)詞在句子中不能做謂語。它們除了有名詞，形容詞和副詞的性質(zhì)外，還具有動(dòng)詞的特征，可以帶自己的賓語，狀語等。 名稱 句法功能 不定式 主、賓、表、定、狀、補(bǔ) 分詞 表、定、狀、補(bǔ) 動(dòng)名詞 主、賓、表、定 一、 不定式、動(dòng)名詞都可做主語 不定式：側(cè)重表示動(dòng)作的具體性、一次性 e.g.To swim in this river is a great pleasure. 動(dòng)名詞：側(cè)重表示動(dòng)作的抽象性、一般性 e.g.Swimming is

2、 fun in summer 二、 不定式、動(dòng)名詞都可做賓語 1） 有些動(dòng)詞后接兩者都可，意義上沒有差別： begin, start, continue, like, love, hate, prefer, intend 2) 有些動(dòng)詞后接兩者都可，但意思不一樣 stop ↗to do 停下來去做… try ↗to do 盡力做… ↘doing 停止做… ↘doing 試著做… mean ↗to do 打算做… go on ↗doing 繼續(xù)做與原來相同的事 ↘doing 意味著做… ↘to do繼

3、續(xù)做與原來不同的事 remember,regret,forget 看后面動(dòng)詞所表動(dòng)作做沒做。做了用doing,沒做用to do e.g.1.---- You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. ---- Well, now I regret_____ that. A. to do B.to be doing C.to have done D.having done 2.I regret to tell you that you are wrong. 3)有些動(dòng)詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞：e

4、xcuse, keep, advise, appreciate(欣賞), mind,enjoy, practise, suggest, finish, miss, consider, resist(抵抗)， Avoid(避免),delay(耽誤),dislike, escape, permit, forbid, imagine, understand, keep on, can’t help(禁不住), look forward to, insist on ,put off, be afraid of, be worth, be fond of, feel like, give up,obj

5、ect to, devote to, prevent… from, admit(承認(rèn)), depend on, set about doing sth(著手做某事) 4)有些動(dòng)詞后只接動(dòng)詞不定式: decide, expect, hope, wish, pretend, promise, agree, manage, ask, demand, choose, offer, refuse, fail, plan, arrange 5)want, need, require doing = to be done e.g.The bicycle needs to be repaired/

6、repairing. 三、 不定式、動(dòng)名詞都可做表語，常可互換。 e.g.Our duty is to serve/ serving the people heart and soul. 注：1.主、表形式上一致： e.g. To see is to believe. Seeing is believing 2.不定式側(cè)重表示具體性、一次性，特別是表示將來動(dòng)作。動(dòng)名詞則側(cè)重表示抽象的一般性行為。 e.g.Our task now is to build a bridge across this river. My job is teaching.

7、3.分詞做表語：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義，具有形容詞性質(zhì)，多表示主語所具有的特性，過去分詞表示主語的狀態(tài)，表示被動(dòng)意義。 e.g. The job is interesting. The glass is broken. The door remained unlocked. She was very disappointed. 四、 不定式和分詞都可做補(bǔ)語：不定式做賓補(bǔ)表示動(dòng)作的全過程，說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生了?，F(xiàn)在分詞做賓補(bǔ)表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，和賓語為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，過去分詞做賓補(bǔ)表示被動(dòng)或動(dòng)作的結(jié)果（完成），現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式（being done）表示動(dòng)作此刻正在進(jìn)行。（口訣：注意觀察不可

8、缺，三看三聽一感覺，不許三讓都得學(xué)） notice, observe, (see, watch, look at),(hear, listen to, know), feel, won’t have, (let, make, have) e.g. I heard them singing the song in the next room. I heard them sing the song in the next room yesterday.→ They were heard to sing the song in the next room yesterd

9、ay. I heard the song being sung in the next room. ↗to do ↗doing have sb/ sth (to do) get sb/ sth →doing find sb →to do to do是定語，不是補(bǔ)語 ↘done ↘done e.g.I have sth to do. 五、 作定語 1． 不定式做定語通常放在所修飾詞之后，表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。不定式作后置定語，若與所修飾詞具有邏輯上的

10、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系或主謂關(guān)系，且在句中可以找到動(dòng)詞不定式所表動(dòng)作的邏輯主語，動(dòng)詞不定式則用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。否則，則用被動(dòng)。 e.g.1)I have some clothes to wash. 2)I want to Beijing.Do you have anything to be taken to your son? 3)He is looking for a room to live in. 2.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作，與所修飾名詞為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。 e.g.The new building being built will be a library.

11、 3.過去分詞作定語：1）只表被動(dòng)，不表完成 e.g.a loved leader, spoken English 2) 只表完成，不表被動(dòng) e.g. fallen leaves, risen sun 3）既表被動(dòng)，又表完成 e.g.This is the factory built in the 1960s. 單個(gè)分詞做定語，一般放在名詞的前面，分詞短語做定語，則放在名詞后面，它的功能相當(dāng)于定語從句。 4．動(dòng)名詞做定語往往用來表示所修飾名詞的用途。（前置定語）

12、 注：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式（having done）不用做定語，此時(shí)應(yīng)改寫為定語從句。 e.g.The building built is a library. (T) The building that has been built is a library.(T) The building having been built is a library.(F) 六、 不定式和分詞都可作狀語（相當(dāng)于狀語從句） 不定式做狀語，主要用來表示目的，有時(shí)也表示結(jié)果，原因等。分詞作狀語主要用來表示時(shí)間，原因，伴隨，方式，也可用來表示結(jié)果

13、，條件，讓步等。（其邏輯主語一定為主句主語） e.g.He started early in order to (so as to ) get there before dark. I’m sorry to hear that.( 原因) He hurried to the school to find nobody there.(意外的結(jié)果) He dropped the bowl, only breaking it into pieces.(意料之中的結(jié)果) Having finished his work, he went home. (A

14、fter finishing/After he finished) Being a student, I must study hard.(As/Since I am a student) The old man lay on the grassland,looking at the sky. Being a girl,she is very brave. Seen from space, the earth looks like a huge water covered globe. Given more time, we could do it much better. 注：G

15、enerally speaking,Judging from, To tell the truth…獨(dú)立做狀語，不與主句發(fā)生關(guān)系。 七、 否定式 非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定式是在非謂語動(dòng)詞前加not. e.g.Not having received his answer,she decided to write to him again. Not done well, the beef is hard to eat. 八、 非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語：一般說來，即全句主語，但有時(shí)也可有自己的邏輯主語，這樣便構(gòu)成非謂語動(dòng)詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。 不定式：for/of sb+不定式 動(dòng)名詞：n(

16、通格)/pron(賓格/形容詞性物主代詞)+動(dòng)名詞 分詞： n(通格/所有格)/pron(主格/形容詞性物主代詞)+分詞 e.g.Would you mind me/my/Tom opening the window. Mary’s(Your) coming late made her/your teacher angry. It being Sunday,we went out for an outing.(As it was Sunday) Weather permitting,we’ll go swimming tomorrow. (If weather p

17、ermits) ↗doing ↗done with + n/pron + →to do (作定語或狀語) →adj. ↘adv. ↘prep-phr. e.g.With nothing to do,we went out for an outing. He went out of the classroom,with all the lights ↗burning. ↘on He went out of the classroom,with all the windows↗open ↘closed The girl with a basket on her back is my sister.