語(yǔ)法專題12 代詞(Ivan Fang)

By Fengfeng Chunhui Middle School Ivan Fang 1、人稱代詞的替代和轉(zhuǎn)換、人稱代詞的替代和轉(zhuǎn)換;2、物主代詞的性；、物主代詞的性；3、else 的用法；的用法；4、不定代詞的用法比較、不定代詞的用法比較;5、it 的用法；的用法；高考考點(diǎn)分析1. 人稱代詞的指代問(wèn)題人稱代詞的指代問(wèn)題 ：It was _ who did it, but it was _ that we are talking about. A. he she B. him her C. him she D. he her 人稱代詞的主格在句子中作主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，例如： John waited a while but eventually he went home.約翰等了一會(huì)兒，最后他回家了。 人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)，但在口語(yǔ)中也能作表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)，第一人稱在省略句中，還可以作主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)，例如：I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 問(wèn)題中前后兩個(gè)分句都是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，前面的代詞作問(wèn)題中前后兩個(gè)分句都是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，前面的代詞作 did it 的的主語(yǔ)，而后面的代詞作主語(yǔ)，而后面的代詞作 talking about 的賓語(yǔ)。的賓語(yǔ)。D2）在使用人稱代詞時(shí)，要注意其人稱、數(shù)和格的一致。如： Jim and I saw the man passing by. Between you and me, he stole a lot of money from somewhere. (私下跟你說(shuō)吧，不知他從哪里偷了一大筆錢(qián)呢。) He asked three of us, John, Joan and me, to have dinner with him. Meat and fish are more expensive than they used to be. 不定代詞 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one， 及 whoever 和 person 在正 式場(chǎng)合使用時(shí)，可用 he, his, him 代替。 Nobody came, did he?誰(shuí)也沒(méi)來(lái)，是嗎?2. 人稱代詞之主、賓格的替換人稱代詞之主、賓格的替換 Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard. Why ? John is sitting there doing nothing. （03全國(guó)卷）全國(guó)卷）AhimBheCI Dme 在簡(jiǎn)短對(duì)話中，當(dāng)人稱代詞單獨(dú)使用或在 not 后， 多用賓格。- I like English. -我喜歡英語(yǔ)。- Me too.-我也喜歡。- Have more wine? -再來(lái)點(diǎn)酒喝嗎?- Not me.-我可不要了。D - May I speak to John? - This is _ speaking. A. heB. hisC. himD. himselfa. 在介詞在介詞 but，except 后，有時(shí)可用主格代替賓格。后，有時(shí)可用主格代替賓格。 All but _ to the concert tomorrow. A. he and I am going B. he and I are going C. he and me are goingD. his and me am going b. 在電話用語(yǔ)中常用主格。在電話用語(yǔ)中常用主格。 - I wish to speak to Mary. - 我想和瑪麗通話。 - This is she. - 我就是瑪麗。AB3. 物主代詞的性物主代詞的性問(wèn)題問(wèn)題4：- Is this camera like Bills and Anns? - No, but its almost the same as _. (1994) A. her B. yours C. them D. theirB解析：解析：形容詞性的物主代詞修飾名詞，不能獨(dú)用; 名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當(dāng)于省略了中心名詞的-s所有格結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：That is my book. That book is mine. Theirs is a very large university. 另外，在動(dòng)名詞前常加上形容詞性的物主代詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如： Would you mind my opening the window?4. 反身代詞反身代詞通常作賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。通常作賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。a. 作賓語(yǔ)：有些動(dòng)詞需有反身代詞enjoy, help, amuse娛樂(lè) , blame, dry, cut, hurt, introduce, behave, dress, keep, We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. Please help yourself to some fish.b. 作表語(yǔ)； be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。c. 作同位語(yǔ) The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。 A、some / any問(wèn)題問(wèn)題1 Theres_ cooking oil left in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get_? （04北京）北京） A. little; someB. little; any C. a little; someD. a little; any問(wèn)題問(wèn)題2 I asked him for some oil, but he hadnt _. (1986) A. any B. some C. no D. anythingAA 說(shuō)明：說(shuō)明： some “一些”，一般用于肯定句中。 1) 可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞連用。 2) 當(dāng)做“某一某一”解時(shí)，也可與單數(shù)名詞單數(shù)名詞連用。(= a certain) You will be sorry for this some day. A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.注意注意：some 用于其他句式中用于其他句式中: a. 肯定疑問(wèn)句中：說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為對(duì)方的答案會(huì)是肯定的， 或期望得到肯定回答時(shí)。 Would you like句式中，表委婉請(qǐng)求或建議，如： Would you like some coffee? b. 在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示確定的意義時(shí)，如：If you need some help，let me know. c. some 位于主語(yǔ)部分, Some students havent been there before. d. 當(dāng)否定的是整體中的部分時(shí)，some可用于否定句。如：I havent heard from some of my old friends these years.這些年我沒(méi)有收到一些老朋友的信 any “一些”，多用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句和條件句中。 當(dāng)表示 “任何一個(gè)” 的意思時(shí)，any 可用于肯定句。Here are three novels. You may read any. 這有三本小說(shuō)，你可任讀一本。問(wèn)題問(wèn)題3： We havent enough books for ; some of you will have to share. （05全國(guó)卷1） Asomebody Banybody Ceverybody Dnobody C：some, any, every 所構(gòu)成的合成不定代詞不能與 of 連用，只有分開(kāi)才可接 of 短語(yǔ)。如： some one of us; every one of them 但要注意：none of them ( no one 后不接 of 短語(yǔ))B、 one，that 和和 it Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _ I will always treasure.（02N） thatoneitwhat The Parkers bought a new house but _ will need a lot of work before they can move in. (2001 N) A. theyB. itC. oneD. which I prefer a flat in Inverness to _in Perth, because I want to live near my Moms. （05天津卷） A. one B. that C. it D. this Cars do cause us some health problems in fact far more serious _ than mobile phones do. (05江西卷) AoneBonesCitDthose BBAB 說(shuō)明：說(shuō)明： one 表示泛指，that 和 it 表示特指。that與所指名詞為同類，但不是同一個(gè)，而 it 與所指名詞為同一個(gè)。I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。我想我該去買(mǎi)一頂。The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought. (同類但不同個(gè))你買(mǎi)的那頂帽子比我買(mǎi)的大。I cant find my hat. I don t know where I put it.( 同一物)我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了 C、 another / other / the other / others / the othersYoung people may grow quickly in some ways and more slowly in _. (1993 上海) A. the other B. some other C. othersD. these others One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and _. (2000 北京春季) A. the other is whiteB. another white C. the other whiteD. another is white No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of _. （05上海卷） A. others B. the otherC. eitherD. another CCB 說(shuō)明：說(shuō)明： one the other只有兩個(gè)one another，anothersome others，othersothers = other people / thingsthe others = the rest剩余的全部1) 泛指另一個(gè)用another。 2) 一定范圍內(nèi)兩人(物)，一個(gè)用 one，另一個(gè)用 the other。3) 一定范圍內(nèi)三者，一個(gè)用 one，另一個(gè)用one (another)， 第三個(gè)可用the other，a third。4) 一定范圍內(nèi)，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。5) 除去已有的，表示“還有多少”，一般有三個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)： another + 數(shù)量 + 名詞； 數(shù)量 + other + 名詞； 數(shù)量 + more + 名詞。 D、 anyone / any one；no one / none；nothing Playing tricks on others is _ we should never do. （04湖南） A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing We havent enough books for ; some of you will have to share. （05全國(guó)卷1） Asomebody Banybody Ceverybody Dnobody She doesnt know anyone here. She has got_to talk to. （04廣東） A. anyone B. someone C. everyone D. no oneBCD1. anyone 和和 any one anyone 僅指人,不與 of 連用；any one 既可指人,也可指物。2. no one 和和 nonea) none 后跟 of 短語(yǔ)，既可指人又可指物，而 no one 只 單獨(dú)使用，只指人。 b) none 作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單，復(fù)數(shù)均可，而 no one 作 主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能是單數(shù)。 None of you could lift it. 你們中沒(méi)有人可舉起它。 - Did any one call me up just now?- No one.3. none 和和 nothing none 只指量，指所指的一類人或物中一個(gè)都沒(méi)有； nothing 泛指，什么東西都不存在。后面不接 of 短語(yǔ)。如： - Are there any eggs in the fridge? - None. In fact, there is nothing in the fridge.E、every 和和each _ he goes out for some food. A. Every a few daysB. Every few daysC. Each few daysD. Every several daysB說(shuō)明：說(shuō)明：1)every 強(qiáng)調(diào)全體的概念， each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體概念。 Every student in our school works hard. Each student may have one book.2)every 指三個(gè)以上的人或物(含三個(gè))，each指兩個(gè)以 上的人或物 (含兩個(gè)) 3) every 只作形容詞，不可單獨(dú)使用。each可作代詞或形 容詞。 Every student has to take one. Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one.4) every不可以作狀語(yǔ)，each可作狀語(yǔ)。 We each have a glass to drink water with.5) every 有反復(fù)重復(fù)的意思，如 every two weeks等； each 沒(méi)有。6) every 與與not 連用，表示部分否定；連用，表示部分否定； each 和和not連用表連用表 示全部否定示全部否定。Every man is not honest. 并非每個(gè)人都誠(chéng)實(shí)。Each man is not honest.這兒每個(gè)人都不誠(chéng)實(shí) F、 both, either, neither, all, any, none I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but _ of them came. （04北京） A. neitherB. eitherC. noneD. both - Do you want tea or coffee? - _. I really dont mind. (2000 北京春季) A. BothB. NoneC. EitherD. Neither - Which of the three ways shall I take to the village? - _ way as you please. （04福建） AEachBEveryCAnyDEither I had to buy _ these books because I didnt know which one was the best. （04上海） A. both B. none C. neither D. allACCD 1）both (兩者都)，either (兩者中任何一個(gè))， neither (兩者都不)。以上詞使用范圍為兩個(gè)人或物。Neither of the two boys is clever.兩個(gè)男孩都不聰明。注意注意 both，either 的用法區(qū)別：的用法區(qū)別： both與復(fù)數(shù)連用，either與單數(shù)連用。Both the boys are clever. Either of the two boys is clever. There are flowers on both sides of the street. There are flowers on either side of the street. 2）all (所有的，全部的人或物)，any (任何一個(gè))， none (都不)。 以上詞使用范圍為三者以上。 All the flowers are gone.所有的花都謝了。 I dont like any of the flowers.這些花我都不喜歡。 I like none of the flowers.這些花我都不喜歡。注意注意：all 與與 none 用法一樣。跟單數(shù)名詞，用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞；用法一樣。跟單數(shù)名詞，用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞；跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞，用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞，用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。All of the students are there. All (of) the milk is there.G、few, little, a few, a little, a bit Although hes wealthy，he spends _ on clothes. A. little B. fewC. a little D. a fewA spend 所指的是錢(qián)，不可數(shù)，只能用 little 或 a little. 本句為 although 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，由句意知后句為否定含義，因此應(yīng)用 little 表示幾乎不。 (a) few + 可數(shù)名詞, (a) little + 不可數(shù)名詞a few / a little 為肯定含義，還有一點(diǎn)few / little為否定含義，沒(méi)有多少了。 a bit of + 不可數(shù)名詞 not a little = much; not a bit = not at allHe has a few friends.他有幾個(gè)朋友。He has few friends. 他幾乎沒(méi)有朋友。We still have a little time. 我們還有點(diǎn)時(shí)間。There is little time left.幾乎沒(méi)剩下什么時(shí)間了。 There is only a bit of ink in the bottle. We are not a little tired because we have been working for almost twenty hours. Although he had walked a long way, he didnt feel tired a bit.考題點(diǎn)擊：考題點(diǎn)擊：1) - Did you go on many of the hunting trips? - No, _. A. not much B. little at all C. fewer D. very few2) - Are you feeling tired after the game? - _. In fact, I feel quite relaxed. A. Not a little B. Not a bit C. Not little D. Not bit3) Tom never goes out to eat because he has _ money. A. fewB. littleC. a littleD. a few4) _ friends Betty had made there were all invited to her birthday party. (1997 上海) A. Few ofB. FewC. The fewD. A fewDBBC- Victor certainly cares too much about himself.- Yes. Hes never interested in what _ is doing. （05重慶卷）重慶卷） (B) A. no one else B. anyone else C. someone else D. nobody else else 常與不定代詞連用，用來(lái)表示常與不定代詞連用，用來(lái)表示“別的別的人或人或物物”，近幾年已成為高考中的熱點(diǎn)。，近幾年已成為高考中的熱點(diǎn)。 no one else = nobody else，表示，表示“沒(méi)別的人沒(méi)別的人”，someone else 表示表示“別的某個(gè)人別的某個(gè)人”, anyone else 表示表示“別的任何人別的任何人”。 If this dictionary is not yours，_can it be? (NMET2001) Awhat else Bwho else Cwhich elses Dwho elses 除了不定代詞外，另一種可以與除了不定代詞外，另一種可以與else連用的詞就是疑問(wèn)詞。連用的詞就是疑問(wèn)詞。else 結(jié)構(gòu)的所有格是在結(jié)構(gòu)的所有格是在else后加后加-s。 1. it作人稱代詞,代替前面提到的事物.2. it指代時(shí)間,季節(jié),距離.3. it作形式賓語(yǔ),常用在6123結(jié)構(gòu)中.(think , find, make, believe, )4. it作形式主語(yǔ). 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞,不定式,從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),常用it作形式主語(yǔ).5. It is that.的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型.內(nèi)容提要內(nèi)容提要1代替上文中提到過(guò)的人或事物。指代人時(shí)，一般用于小孩或身份不十分明朗的人。 例如：Who is the baby? Its my teachers sonWho is that gentleman?Its my friend, TomHe (不可用It) wants to see you 【典型例題【典型例題】 (NMET2001) ) The Parkers bought a new house but _ will need a lot of work before they can move in. A. they B. it C. one D. which B B2用于表達(dá)天氣、環(huán)境、時(shí)間、距離、季節(jié)等。 Its half an hours walk from here to our school Its nice and warm hereBut its two oclock now, and its time for us to go to school 注意下列幾種表示時(shí)間的句型注意下列幾種表示時(shí)間的句型 . .It is time ( about time ,high time ) that . Its high time that we left.It is the first ( second . ) time that . Its the first time that I have been praised.It is . since . Its three years since they got married.It is / was . when . It was 1949 when the PRC was founded.It is / was . before . It will be two years before we meet again.3. We think it important to learn a foreign language.該句型中的it 作形式賓語(yǔ)。為了記憶方便我們可稱該句型為“6123結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)”。 6 指主句中常用的動(dòng)詞：think, believe, make, find, consider, feel； 1 指的是形式賓語(yǔ) it； 2 指的是賓補(bǔ)的兩種形式：形容詞或名形容詞或名 詞；詞； 3 指的是真正賓語(yǔ)的三種形式：不定式短不定式短 語(yǔ)語(yǔ), , 動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。 4. It is necessary ( for sb. ) to do sth. 此句型中的真正主語(yǔ)是不定式短語(yǔ)，主句中的形容詞通常是表示重要性，緊迫性，頻繁程度，難易，安全等情況的形容詞，常見(jiàn)的形容詞有： important, necessary, natural easy , safe , common , normal , hard , difficult ,dangerous , unusual, rare , impossible , pleasant在在中的形容詞作表語(yǔ)可以用從句改寫(xiě)，中的形容詞作表語(yǔ)可以用從句改寫(xiě)，如：It is important for her to come to the party. = It is important that she (should ) come to the partyIt作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí)的幾個(gè)常見(jiàn)句型作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí)的幾個(gè)常見(jiàn)句型: . It is kind ( of sb. ) to do sth. 該句型中的不定式如果須要邏輯主語(yǔ)，則須要前置介詞 of, 而句型中的形容詞必須是能表示邏輯主語(yǔ)特征的形容詞，常見(jiàn)的有： bad , brave , careless, clever , cruel , foolish , good （好心的）, honest , horrible , kind , lazy , modest(謙虛的 ), naughty , nice（有教養(yǎng)的）, polite, rude , silly , stupid , wise , wrong 這個(gè)句型可以改寫(xiě)為：sb. is kind to do sth. . It takes sb. . to do sth. “做要花某人” It took me ages to repair my computer. It is no good (use ) doing sth. 該句型中的真正主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)，主句中的表語(yǔ)可以是 no good , no use , no value, no importance Its no use crying over the spilt milk. It doesnt matter whether ( if ) . 不論（是否）沒(méi)關(guān)系 It doesnt matter whether he is for my plan or not. It happens (seems, appears ) that. It happened that I had seen this problem in some book. It is said (reported, learned.) that . “據(jù)說(shuō)”（據(jù)報(bào)道，據(jù)悉） It is said that he has gone to New York to attend a medical meeting. . It is a pity ( a shame . ) that . It is a pity that we have lost the match with a close score. It is important ( necessary, right, strange, natural.) that . 記住that 后的從句應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣（should + 動(dòng)詞原形），should 可以省去. It is suggested ( ordered . ) that . that 后的從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣（should + 動(dòng)詞原形），should 可以省常譯為據(jù)建議；有命令） . It is up to sb. to do sth. 該句型為“該由某人做”。該句型中 up后的to是介詞。 It is up to him to clean our classroom today. 今天應(yīng)由他做教室清潔。 It is up to parents to teach their children manners. 該由父母教孩子禮貌。 5. It is + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that . 將被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分放在前面，其它部分置于 that 之后被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分可以是主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語(yǔ)如果是人，that 可以由 who 換用如果把這種句型結(jié)構(gòu)劃掉后，應(yīng)該是一個(gè)完整無(wú)缺的句子這也是與其 它從句區(qū)別判斷的方法: It is not until + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that . 強(qiáng)凋“直到才”，需將 not 置于 until 之前1.It was about 600 years ago _ the first clock with face and an hour hand was made (NMET97，單項(xiàng)填空)AthatBuntil CbeforeDwhen 2._computers play such an important part in our daily life?AWhy it is thatBWhy is it thatCWhy was it that DWhy is it B BA A3. It was only when I reread his poems recently _I began to appreciate their beauty Auntil BthatCthenDso4. It was how the young man had learned five foreign languages_ attracted the audiences interest. A. so that B. that C. what D. in whichB BB B