車載式雙叉液壓升降機的設(shè)計-剪叉式液壓升降平臺車【含UG三維及7張CAD圖帶開題報告-獨家】.zip
車載式雙叉液壓升降機的設(shè)計-剪叉式液壓升降平臺車【含UG三維及7張CAD圖帶開題報告-獨家】.zip,含UG三維及7張CAD圖帶開題報告-獨家,車載,式雙叉,液壓,升降機,設(shè)計,剪叉式,升降,平臺,UG,三維,CAD,開題,報告,獨家
雙叉液壓升降機的設(shè)計
摘 要
該設(shè)計的題目是設(shè)計出一個高度不低于5M，并能承受1000±50Kg的升降機。 所以經(jīng)過選擇，我選用了液壓系統(tǒng)升降機。因為液壓升降機的升降性能十分的好。在設(shè)計中，主機根據(jù)升降臺工作時的主要工作部件進行大概估算設(shè)計?？刂撇糠种饕O(shè)計控制電路圖。同時我還參照了液壓車的設(shè)計，結(jié)合液壓車數(shù)據(jù)進行合理的選型計算。
關(guān)鍵詞：液壓系統(tǒng) 升降機 執(zhí)行元件
Abstract
The title of the design is to design a lift that is not less than 5M and can withstand 1000 + 50Kg. So after choosing, I chose the hydraulic lift. It mainly includes three parts: the selection of the main engine parameters, the design of the control part and the design of the hydraulic system. In this design, I will design the hydraulic system as the main design, and the main engine will estimate the design according to the main working parts of the lifting platform. The control part mainly designs the control circuit diagram. At the same time, referring to the design of the existing hydraulic truck, combined with the data of hydraulic vehicle, the reasonable type selection calculation is carried out.
Keywords: Elevator Hydraulic system Actuating element
目 錄
摘要 i
Abstract ii
1 緒論 1
2 升降機的結(jié)構(gòu)和運動原理 2
2.1 升降機的結(jié)構(gòu)形式與運動原理 2
2.1.1 機械結(jié)構(gòu)形式 2
2.2 升降機的機械結(jié)構(gòu)和零件參數(shù) 2
2.2.1 升降機的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的選擇和確定 3
3 執(zhí)行元件類型和數(shù)量 4
3.1 執(zhí)行類型 4
3.2 執(zhí)行元件的數(shù)量 4
4 液壓系統(tǒng)的主要參數(shù) 5
4.1 系統(tǒng)壓力的初步確定 5
4.2 液壓執(zhí)行元件的主要參數(shù) 5
4.2.1 液壓缸的作用力 5
4.2.2 缸筒內(nèi)徑的確定 6
4.2.3 液壓缸壁厚，最小導(dǎo)向長度，液壓缸長度確定 6
5 液壓系統(tǒng)方案的選擇和論證 8
5.1 油路循環(huán)方式、的分析和選擇 8
5.2 開式系統(tǒng)油路組合方式的分析選擇 8
5.3 調(diào)速方案的選擇 8
5.4 液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖的確定 9
6 液壓元件的選擇計算及其連接 10
6.1 油泵和電機選擇 10
6.1.1 泵的額定流量和額定壓力 10
6.1.2 電機功率的確定 11
6.1.3 連軸器的選用 12
6.2 控制閥的選用 12
6.2.1 壓力控制閥 13
6.2.2 流量控制閥 13
6.2.3 方向控制閥 13
6.3 管路，過濾器，其他輔助元件的選擇計算 14
6.3.1 管路 14
6.3.2 過濾器的選擇 15
6.3.3 輔件的選擇 15
6.4 液壓元件的連接 15
6.4.1 液壓裝置的總體布置 15
6.4.2 液壓元件的連接 15
6.5 油箱的容積 16
7 液壓系統(tǒng)性能驗算 17
結(jié)論 23
致謝 24
參考文獻 25
4
1 緒論
1854年，奧蒂斯把發(fā)明了第一臺升降機。升降機僅僅下降了五六厘米。到19世紀末，升降機常見于辦公室和套房公寓里。電動的和液壓的兩種機械裝置都用于推動升降廂。經(jīng)過上百年的發(fā)展，升降機的技術(shù)已經(jīng)相當?shù)某墒炝恕?
在本次設(shè)計中，我主要設(shè)計的是液壓升降機。液壓降機不但升降性能好而且升降時平衡穩(wěn)定。液壓升降機可以容易控制升降速度且跟其他升降機比更容易實現(xiàn)自動化。而且它還更易于實現(xiàn)過載保護。他的液壓元件都標準化了，設(shè)計起來更加的方便，快捷。
但是液壓技術(shù)還有許多的缺點，需要我們慢慢的取完善，例如液壓傳動過程中，有許多能量損失了。液壓容易泄漏會污染環(huán)境，液壓元件精度高造價昂貴，出現(xiàn)故障不容易找到。但是這些都可以通過有效措施來減少損害。
我國的液壓技術(shù)是在最近才發(fā)展起來的。這些年來，我國通過不斷的發(fā)展和引進外國技術(shù)，我國的液壓機是有很大的提升。但是我國在液壓技術(shù)上還有很大的不足，需要我們慢慢的去去摸索。
在本次設(shè)計中，我按照老師要求一步一步進行設(shè)計，在此期間，我得到了老師和同學(xué)們的幫助，終于完成了這份設(shè)計。所以我向他們表達誠摯的謝意。
2 升降機的結(jié)構(gòu)和運動原理
2.1 升降機的結(jié)構(gòu)形式與運動原理
2.1.1 機械結(jié)構(gòu)形式
我通過參考了國內(nèi)外升降機的種類和尺寸，決定了設(shè)計的升降機選用單雙叉機構(gòu)，這個升降機有兩個完全相同的液壓缸做著同步運動，讓升降機上升和下降。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)形式為:
圖2.1升降機的基本結(jié)構(gòu)形式
2.2 升降機的機械結(jié)構(gòu)和零件參數(shù)
2.2.1 升降機的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的選擇和確定
因為該升降機的要求是高度不低于5m，且能承受1000kg以上的物品，對比升降機的所有種類，我選擇了液壓系統(tǒng)控制的液壓升降機。本升降機為是存液壓結(jié)構(gòu)，通過液壓系統(tǒng)來控制升降機升降
根據(jù)升降臺的的基本運動原理和工藝參數(shù)來確定升降連桿的長度和截面樣子，液壓缸的工作行程.
因為這個升降臺的最低上升高度為5m，所以理論上支架高度必須大于1.67m。為了方便我們計算和升降機的畫圖，我們就取升降連桿為2.5m長。升降平臺和底座的長度為3m，寬度為1.5m。
3 執(zhí)行元件類型和數(shù)量
3.1 執(zhí)行類型
類型的選擇：
運動形式
往復(fù)直線運動
回轉(zhuǎn)運動
往復(fù)擺動
短行程
長行程
高速
低速
擺動液壓馬達
執(zhí)行元件類型
活塞缸
柱塞缸
液壓馬達和絲杠螺母機構(gòu)
高速液壓馬達
低速液壓馬達
根據(jù)上表的情況，我們要選活塞缸作為我們的執(zhí)行元件。結(jié)合本升降機的特性。我選用了雙規(guī)作用活塞桿無緩沖式液壓缸這個類型的液壓缸。他的符號是：
圖3.1 液壓缸
3.2 執(zhí)行元件的數(shù)量
數(shù)量:本升降機采用了兩個完全相同的液壓缸做著同步運動，所以為兩個。
4 液壓系統(tǒng)的主要參數(shù)
4.1 系統(tǒng)壓力的初步確定
液壓缸的有效工作壓力可以根據(jù)下表確定：
牽引力F（KN）
＜5
5-10
10-20
20-30
30-50
＞50
工作壓力P（Mpa）
＞0.8-1
1.5-2
2.5-3
3-4
4-5
＞5-7
由于液壓缸推力即位10KN，根據(jù)上表，可以初步確定液壓缸的工作壓力為2Mpa
4.2 液壓執(zhí)行元件的主要參數(shù)
4.2.1 液壓缸的作用力
該升降機升降時，液壓缸所作的力都是向上的推力，沒有向下的拉力。在計算時，我們只需要計算液壓缸向上的推力就行了。
回路特點
背壓值
進油路的調(diào)速
1-2×10
進油路調(diào)速回路液裝壓閥
2-5×10
回油路調(diào)速
6-10×10
4.2.2 缸筒內(nèi)徑的確定
為了使活塞桿和活塞與其他零件配合的更加方便液壓缸的內(nèi)徑一般選用標間。這是因為這些零件現(xiàn)在都已經(jīng)標準劃，有專門的尺寸和規(guī)格。這樣選讓我們的機械設(shè)計更加方便。
4.2.3 液壓缸壁厚，最小導(dǎo)向長度，液壓缸長度確定
1.液壓缸壁厚確定
根據(jù)液壓缸結(jié)構(gòu)和工藝要求，液壓缸壁厚一般按薄壁筒計算
2.最小導(dǎo)向長度
活塞的最小導(dǎo)向長度H是活塞桿全部伸到外面時，導(dǎo)向滑動面中點到活塞支撐面的距離，最小導(dǎo)向長度符號為H。如果H過小，那么液壓缸的初始撓度就會變大。我們在設(shè)計中必須要設(shè)計最小導(dǎo)向長度。對一般的液壓缸，液壓缸的行程為l，缸筒直徑為D時，最小導(dǎo)向長是為200cm
圖4.1液壓缸運動示意圖
活塞的寬度一般取A=（0.6-0.1）D。導(dǎo)向長度滑動長度為B。當D小于80mm時，一般B=（0.6-0.1）D。在D=80mm時，一般A=（0.6-0.1）d。當導(dǎo)向長度不夠長時，最好別過分的增大A和B,我們可以加個隔套，隔套的作用是可以增加導(dǎo)向長度。隔套長度是由最小到導(dǎo)向長度來確定的。
5 液壓系統(tǒng)方案的選擇和論證
5.1 油路循環(huán)方式、的分析和選擇
油路循環(huán)方式又開式和閉式，他們的特點及相互比較在下圖所示:
圖5.1開式與閉式的比較
對比上面兩種方式的好壞，我選擇了開式系統(tǒng)。因為這個升降機主機和液壓泵要分開安裝。而且這個升降機的空間足夠大，放油箱是夠的。開式系統(tǒng)剛好能滿足上面的要求。
5.2 開式系統(tǒng)油路組合方式的分析選擇
開式系統(tǒng)按照油路的不同連接方式可以分為串聯(lián)，并聯(lián)，獨聯(lián)，還有它們的組合—復(fù)聯(lián)。
經(jīng)過了對比，我選擇了串聯(lián)。這樣做的好處在是多個液壓元件同時動作時，他的速度不會變化。在輕載的時候，多個輕載元件能一起工作。
5.3 調(diào)速方案的選擇
常用的調(diào)速方案有三種：節(jié)流調(diào)速回路，容積調(diào)速回路和容積節(jié)流調(diào)速回路。本升降機采用了節(jié)流調(diào)速回路，原因是這個回路有以下優(yōu)點：承載能力好，成本低，調(diào)速范圍大。它適用于小功率，輕載或中低壓系統(tǒng)。但是他的速度剛度差，效率低，發(fā)熱大。
5.4 液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖的確定
初步擬定液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖如下所示；見下圖：
圖5.2液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖
6 液壓元件的選擇計算及其連接
6.1 油泵和電機選擇
6.1.1 泵的額定流量和額定壓力
1.泵的額定流量
泵的輸出的流量一般是由系統(tǒng)所需要的最大流量和泄漏量來決定
式中： 泵的輸出流量
K 系統(tǒng)泄漏系數(shù) 一般取K= 1.1-1.3
液壓缸實際需要的最大流量
n 執(zhí)行元件個數(shù)
代入數(shù)據(jù)：
在計算中我們一邊是取溢流閥的最小流量值，一般為：
2. 泵的最高工作壓力
泵的工作壓力應(yīng)該根據(jù)液壓缸的工作壓力來確定
式中： 泵的工作壓力 Pa
執(zhí)行元件的最高工作壓力 Pa
進油路和回油路總的壓力損失。
一般去0.5Pa。
代入數(shù)據(jù)：
因為液壓系統(tǒng)的動態(tài)壓力及油泵的是由使用壽命的。在油泵的選擇時，我們選擇的一般額定壓力比工作壓力大25%—60%左右。所取的額定壓力為4。
6.1.2 電機功率的確定
電機的選擇主要依據(jù)液壓泵的輸出功率。由于在能量傳遞的工程中存在損失，所以為了能量能夠足夠的傳遞液壓泵需要輸入功率比輸出功率大。液壓泵的輸入功率為：
式中： P 液壓泵的實際最高工作壓力 Pa
q 液壓泵的實際流量
液壓泵的輸入功率
理論液壓泵輸出的流量
液壓泵的總效率
液壓泵的機械效率
換算系數(shù)
代入數(shù)據(jù)：
電機的功率也可以在書上找。根據(jù)《機械設(shè)計手冊》，可以查到電機的驅(qū)動功率是4。本設(shè)計以技術(shù)手冊的數(shù)據(jù)為標準 ，取電機的功率為4。
根據(jù)上述計算過程，現(xiàn)在可以進行電機的選取，本液壓系統(tǒng)為一般液壓系統(tǒng)，通常選取三相異步電動機就能夠滿足要求，初步確定電機的功率和相關(guān)參數(shù)如下：
型號：
額定功率：4
滿載時轉(zhuǎn)速：
電流：
效率： 85.5%
凈重： 45Kg
額定轉(zhuǎn)矩：
電機的安裝形式為 型，其參數(shù)為：
基座號：112M 極數(shù)：4 國際標準基座號：
液壓泵為三螺桿泵，其參數(shù)如下：
規(guī)格：
標定粘度： 10
轉(zhuǎn)速： 2900
壓力： 4
流量： 26.6
功率： 4
吸入口直徑： mm 25
排出口直徑： mm 20
重量： Kg 11
允許吸上真空高度： m() 5
6.1.3 連軸器的選用
連軸器的選擇應(yīng)根據(jù)負載情況，計算轉(zhuǎn)矩，軸端直徑和工作轉(zhuǎn)速來選擇。
計算轉(zhuǎn)矩由下式求出：
式中： 需用轉(zhuǎn)矩，見各連軸器標準
驅(qū)動功率
工作轉(zhuǎn)速
工況系數(shù) 取為1.5
據(jù)此可以選擇連軸器的型號如下：
名稱： 撓性連軸器彈性套柱銷連軸器
6.2 控制閥的選用
液壓系統(tǒng)應(yīng)盡可能多的由標準液壓控制元件組成。液壓控制元件的主要選擇是看及該閥的最大流量以及這個元件所在油路的最大壓力。
6.2.1 壓力控制閥
選用的型號為DBDS6G10最低調(diào)節(jié)壓力是5MPa。 它的流量為40L/min。它的介質(zhì)溫度：
6.2.2 流量控制閥
流量控制閥的選用原則如下：
壓力：系統(tǒng)壓力的變化必須在閥的額定壓力之內(nèi)。
流量：通過流量控制閥的流量應(yīng)小于該閥的額定流量。
測量范圍：流量控制閥的流量調(diào)節(jié)范圍必須大于系統(tǒng)要求的流量范圍。同時，選擇調(diào)速閥和節(jié)流閥的時，選用的閥的最小穩(wěn)定流量也應(yīng)滿足執(zhí)行元件的最低穩(wěn)定速度要求。這個升降機的液壓系統(tǒng)中，流量控制閥有兩種類型的閥，分別是分流閥和單向分流閥。
單向分流閥的型號是：
型號： FDL-B10H 公稱通徑：10mm
公稱流量: P,O口 40L/min A，B口 20L/min
連接方式：管式連接 重量：4Kg
分流閥的型號為：FL-B10
其余參數(shù)與單向分流閥相同。
6.2.3 方向控制閥
方向控制閥的選用原則如下：
壓力：液壓系統(tǒng)的最大壓力應(yīng)低于閥的額定壓力
流量：流經(jīng)方向控制閥最大流量一般不大于閥的流量。
滑閥機能：滑閥機能之換向閥處于中位時的通路形式。
操縱方式：選擇合適的操縱方式，如手動，電動，液動等。
在該系統(tǒng)中，方向控制閥是指電磁換向閥。所選擇的換向閥型號如下：
型號：4WE5E5OF 額定流量：15L/min
消耗功率：26KW 電源電壓：
工作壓力：A.B.P腔 T腔： 重量：1.4Kg
6.3 管路，過濾器，其他輔助元件的選擇計算
6.3.1 管路
本設(shè)計中只計算主管路中油管的尺寸。
1.吸油管尺寸
油管的直徑由管內(nèi)也提到流速而定，其公式為：
式中： d 油管直徑 mm
Q 油管內(nèi)液體的流量
油管內(nèi)的允許流速
對吸油管，取 ，本設(shè)計中?。?
代入數(shù)據(jù)：
取圓整值為：
2.回油管尺寸
回油管尺寸與上述計算過程相同：，取為
代入數(shù)據(jù)：
取圓整值為：
3.壓力油管
壓力油管： ，本設(shè)計中取為：
代入數(shù)據(jù)：
取圓整值為：
4.油管壁厚：
我們選用橡膠軟管，因為它裝配方便，能吸收液壓系統(tǒng)中的沖擊和振動。它采用的橡膠軟管其規(guī)格如下：
內(nèi)徑： 10mm
外徑： 型 17.5—19.7mm
工作壓力：型 16
最小彎曲半徑：130mm
6.3.2 過濾器的選擇
根據(jù)本升降機的規(guī)格和液壓系統(tǒng)特點，我選用的過濾器是燒結(jié)式過濾器，型號及具體參數(shù)如下所示：
型號： 流量：
過濾精度： 接口尺寸：
工作壓力： 壓力損失:
6.3.3 輔件的選擇
1.溫度計的選擇
本升降機選用接觸時溫度計來測量溫度，接觸式溫度計分為膨脹式和壓力式。我選用膨脹式，其相關(guān)參數(shù)如下：
型號：
2.壓力表選擇
壓力表安裝于便于觀察的地方。其選擇如下：
型號：Y-60
測量范圍：
名稱：一般彈簧管壓力表
6.4 液壓元件的連接
6.4.1 液壓裝置的總體布置
我選用了集中式布置作為本升降機的布置方式。這種布置是將液壓系統(tǒng)的油源、控制及調(diào)節(jié)裝置至于主機之外，構(gòu)成獨立的液壓站。這種布置方式主要用于固定式液壓設(shè)備。他的優(yōu)點是裝配、維修方便。
6.4.2 液壓元件的連接
液壓元件的連接有：管式連接、板式連接，集中式連接三種。這里介紹整體式連接中的整體式閥板。它是本液壓系統(tǒng)中將要采用的連接方式。整體式閥板的油路的優(yōu)點是可靠性好，應(yīng)用較多。
6.5 油箱的容積
初始設(shè)計時，可依據(jù)使用情況，按照經(jīng)驗公式確定油箱容積：
式中: 油箱的容積
液壓泵的流量
經(jīng)驗系數(shù)
見下表：
表6.1油箱容積
本升降機為為中壓系統(tǒng)，取=5，則油箱的容量可以確定為:
7 液壓系統(tǒng)性能驗算
液壓系統(tǒng)性能估算的目的在于評估設(shè)計質(zhì)量。對于大多數(shù)要求一般的系統(tǒng)來講，只采用一些簡化公式進行驗算，定性說明情況。
1.系統(tǒng)壓力損失驗算
系統(tǒng)壓力損失有管道內(nèi)沿程損失。還有局部損失以及法類元件的局部損失之和。所以我們要分開計算，因此某一階段的系統(tǒng)總的壓力損失為：
式中： 系統(tǒng)進油路的壓力總損失
系統(tǒng)回油路的壓力總損失
現(xiàn)在根據(jù)上式計算液壓系統(tǒng)工作過程中的壓力損失。
液壓油在管內(nèi)的流速：
根據(jù)油管尺寸的計算項目，取
可見液流為層流。
管子當量長度及總長度：標準彎頭2個
所以：
各閥的壓力損失為：
分流閥： 0.6
換向閥為：0.04
油路的總壓力損失為：
由此得出液壓系統(tǒng)泵的出口壓力為：
2.系統(tǒng)的總效率驗算
液壓泵的總效率與液壓泵的總效率，回路總效率及執(zhí)行元件的效率有關(guān)，其計算式為：
同時動作的液壓執(zhí)行元件的工作壓力與輸入流量的乘積之和
同時供油的液壓泵的工作壓力與輸出流量乘積之和
根據(jù)上式得：48.5%
液壓系統(tǒng)總效率為：
致 謝
這次的畢業(yè)設(shè)計是在老師的悉心指導(dǎo)下完成的。從課題的選擇、設(shè)計到論文的撰寫以至最終定稿，期間遇到很多很多問題，都得到了老師全力細心的指導(dǎo)。在此，向老師表示衷心的感謝！
感謝機械系的所有老師和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)多年來對我的培養(yǎng)、幫助，使本人在本科學(xué)習(xí)中不僅學(xué)到了必備的專業(yè)知識技能和思考解決問題的方法，還學(xué)到了嚴謹治學(xué)的科研精神和積極進取的人生態(tài)度。謝謝各位老師的精心培養(yǎng)，熱心幫助和鼓勵。
感謝老師所帶畢業(yè)設(shè)計小組的所有同學(xué)，正是大家衷心的鼓勵和熱情的幫助，才使我能夠順利地完成本次設(shè)計。
同時，感謝機械專業(yè)的所有同學(xué)，給我創(chuàng)造了一個團結(jié)進取，充滿溫暖，充滿愛的大集體，使我快樂而且充實地渡過了人生中最美好的大學(xué)時光。
參考文獻
[1]雷天覺.新編液壓工程手冊[M]. 北京：北京理工大學(xué)出版社,2013:44-48.
[2]黃宏甲,黃誼,王積偉. 液壓與氣壓傳動[M]. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社,2011:123-124.
[3] 劉連山.流體傳動與控制[M]. 北京：人民交通出版社,2012:223-227.
[4] 張利平,鄧鐘明.液壓氣動系統(tǒng)設(shè)計手冊[J].北京：機械工業(yè)出版社,2013,(02):12-18.
[5] 成大先.機械設(shè)計手冊[M]. 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2012:15-18.
[6] 成大先.機械設(shè)計手冊[M].化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2013:33-35.
[7] 路甬祥.液壓氣動設(shè)計手冊[M].北京：機械工業(yè)出版社,2014:55-57.
[8] 張景松.流體力學(xué)[M].中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,2014:22-28.
[9] 張景松.流體機械[M].中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,2010:156-158.
[10] 趙如福.金屬機械加工工藝人員手冊[M].上海：上海科技技術(shù)出版社,2011:15-18.
[11] 王豐.機電傳動控制[M].中國計量出版社,2012:17-25.
[12] 王積偉.液壓與氣壓傳動[M].機械工業(yè)出版社,2010:12-18.
[13] 王啟平.機床夾具設(shè)計[M].哈爾濱：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,2010:18-20.
[14] 韓成石等.液壓傳動與控制技術(shù)[M].北京:煤炭工業(yè)出版社,2014:66-67.
[15] 張耀宸.機械加工工藝設(shè)計實用手冊[M].北京:航空工業(yè)出版社,2013:88-89.
24
畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）任務(wù)書
系 部
指導(dǎo)教師
職 稱
學(xué)生姓名
專業(yè)班級
學(xué) 號
論文題目
升降機的設(shè)計
論
文
內(nèi)
容
目
標
及
進
度
要
求
內(nèi)容
1、了解升降機的種類及適用的環(huán)境；
2、掌握升降機的結(jié)構(gòu)、工作原理；
3、所設(shè)計的升降機，要求：的高度不低于5m，并能承受1000±50；
要求：
1、 收集資料（相關(guān)的書籍5本以上，文獻資料不少于10篇）；
2、 繪制工作原理圖（機械、電氣圖）；
3、 將機械圖繪制成三維裝配圖；
4、 撰寫論文要符合論文規(guī)范要求，不少于10000字；
5、 翻譯相關(guān)英文文獻一篇，不少于3000字（英譯漢）。
進度
1、1—5 周，主要進行畢業(yè)設(shè)計準備工作，熟悉題目，收集資料，進行畢業(yè)實習(xí)，明確研究目的和任務(wù)，撰寫開題報告，構(gòu)思總體方案；
2、6—10周，設(shè)計計算，繪圖；
3、11—13周，編寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文，準備畢業(yè)設(shè)計答辯。
指導(dǎo)教師簽名：
年 月 日
系 部
審 核
此表由指導(dǎo)教師填寫 由所在系部審核
開題報告
課題名稱
升降機的設(shè)計
課題類型
實踐應(yīng)用型
指導(dǎo)教師
學(xué)生姓名
學(xué) 號
專業(yè)班級
本課題的研究現(xiàn)狀、研究目的及意義
研究現(xiàn)狀：
對垂直運送的需求與人類的文明一樣久遠，最早的升降機使用人力、畜力和水力來提升重量。升降裝置直到工業(yè)革命前都一直依靠這些基本的動力方式。?
1854年，奧蒂斯把他的試驗臺設(shè)在紐約貿(mào)易展覽會上。當有了大批觀眾后，他便跨入升降機，并邀請一位觀眾割斷纜索。升降機僅僅下降了五六厘米。最后，安全升降機停了下來。??
到19世紀末，升降機常見于辦公室和套房公寓里。電動的和液壓的兩種機械裝置都用于推動升降廂。?
經(jīng)過上百年的發(fā)展，升降機技術(shù)已經(jīng)相當成熟了。升降機自由升降的特點目前已經(jīng)廣泛運用于市政維修，碼頭、物流中心貨物運輸，建筑裝潢等，升降機已經(jīng)融入了人們的日常生活。?
研究目的和意義：
本課程設(shè)計是大學(xué)生在完成大學(xué)四年等專業(yè)課學(xué)習(xí)之后進行的綜合性實踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)，總的目的是在老師的指導(dǎo)下，使學(xué)生通過課程設(shè)計，對所學(xué)的理論知識進行一次系統(tǒng)的回顧檢查復(fù)習(xí)和提高，并運用所學(xué)的理論知識，通過調(diào)研，設(shè)計一個升降機收到從理論到實踐應(yīng)用的綜合訓(xùn)練，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨立運用所學(xué)理論解決具體問題的能力，具體有以下幾點：?
?一、通過檢索查閱運用有關(guān)手冊、標準及參考資料，培養(yǎng)起學(xué)生檢索查閱資料、實用資料的方法和能力。?
?二、通過檢索查閱課程理論知識，運用所學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)課，專業(yè)技術(shù)課和專業(yè)課知識，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生根據(jù)實際問題正確設(shè)計總體方案，分析具體問題，進行工程設(shè)計能力。
本課題的研究內(nèi)容
（1）熟悉了解升降機的種類及適用的環(huán)境。
（2）裝我升降機的結(jié)構(gòu)、工作原理；
（3）確定本次設(shè)計的整體方案設(shè)計升降機各個部位，然后用UG或ProE完成仿真造型，并作出運動仿真和爆炸圖；
（4）提交整體裝配圖、主要零部件圖紙和設(shè)計說明書等相關(guān)設(shè)計分析結(jié)果；
（5）基本參數(shù)要求：高度不低于5M，并能承受1000±50Kg。
課題類型：課題類型： A-理論探究型 B-實踐應(yīng)用型
本課題的研究內(nèi)容
本課題在現(xiàn)有各類玩具機械鴨的基礎(chǔ)之上設(shè)計出一種可以按指令實現(xiàn)各種動作的機械小黃鴨，能實現(xiàn)點頭、搖頭、展翅等動作。具體內(nèi)容包括:
第一章：緒論。簡要介紹了機械小黃鴨所屬的玩具行業(yè)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，國內(nèi)外目前的該類玩具的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀和優(yōu)缺點，并簡要概述本畢業(yè)設(shè)計的研究內(nèi)容。
第二章：機械小黃鴨的總體方案設(shè)計。說明了機械小黃鴨的設(shè)計要求和性能指標，并提出了機械和電路的總體方案設(shè)計。
第三章：機械系統(tǒng)詳細設(shè)計。概述本畢業(yè)設(shè)計中，機械小黃鴨各部分的機械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計。
第四章：小黃鴨的外形設(shè)計。本次設(shè)計作品可以歸屬為玩具一類，故按網(wǎng)絡(luò)上人氣最高的小黃鴨外形進行設(shè)計與改造。
第五章：各動作的原理和實現(xiàn)。說明各運動的實現(xiàn)方式，從而提出實現(xiàn)該動作的機械結(jié)構(gòu)，最終實現(xiàn)各個動作。
第六章：總結(jié)和展望。總結(jié)課題設(shè)計，指出設(shè)計中的一些問題，提出改善的意見，并展望機械小黃鴨甚至是國內(nèi)玩具類行業(yè)的未來設(shè)計。
本課題研究的實施方案、進度安排
進度安排:
第8周：準備資料，查閱相關(guān)資料，完成準備工作；
? 第9-10周：完成機構(gòu)的方案設(shè)計和工作原理設(shè)計；?
第11周：完成整體裝配圖和主要零部件圖等所有圖紙；?
第12周：完成仿真設(shè)計和論文初稿；?
第13周：完成論文；?
第14?周：?論文答辯。
已查閱的主要參考文獻
[1]?錢瑞明.機械設(shè)計[M].?北京：高等教育出版社，2015.?
[2]?王宏宇.機械制造工藝基礎(chǔ)[M].?北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2014.
[3]?成大先.機械設(shè)計手冊[M].?北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2015.
[4]?成大先.機械設(shè)計手冊[M].?北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社.?2016?
[5]?張瑩.機械設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)[M].?北京:機械工業(yè)出版社.?2015（7）?
[6]?葉玉駒.機械制圖手冊[M].?北京:機械工業(yè)出版社.?2014?
[7]?劉建素.常用機械零件及機構(gòu)圖冊[M].?北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2015
[8]?羅圣國.機械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計手冊[M].北京:高等教育出版社，2014
[9]申永勝.機械原理教程[M].北京:清華大學(xué)出版社，2015
指導(dǎo)教師意見
指導(dǎo)教師簽名：
年 月 日
2-2
目 錄
1 英文文獻翻譯 1
1.1Design Of A Lift 1
1.2中文翻譯 11
2 專業(yè)閱讀書目 17
2.1 材料力學(xué) 17
2.2 機械原理 17
2.3 液壓與氣壓傳動 17
2.4 機械制造裝備設(shè)計 17
2.5 工程材料 17
2.6 現(xiàn)代工圖學(xué) 17
2.7 互換性與技術(shù)測量 18
2.8 機械制造技術(shù) 18
2.9理論力學(xué) 18
3.0機械設(shè)計 18
1
1 英文文獻翻譯
1.1Design Of A Lift
Hydraulic lifting platform is a versatile crane lifting equipment, widely used in factories, docks, construction, transportation, sports, equipment maintenance and other high-altitude operations and maintenance. Existing hydraulic lifting platform there are many, can be roughly divided into: four-wheel mobile lifting platform, push-type lift platform, car load lifting platform, fixed platform lift, scissor lift platform, four-post lift The two column lift and so on.
In recent years, with the rapid increase in the use of cars, China's booming auto industry, especially the car industry. This makes the auto repair industry has grown, demand for automotive maintenance equipment rapid expansion, but also the maintenance requirements in the automotive tools and equipment requirements on the increasingly high lift vehicle repair workshop is essential and most important maintenance machinery and equipment. The role of auto lift car is in need of repair, a smooth upgrade to the appropriate height, so that maintenance workers at the bottom of the car chassis maintenance and inspection. Generally divided into high column car lift and scissors. Either way, are required to meet the synchronous lifting the car, cornering can not happen, and asked for the empty chassis bottom for easy maintenance workers for maintenance work which requires lifting platform synchronous lifting, running smoothly. Therefore, maintenance of the car lifting platform equipment is generally driven by hydraulic system.
With the expanding service sector, as well as the further development of automation, the maintenance staff to reduce labor intensity, making the easy maintenance, and can better improve the efficiency of vehicle maintenance, and car maintenance service quality, so the hydraulic lift Platform automation requirements are also rising. Vehicle maintenance is currently required to meet the synchronization control, lifting the platform lift system depends mainly on the hydraulic system and electrical control and drive systems, but the lift platform is currently owned by the widespread leakage, internal leakage, short life, the operation not flexible, synchronous operation and low defects. To avoid these disadvantages, require more precise synchronization to ensure that the hydraulic lifting platform lift precision, and now most of the hydraulic lifting platform simultaneously phasing out all traditional hydraulic valves, the use of more precise control of the new electro-hydraulic servo valve, electro-hydraulic proportional digital electro-hydraulic valve and valve to control the hydraulic system, to achieve synchronization and high precision. As a form of electro-hydraulic proportional valve type of diverse, easy to use composition of a variety of electrical and computer-controlled hydraulic system, control of high precision, installation flexibility and strong anti-pollution and many other advantages.
Currently used in the automotive repair Hydraulic synchronous lift platform vehicle maintenance plays an important role in synchronous lifting platform on a variety of hydraulic valves, hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic pump station innovation and improvement, making a hydraulic lifting platform synchronization smooth running, low noise, fast response, high precision synchronization of the repair and maintenance in the car played a crucial role.
With the hydraulic lift platform in the automotive repair industry, application and further improvement and innovation in the maintenance of hydraulic lifting platform has the car can achieve more complex functions, the structure of the platform, drive on, and a variety of control systems, has been greatly improved. The current lift platform lift system is mainly driven by the hydraulic system, of course, do not rely on hydraulic pressure, as well as dual-use diesel electric rotary lift platform, now appeared battery driven lift platform, continuously variable transmission can be achieved with safer, more convenient and low noise advantages. Lifting platform is currently widespread leakage, internal leakage, short life, the operation is not flexible, synchronous operation and low defects. To avoid these disadvantages, require more precise synchronization to ensure that the hydraulic lifting platform lift precision, and now most of the hydraulic lifting platform simultaneously phasing out all traditional hydraulic valves, the use of more precise control of the new electro-hydraulic servo valve, electro-hydraulic proportional digital electro-hydraulic valve and valve to control the hydraulic system, to achieve synchronization and high precision. As a form of electro-hydraulic proportional valve type of diverse, easy to use composition of a variety of electrical and computer-controlled hydraulic system, control of high precision, installation flexibility and strong anti-pollution and many other advantages, applications become increasingly broadened.
In China, although synchronous hydraulic lifting platform for such development, production started late, but with China's rapid economic development, in order to adapt to China in various fields used by the synchronous hydraulic lifting platform development needs and take the large-scale, standardized , intensive, product support services, achieving mechanical, electrical, fluid integration platform in the application of synchronous movements. The use of synchronous hydraulic lifting platform surface, the service has been expanding, is now in rapid development stage, and now hydraulic lifting platform reliability, security, easy operation and simple directness, and other aspects greatly improved, and with the the popularity and development of computer and mechanical, electrical, fluid integration progress of the study, major domestic and foreign companies have to compete with the computer (electronic) control system to improve overall performance and reduce the use of hydraulic components, machine, reducing the whole size and weight, improve the sensitivity of control and synchronization accuracy. In particular, the manufacturers actively introducing and digesting foreign advanced technology, development of new varieties, improving product technology and quality level, has been part of the hydraulic lifting platform synchronized at or close to the international level of similar products.
Currently used in the automotive repair Hydraulic synchronous lift platform vehicle maintenance plays an important role in synchronous lifting platform on a variety of hydraulic valves, hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic pump station innovation and improvement, making a hydraulic lifting platform synchronization Smooth running, low noise, fast response, high precision synchronization, for the repair and maintenance of the car plays an irreplaceable role in a wide range prospects. Therefore, the lifting platform for further research and improvement, optimize system performance and structure to further improve to make up for the shortcomings of existing technology has important significance.
The subject of the design of the hydraulic lifting platform main use of theoretical research and design, through the understanding and study of the hydraulic system, as well as existing control technologies and more in-depth research and development, in the hydraulic system components and further understanding and learning , Combined with the modernization of hydraulic components and automation and control components within the hydraulic control through traditional high-tech components and control elements of existing comparative and comprehensive application of the traditional hydraulic system, based on the research and design more innovative set of machines , Electricity, liquid in one of the hydraulic control system, makes the system more stable and faster to achieve the advantages.
Hydraulic lift platform system, requires the ability to achieve four-wheeled vehicles in a controlled synchronous lifting height lifting range, to achieve safe and reliable control of the two front, two rear, two revolvers, two rounds of synchronous lifting the right and to ensure synchronous movements accuracy. The hydraulic lift system also must have a fast response speed, hydraulic power units, small size, compact structure, large power weight ratio, ease of manipulation and control, labor-saving convenience and easy to implement automated, with overload protection for high reliability requirements system, excellent technical performance, while ensuring synchronous hydraulic lifting platform can be anywhere in the vertical direction on a longer time (60 min or longer) within a reliable locking, the system can work continuously and reliably, the system energy efficient, easy to maintain low cost. Hydraulic lift platform to meet system design requirements, synchronous movements smooth, and the design to achieve the functional requirements, develop the system closed-loop control of hydraulic systems, hydraulic systems used to satisfy the synchronization requirements of precision and control to achieve the four-wheeled vehicles in a controlled synchronous lifting height lifting range, to achieve safe and reliable control of the two front, two rear, two revolvers, two rounds of synchronous lifting the right and to ensure the accuracy of synchronous movements.
To meet the synchronous lifting hydraulic system, the system needs to have synchronization control device to achieve synchronization. Synchronization of hydraulic system is currently running multiple control methods, mainly mechanical synchronization method, pump or motor parallel method, double rod cylinder in series, control valve, synchronizer, synchronization control valve circuit, servo and so on.
According to the design of machinery and equipment requirements for the realization of a better two-car front-wheel, two rear, two revolvers, two synchronous lifting the right wheel, respectively, the flexible control, the design of the four hydraulic cylinders used for its intended to achieve their respective parts of the wheel lift and flexible control. Synchronization to achieve higher accuracy and more flexible control, the design does not use the traditional control valves to control, but intends to adopt more new electro-hydraulic proportional control valve to control. Electro-hydraulic proportional control valve is between the ordinary hydraulic valve and servo valve between a fluid control valves, servo valves with similar functions, but also has its specific advantages. Proportional solenoid valve is replaced by the proportion of ordinary hydraulic valve adjustment and control devices and form, it can be given input voltage or current signal proportional continuous, remote control of the direction of flow, pressure and flow. Reasonable use of electro-hydraulic proportional control valve can improve the automation and accuracy, and simplify the system. Commonly used proportional valve can be divided into: proportional pressure valve, proportional flow valves and proportional directional valve three.
The design uses electro-hydraulic proportional control system, closed-loop feedback control system, the detection by the sensor and fed back through the electro-hydraulic proportional plc valve, electro-hydraulic proportional control valve opening size corresponding to the achievement of the hydraulic cylinder to achieve synchronous lifting control accuracy. To ensure the hydraulic cylinder to achieve at work to ensure self-locking, hydraulic system should be in each cylinder fuel supply system with check valve to achieve self-lock function to ensure the safety of hydraulic lifting platform. Overload protection to ensure the realization of the hydraulic system, hydraulic system relief valve in the hydraulic pump that needs to be installed to ensure the safety of the system to provide a certain pressure. Oil to the system to meet the system requirements to run and quality of hydraulic oil, hydraulic system should be in the inlet and outlet port to install filters. In order to meet the hydraulic system can be fully automated, the system of hydraulic directional control valve solenoid valve are used. In order to better respond to energy problems, you can, where necessary, instead of using the accumulator motor-driven pump provides the pressure accumulator to provide the direct use of the hydraulic cylinder pressure to meet the relevant sport.
In order to achieve self-locking hydraulic cylinder to the function of the hydraulic system in the bottom of each cylinder are equipped with check valve, check valve can achieve one-way self-locking, two-way communication function of the oil. In order to provide security to meet the hydraulic system pressure, not suddenly as high pressure hydraulic system of the adverse effects or even damage some of the hydraulic components, so as a safety valve with pressure relief valve to prevent hydraulic overload protection. In order to achieve automation of the hydraulic system to meet the simultaneous operation of the system is more accurate, and the realization of the system's high efficiency, rapid response requirements, the use of electro-hydraulic proportional directional control valve to high precision, fast response to the synchronization control. Most of the traditional manual control valve, which controlled comparison machinery, it is difficult to achieve automation. Electromagnetic valve, use the pull solenoid valve to control the direction of control of the commutation circuit to achieve better automated results. Shunt valve assembly, also known as synchronous valve, is a hydraulic diversion valve, valve functions in one set of the independent hydraulic device. Shunt valve synchronization is the set speed sync, that is, when two or more cylinders cylinder under different loads, respectively, the shunt valve set pressure and flow through the sensitive internal components automatically adjust the fuel tank of exercise to maintain synchronization. Shunt valve assembly is mainly used in multi-cylinder hydraulic cylinder and the synchronization control system. Split set by the synchronous control flow valve hydraulic system has a simple structure, low cost, design, sets, debugging and ease of use, reliability and many other advantages, which shunt valve assembly in the hydraulic system has been widely used, so there will also be a reasonable set of flow diversion valve used to achieve simultaneous control of two hydraulic cylinders. In the hydraulic system, the oil cleanliness of the normal operation of the hydraulic system has a vital role, so the oil pump and fuel tank return port port filters have been installed in order to ensure that the cleaning fluid degrees, which is an indispensable circuit hydraulic system attachment.
In this system, due to the beneficial effects of gravity, the decline in the course of lifting platform, you can completely rely on gravity to provide power, where only one-way valve on the hydraulic control valve port for remote control of the pressure to provide, in under the action of gravity to allow check valve can be decreased to achieve oil return channel, as the pressure is not big, so no need to re-use of oil pump drive motors to achieve the check valve through the oil pressure can be used directly to provide the pressure accumulator, so the treatment, not only simplifies the system control, and can better save energy and avoid frequent start the motor, can effectively extend the life of the motor and pump, and to improve the efficient use of the hydraulic system, which can be said that the biggest advantage of the system design.
Hydraulic platform of exercise is to achieve the various hydraulic cylinders rise and fall, but the rise and fall during the lifting phase will be a period in the acceleration of movement, until the required speed to the speed, the platform will achieve a uniform motion and then decelerate to stop. Throughout the campaign process, the hydraulic lifting platform mainly by the external load platform of the car's own weight of gravity and composition. Therefore, the size of the external load is relatively stable and unchanging, and only in the acceleration phase of operation of the entire platform will have a maximum load.
Hydraulic lifting platform synchronized variety of mechanical structure, a four-wheel mobile lifting platform, elevating platform vehicle-mounted, fixed landing platform, sets of cylinder-type lift platform, four-column lifting platform, the two-column lifting platform, scissor Lifting platform, and other mechanical structure, and mechanical structure of different ways to achieve different movements to meet the different, specific ways of working and working environment.
The design of synchronous hydraulic lifting platform is designed to meet the car repair industry in the use of lifting platform. Maintenance workers to consider maintenance when the car convenient and comfortable, you need to lift the car a certain height, but such use conditions, most of the requirements of hydraulic lifting platform is fixed, so the fixed hydraulic lift platform. While the four cylinder design can be fixed in the foundation, and to consider their own characteristics and the hydraulic cylinder the height, you can dig a pit in the maintenance shop type of foundation, the four cylinder bolts to fully firmly fixed to the ground by on. In order to be able to check and repair chassis, hydraulic lifting platform not designed for the whole plate fixed on the hydraulic cylinder in the bottom four shelves, is thoughtful, I designed the mechanical structure to meet the four-wheel placed in the middle hollow of the platform structure, so that not only meet the maintenance requirements, but also save a portion of material, making the structure more simple and beautiful. Taking into account the car body as a whole if there is a need to use floating platform from the condition, for example, remove the wheels need repair or need to dress up tires, etc., are required to meet all hold up the whole body, this, this design in each set of two plates of another set of lifting devices, lifting devices to facilitate use of the vehicle chassis will hold up, to achieve overall body vacant. To consider the overall open on the car platform, hold up the car fixed and plate lifting devices, and can be used scissor lift to reach the level of a structure. The biggest advantage of using this structure is not hold up in the chassis to the plate when retracted within this structure, so that the overall structure is beautiful and practical. To meet the car on the platform do not slip and stable place on the platform, placed on the plate anti-slip skid plate.
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The design is based on the ratio of the hydraulic cylinder piston rod valve position control system, namely the use of PLC control signal generated by electro-hydraulic proportional valve driver to control the exact location of the hydraulic cylinder. Hydraulic cylinder piston rod displacement sensor displacement feedback signal output by the A / D converted into digital signals into the computer, the PLC signals within a given comparison, and the control algorithm according to the set after the output control signal, after D / A converted to ana
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