高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)考案 語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)講練 第八專(zhuān)題 介詞和介詞短語(yǔ)課件

《高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)考案 語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)講練 第八專(zhuān)題 介詞和介詞短語(yǔ)課件》由會(huì)員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)考案 語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)講練 第八專(zhuān)題 介詞和介詞短語(yǔ)課件（28頁(yè)珍藏版）》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究 介詞是英語(yǔ)中比較活躍的詞, 中學(xué)階段所學(xué)的介詞有40多個(gè)。它與名詞、形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞等構(gòu)成搭配時(shí)用法靈活, 意義豐富。搭配比較活躍的介詞主要有in, out, up, down, on, off, to, from, for, over, with等。今后高考對(duì)介詞的考查將以介詞的固定短語(yǔ)和介詞辨析為主。在學(xué)習(xí)介詞時(shí),考生應(yīng)重點(diǎn)掌握介詞的基本用法, 同時(shí)注意總結(jié)其與名詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞等搭配構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)的意思和用法?？键c(diǎn)1介詞的基本用法知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究介詞又叫前置詞,是一種虛詞。1.介詞按其詞義分為下列常見(jiàn)的幾種:(1)表地點(diǎn)(包括動(dòng)向),如about,

2、above, across, after, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, from, in, into, near, off, on, over, through, throughout, to, towards, under, up, upon, with, within, without等。注意:有不少表地點(diǎn)的介詞可表動(dòng)向,除很明顯的across, around, near, over, towards外,還有among, behind

3、, beneath, between, on, to, under等。(2)表時(shí)間, 如about, after, around, as, at, before, behind, between, by, 知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until), to, towards, within等。(3)表除去,如besides, but, except等。(4)表比較,如as, like, above, over等。(5)表贊成、反對(duì)

4、,如against, for, with等。(6)表原因、目的, 如for, from, with等。(7)表結(jié)果,如to, with, without等。(8)表手段、方式,如by, in, with等。知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究(9)表所屬,如of, with等。(10)表?xiàng)l件,如on, without, considering等。(11)表讓步,如despite, in spite of等。(12)表關(guān)于,如about, concerning, regarding, with regard to, as for, as to等。(13)表對(duì)于,如to, for, over, at,

5、 with等。(14)表根據(jù),如on, according to等。(15)表其他,如without(沒(méi)有)等。知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究2.介詞的句法功能介詞不能獨(dú)立在句中做成分,介詞后必須與名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)在句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分,表示人、物、事件等與其他人、物、事件等之間的關(guān)系。(1)作定語(yǔ):The book on the table is mine. 桌上的書(shū)是我的。(2)作狀語(yǔ):We have breakfast at seven.我們?cè)谄唿c(diǎn)鐘吃早餐。(表時(shí)間)They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.由于

6、下大雨他們知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究開(kāi)會(huì)遲到了。(表原因)They started the machine by pressing the button.他們按下按扭,開(kāi)動(dòng)了機(jī)器。(表方法)(3)作表語(yǔ):My dictionary is in the bag.我的詞典在包里。(4)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):I found him in the office. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)他在辦公室。考點(diǎn)2常見(jiàn)介詞的活用知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究by, with, against, over, on, in, at, besides, for等是?？嫉慕樵~。掌握這些介詞的用法和意義以及準(zhǔn)確把握句子語(yǔ)境是解題的關(guān)鍵。下

7、面是近年高考考查最多的幾個(gè)介詞, 應(yīng)重點(diǎn)掌握:1.over可表位置,意為“在正上方;越過(guò);遮住;蓋住”,也可表時(shí)間,意為“在期間;(多年)以來(lái)”等,它還有“在(問(wèn)題)上;對(duì)(某事)”等引申意義。如:We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.我們一邊喝茶一邊愉快地交談。2.by的主要意思有“在旁;靠近;乘(車(chē)、船等);不遲于;到為知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究止;被;由;根據(jù);按照(關(guān)系);通過(guò)方式”等,還可以用來(lái)表示增加或減少的程度。by構(gòu)成的常見(jiàn)短語(yǔ)有:by and by“不久;很快”; by oneself“單獨(dú)”; by the way“順便說(shuō)說(shuō)

8、”; by far.“得多;最”; by accident“偶然地”; by means of“借助;依靠”; by no means“決不;一點(diǎn)也不”; by mistake“錯(cuò)誤地”。如:The water in the river rose by two meters.河水上漲了兩米。3.with可以用來(lái)表示“帶有;擁有;隨著;就來(lái)說(shuō);用;以;和;與;對(duì)于;關(guān)于”等意思。with還可用來(lái)表示原因。如:知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究He turned red with anger.他氣得臉都變紅了。4.beyond這個(gè)詞也是一個(gè)考查熱點(diǎn)。beyond表示“(時(shí)間)過(guò)了;比晚;遲于;(位置

9、)在那邊;超出之外;(范圍)超過(guò);為所不及;超出的范圍”等意思。如:The book is beyond me.這本書(shū)我看不懂。Tom is far beyond his elder brother in maths.湯姆的數(shù)學(xué)比他哥哥的好多了?？键c(diǎn)3介詞的固定搭配高考主要考查考生對(duì)介詞固定搭配的掌握程度、對(duì)介詞短語(yǔ)意義知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究的了解以及介詞在這些固定搭配中的應(yīng)用。1.名詞短語(yǔ):on the contrary“相反”;in turn“依次”;in ones opin-ion“根據(jù)某人的看法”;out of reach“夠不著”。2.動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ):remind sb of s

10、th“提醒某人某事”;rob sb of sth“搶劫某人某物”;call at“訪問(wèn)(某地)”。3.形容詞短語(yǔ):be curious about“對(duì)好奇”;be proud of“因而自豪”;be popular with“受到的歡迎”。4.介詞短語(yǔ):apart from“除外”; in addition to“除之外(還)”;because of“因?yàn)椤?instead of“代替”;in fear of“害怕;為知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究提心吊膽”;for fear of“以免”;in case of“以防”; thanks to“由于”; in the middle of“在中間

11、”;according to“根據(jù)”;in front of“在前面”;in return for“作為對(duì)的回報(bào)”;in charge of“負(fù)責(zé)”;as a result of“作為的結(jié)果”;in exchange for“與交換”?？键c(diǎn)4核心介詞用法歸納與辨析1.表示時(shí)間的介詞in的用法如下。表示在某一較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi),如世紀(jì)、年、月、季、周等一般用介詞in, 如:in the 1990s, in January, in (the) winter。in和during表一段時(shí)間內(nèi)時(shí)兩詞通?？苫ビ?。如:in the night, during the night, in the war, durin

12、g the war。但略有區(qū)別:當(dāng)接知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究表示“活動(dòng)”的抽象名詞時(shí)多用during, 接“活動(dòng)”的動(dòng)名詞及短語(yǔ)時(shí)多用in。如:during the discussion, in discussing the problem, dur-ing her stay in Hubei, in playing basketball, during the course, in dig-ging the tunnel。2.在具體的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。3.表示某一時(shí)刻或某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間用at,如小時(shí)、分鐘等。有些時(shí)間名詞前有one, each, any, every,

13、 some, all, next, last, that修飾時(shí),不接介詞。如:that day, next Sunday, some day, one day。4.till, until, to的用法知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究(1)till(until)與持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用一般用于肯定句中,與短暫性動(dòng)詞連用一般用在否定句中。如:He waited for me till twelve oclock. 他等我,一直等到十二點(diǎn)鐘。He didnt get up till (until) 10 am. (不可用to) 他直到上午十點(diǎn)才起床。注意:在句首出現(xiàn)或強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中一般不用till而用until

14、。如:Not until 9 am did Mr Smith come back to school. 直到上午九點(diǎn)史密斯先生才回學(xué)校。(2)to表“終結(jié)”時(shí)常和from連用, 但要注意不與from連用時(shí)的意義知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究。如:from July to September, from six to (till) eight,在from morning till night(從早到晚)中不能用to。5.表示方式、手段、工具的介詞(1)by the year / hour / day“按年/小時(shí)/天”,to the pound“按磅算”, to the ton“按噸計(jì)”。(2)

15、表泛指的方式、手段:by post, by telephone (radio),on the phone, on the radio, on TV, by electricity, through practice, through experi-ence, through the telescope。知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究(3)交通工具類(lèi)。另外:by means of“用方法”, by way of“經(jīng)由;取道于;用方法”, with the help / permission of sb (with sbs help / permission)“在幫助下”。(4)表方式、手段的其

16、他用法。如:He beat the dog with a whip. (with +工具、機(jī)器)One smells with his nose. (with +人體器官, 但by hand“手工;用手”)He stood up with pride. (with +表示情緒、情感、態(tài)度的名詞)注意:使用語(yǔ)言、材料、文字等用in。如in English / ink / pencil。6.表示“除之外”的幾組常用介詞比較知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究besides “除以外(還有)”; except“除去;除之外(不再有)”; except for“除了(對(duì)句子主題進(jìn)行細(xì)節(jié)校正或附加說(shuō)明)”,

17、后接名詞或代詞時(shí)與except that +從句意思相同; except that.“除了一點(diǎn)以外”。 but和except在表示“除了以外”時(shí)可以通用, 但應(yīng)注意當(dāng)前面有不定代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞在意義上對(duì)稱以及后接不定式為排除對(duì)象時(shí),多用but。如:All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.7.介詞的省略:知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究介詞for表示時(shí)間的省略要求。(1)以all開(kāi)頭的名詞短語(yǔ), for要省略。如:I stayed with her all the morning. 整個(gè)上午我都和她在一起。(2)在否定句

18、中, 表示時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)前的for不能省略。如:I havent seen you for thirty years. 我有三十年沒(méi)見(jiàn)你了。(3)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)在主句之前, for不能省略。如:For the whole morning, the old man kept reading. 整個(gè)上午,老人都一直在看書(shū)。知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究 1.(2011全國(guó)) This shop will be closed for repairs further notice. A.withB.untilC.forD.at【答案與解析】B句意:這家店將整頓停修直至另行通知。until further no

19、tice表示“直至另行通知”。知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究2.(2011北京) With new technology, pictures of underwater valleys can be taken color. A.byB.forC.withD.in【答案與解析】D句意:使用新技術(shù),人們可以將水下溝壑的圖片拍成彩色的。in color“彩色的”, in 表示“處于某種狀態(tài)”。知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究3.(2011湖北) When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many teachers would

20、prefer to see him step aside younger men. A.in terms of B.in need of C.in favor ofD.in praise of【答案與解析】C句意:當(dāng)被問(wèn)及對(duì)這個(gè)學(xué)校的校長(zhǎng)有什么看法時(shí),很多老師寧愿他讓位以支持年輕人。in favor of“支持;有利于”; in terms of“就而言”; in need of“需要”; in praise of“表?yè)P(yáng)”。知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究4.(2011山東) Im sorry I didnt phone you, but Ive been very busy the past

21、 couple of weeks. A.beyond B.with C.among D.over【答案與解析】D句意:很抱歉沒(méi)給你打電話, 可是這幾個(gè)星期我一直很忙。通過(guò)前半句“Ive been very busy”使用的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可知,搭配用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為“在過(guò)去的幾周里”,即over the past cou-ple of weeks或in the past couple of weeks。知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究5.(2011安徽) Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek food safety problems. A.in B.t

22、o C.on D.after【答案與解析】B句意:有時(shí)不難找到解決食品安全問(wèn)題的辦法。此句中主語(yǔ)為answers,意為“解決辦法”,作此義時(shí)后跟介詞to或towards,故選B項(xiàng)。知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究6.(2011浙江) I always wanted to do the job which Id been trained . A.onB.forC.byD.of【答案與解析】B句意:我經(jīng)常想做我之前受過(guò)相關(guān)培訓(xùn)的工作。for表示目的,意為“為了”,符合題意。知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究7.(2011四川) Nick, its good for you to read some

23、books China before you start your trip there. A.in B.for C.of D.on【答案與解析】D句意:尼克,你在去中國(guó)旅行之前最好讀一些關(guān)于中國(guó)的書(shū)。on 表示關(guān)于, some books on China意為“關(guān)于中國(guó)的一些書(shū)”。知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究8.(2011天津) He was a good student and scored average in most subjects. A.below B.of C.on D.above【答案與解析】D句意:他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生,大多數(shù)科目得分都高于平均水平。above average

24、“高于平均數(shù)”; below average“低于平均數(shù)”; on average“平均起來(lái);一般說(shuō)來(lái)”。知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究9.(2011江蘇) Wed better discuss everything before we work out the plan. A.in detail B.in general C.on purpose D.on time【答案與解析】A句意:在我們制定計(jì)劃之前, 我們最好詳細(xì)地討論每件事。in detail“詳細(xì)地”; in general“通常;大體上”; on pur-pose“故意地”; on time“準(zhǔn)時(shí);按時(shí)”。知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究10.(2011福建) good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes. A.Far from B.Apart from C.Instead of D.Regardless of【答案與解析】B句意:除了優(yōu)質(zhì)的服務(wù)外, 這個(gè)飯店還提供不同種類(lèi)的傳統(tǒng)福建菜。apart from表示“除以外”,符合句意。far from“遠(yuǎn)離;遠(yuǎn)非”;instead of“代替;而不是”;regardless of“不管;不顧”。知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn)真題探究真題探究