CA6140車床主軸箱體工藝分析及鏜夾具設(shè)計(jì)
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內(nèi)容摘要: 本設(shè)計(jì)要求“以質(zhì)量求發(fā)展,以效益求生存”,在保證零件加工質(zhì)量的前提下,提高了生產(chǎn)率,降低了生產(chǎn)成本,是國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)代機(jī)械加工工藝的主要發(fā)展方面方向之一。通過對(duì)60140 主軸箱體零件圖的分析及結(jié)構(gòu)形式的了解,從而對(duì)主軸箱體進(jìn)行工藝分析、工藝說明及加工過程的技術(shù)要求和精度分析。然后再對(duì)主軸箱體的底孔、軸承孔的加工進(jìn)行夾具設(shè)計(jì)與精度和誤差分析,該工藝與夾具設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果能應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)要求。
關(guān) 鍵 詞:主軸箱 加工工藝 定位 夾具設(shè)計(jì)
Abstract:This Paper requires that with quality beg development, with benefits seek to live on to store . Under the prerequisite of guaranteeing the quality of element processing , raising productivity and reducing production cost is one of mainly direction of domestic and international modern machining technology developing. Through knowing and analysis the configuration of the casing part drawing for WH212 gear reducer, we master how to analysis the process , make process explanation , analysis the technical requirement and the precision of gear reducer. Then , we should carry out the design of clamping apparatus and analysis the precision and error for the processing of bearing hole and the base hole of the casing of gear reducer.In the last,this technology and the design result of clamping apparatus can be applied` in production requirement.
Key words:principal axis processing technology Fixed position Tongs design
1 前 言
加工工藝及夾具畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是對(duì)所學(xué)專業(yè)知識(shí)的一次鞏固,是在進(jìn)行社會(huì)實(shí)踐之前對(duì)所學(xué)各課程的一次深入的綜合性的總復(fù)習(xí),也是理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的訓(xùn)練。
機(jī)床夾具已成為機(jī)械加工中的重要裝備。機(jī)床夾具的設(shè)計(jì)和使用是促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的重要工藝措施之一。隨著我國機(jī)械工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的不斷發(fā)展,機(jī)床夾具的改進(jìn)和創(chuàng)造已成為廣大機(jī)械工人和技術(shù)人員在技術(shù)革新中的一項(xiàng)重要任務(wù)。
1.1 課題背景及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
材料、結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝是產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的物質(zhì)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ),一方面,技術(shù)制約著設(shè)計(jì);另一方面,技術(shù)也推動(dòng)著設(shè)計(jì)。從設(shè)計(jì)美學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)看,技術(shù)不僅僅是物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)還具有其本身的“功能”作用,只要善于應(yīng)用材料的特性,予以相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和適當(dāng)?shù)募庸すに?,就能夠?chuàng)造出實(shí)用、美觀、經(jīng)濟(jì)的產(chǎn)品,即在產(chǎn)品中發(fā)揮技術(shù)潛在的“功能”。
技術(shù)是產(chǎn)品形態(tài)發(fā)展的先導(dǎo),新材料、新工藝的出現(xiàn),必然給產(chǎn)品帶來新的結(jié)構(gòu),新的形態(tài)和新的造型風(fēng)格。材料、加工工藝、結(jié)構(gòu)和產(chǎn)品形象有機(jī)地聯(lián)系在一起的,某個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的變革,便會(huì)引起整個(gè)機(jī)體的變化。
工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,對(duì)產(chǎn)品的品種和生產(chǎn)率提出了愈來愈高的要求,使多品種,對(duì)中小批生產(chǎn)作為機(jī)械生產(chǎn)的主流,為了適應(yīng)機(jī)械生產(chǎn)的這種發(fā)展趨勢(shì),必然對(duì)
機(jī)床夾具提出更高的要求。
1.2 夾具的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及夾具設(shè)計(jì)的內(nèi)容
按在夾具中的作用,地位結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),組成夾具的元件可以劃分為以下幾類:
(1)定位元件及定位裝置;
(2)夾緊元件及定位裝置(或者稱夾緊機(jī)構(gòu));
(3)夾具體;
(4)對(duì)刀、引導(dǎo)元件及裝置(包括刀具導(dǎo)向元件、對(duì)刀裝置及靠模裝置等);
(5)動(dòng)力裝置;
(6)分度、對(duì)定裝置;
每個(gè)夾具不一定所有的各類元件都具備,如手動(dòng)夾具就沒有動(dòng)力裝置,一般的車床夾具不一定有刀具導(dǎo)向元件及分度裝置。反之,按照加工等方面的要求,有些夾具上還需要設(shè)有其它裝置及機(jī)構(gòu),例如在有的自動(dòng)化夾具中必須有上下料裝置。
專用夾具的設(shè)計(jì)主要是對(duì)以下幾項(xiàng)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì):
(1)定位裝置的設(shè)計(jì);
(2)夾緊裝置的設(shè)計(jì);
(3)對(duì)刀、引導(dǎo)裝置的設(shè)計(jì);
(4)夾具體的設(shè)計(jì);
(5)其他元件及裝置的設(shè)計(jì)。
2 主軸箱體加工工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)
2.1零件的作用
題目給出的零件是C6140主軸箱體,它的主要的作用是用來支承、固定的。它的主要任務(wù)是將主電機(jī)傳來的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)經(jīng)過一系列的變速機(jī)構(gòu)使主軸得到所需的正反兩種轉(zhuǎn)向的不同轉(zhuǎn)速,同時(shí)主軸箱分出部分動(dòng)力將運(yùn)動(dòng)傳給進(jìn)給箱。主軸箱中的主軸是車床的關(guān)鍵零件。主軸在軸承上運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的平穩(wěn)性直接影響工件的加工質(zhì)量,一旦主軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)精度降低,則機(jī)床的使用價(jià)值也將大打折扣。
2.2零件的工藝分析
零件的材料為HT200,灰鑄鐵生產(chǎn)工藝簡(jiǎn)單,鑄造性能優(yōu)良,減震性能良好。傳動(dòng)箱體需要加工表面以及加工表面的位置要求?,F(xiàn)分析如下:
(1)主要加工面:
1)銑上下平面保證尺寸100mm,平行度誤差為0.03
2)銑側(cè)面保證尺寸62與20與下平面的平行度誤差為0.02
3)鏜上、下面平面各孔至所要求尺寸,并保證各位誤差要求
4)鉆側(cè)面4—M6螺紋孔
5)鉆孔攻絲底平面各孔
(2)主要基準(zhǔn)面:
1)以下平面為基準(zhǔn)的加工表面
這一組加工表面包括:傳動(dòng)箱上表面各孔、傳動(dòng)箱上表面
2)以下平面為基準(zhǔn)的加工表面
這一組加工表面包括:主要是下平面各孔及螺紋孔
2.3主軸箱體加工的主要問題和工藝過程設(shè)計(jì)所應(yīng)采取的相應(yīng)措施
箱體的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)
箱體是機(jī)器和部件的基礎(chǔ)零件,由它將機(jī)器和部件中許多零件連接成一個(gè)整體,并使之保持正確的相互位置,彼此能協(xié)調(diào)地運(yùn)動(dòng)。常見的箱體零件有:各種形式的機(jī)床主軸箱、減速箱和變速箱等。
各種箱體類零件由于功用不同,形狀結(jié)構(gòu)差別較大,但結(jié)構(gòu)上也存在著相同的特點(diǎn) :
1.尺寸較大
箱體通常是機(jī)器中最大的零件之一,它是其他零件的母體,如大型減速箱體長(zhǎng)達(dá)5~6m,寬3~4m,重50~60噸,正因?yàn)樗且粋€(gè)母體,所以它是機(jī)器整體的最大零件。
2.形狀復(fù)雜
其復(fù)雜程度取決于安裝在箱體上的零件的數(shù)量及在空間的相互位置,為確保零件的載荷與作用力,盡量縮小體積。有時(shí)為了減少機(jī)械加工量或減輕零件的重量,而又要保證足夠的剛度,常在鑄造時(shí)減小壁的厚度,再在必要的地方加筋板、凸臺(tái)、凸邊等結(jié)構(gòu)來滿足工藝與力的要求。
3.精度要求
有若干個(gè)尺寸精度和相互位置精度要求很高的平面和孔,這些平面和孔的加工質(zhì)量將直接影響機(jī)器的裝配精度,使用性能和使用壽命。
4.有許多緊固螺釘定位箱孔
這些孔雖然沒有什么特殊要求。但由于分分布在大型零件上,有時(shí)給加工帶來很大的困難。
由于箱體有以上共特點(diǎn),故機(jī)械加工勞動(dòng)量相當(dāng)大,困難也相當(dāng)大,例如減速箱體在鏜孔時(shí),要如何保證位置度問題,都是加工過程較困難的問題。
箱體的材料、毛坯及熱處理
1、毛坯種類的確定
常用毛坯種類有:鑄件、鍛件、焊件、沖壓件,各種型材和工程塑料件等。在確定毛坯時(shí),一般要綜合考慮以下幾個(gè)因素:
(1)依據(jù)零件的材料及機(jī)械性能要求確定毛坯。例如,零件材料為鑄鐵,須用鑄造毛坯;強(qiáng)度要求高而形狀不太復(fù)雜的鋼制品零件一般采用鍛件。
(2)?依據(jù)零件的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀和外形尺寸確定毛坯,例如結(jié)構(gòu)比較的零件采用鑄件比鍛件合理;結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單的零件宜選用型材,鍛件;大型軸類零件一般都采用鍛件。
(3)?依據(jù)生產(chǎn)類型確定毛坯。大批大量生產(chǎn)中,應(yīng)選用制造精度與生產(chǎn)率都比較高的毛坯制造方法。例如模鍛、壓力鑄造等。單件小批生產(chǎn)則采用設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)單甚至用手工的毛坯制造方法,例如手工木模砂型鑄造。
(4)確定毛坯時(shí)既要考慮毛坯車間現(xiàn)有生產(chǎn)能力又要充分注意采用新工藝、新技術(shù)、新材料的可能性。
本主軸箱體是大批量的生產(chǎn),材料為HT20~40用鑄造成型。
2.毛坯的形狀及尺寸的確定
毛坯的尺寸等于零件的尺寸加上(對(duì)于外型尺寸)或減去(對(duì)內(nèi)腔尺寸)加工余量。毛坯的形狀盡可能與零件相適應(yīng)。在確定,毛坯的形狀時(shí),為了方便加工,有時(shí)還要考慮下列問題:
(1)為了裝夾穩(wěn)定、加工方便,對(duì)于形狀不易裝夾穩(wěn)固或不易加工的零件要考慮增加工藝搭子。
(2)為了提高機(jī)械加工的生產(chǎn)率,有些小零件可以作成一坯多件。
(3)有些形狀比較特殊,單純加工比較困難的零件可以考慮將兩個(gè)甚至數(shù)個(gè)合制成一個(gè)毛坯。例如連桿與連桿蓋在一起模鍛,待加工到一定程度再切割分開。
在確定毛坯時(shí),要考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)性。雖然毛坯的形狀尺寸與零件接近,可以減少加工余量,提高材料的利用率,降低加工成本,但這樣可能導(dǎo)致毛坯制造困難,需要采用昂貴的毛坯制造設(shè)備,增加毛坯的制造成本。因此,毛坯的種類形狀及尺寸的確定一定要考慮零件成本的問題但要保證零件的使用性能。
在毛坯的種類形狀及尺寸確定后,必要時(shí)可據(jù)此繪出毛坯圖。
3.毛坯的材料熱處理
長(zhǎng)期使用經(jīng)驗(yàn)證明,由于灰口鑄鐵有一系列的技術(shù)上(如耐磨性好,有一定程度的吸震能力、良好的鑄造性能等)和經(jīng)濟(jì)上的優(yōu)點(diǎn),通常箱體材料采用灰口鑄鐵。最常用的是HT20~40,HT25~47,當(dāng)載荷較大時(shí),采用HT30~54,HT35~61高強(qiáng)鑄鐵。
箱體的毛坯大部分采用整體鑄鐵件或鑄鋼件。當(dāng)零件尺寸和重量很大無法采用整體鑄件(受鑄造能力的限制)時(shí),可以采用焊接結(jié)構(gòu)件,它是由多塊金屬經(jīng)粗加工后用焊接的方法連成一整體毛坯。焊接結(jié)構(gòu)有鑄—焊、鑄—煅—焊、煅—焊等。采用焊接結(jié)構(gòu)可以用小的鑄造設(shè)備制造出大型毛坯,解決鑄造生產(chǎn)能力不足的問題。焊前對(duì)各種組合件進(jìn)行粗加工,可以部分地減輕大型機(jī)床的負(fù)荷。
毛坯未進(jìn)入機(jī)械加工車間之前,為不消除毛坯的內(nèi)應(yīng)力,對(duì)毛坯應(yīng)進(jìn)行人工實(shí)效處理,對(duì)某些大型的毛坯和易變形的零件粗加工后要再進(jìn)行時(shí)效處理。
毛坯鑄造時(shí),應(yīng)防止沙眼、氣孔、縮孔、非金屬夾雜物等缺陷出現(xiàn)。特別是主要加工面要求更高。重要的箱體毛坯還應(yīng)該達(dá)到規(guī)定的化學(xué)成分和機(jī)械性能要求。
2.3.1確定毛坯的制造形式
零件的材料HT200。由于年產(chǎn)量為4000件,達(dá)到大批生產(chǎn)的水平,而且零件的輪廓尺寸較大,鑄造表面質(zhì)量的要求高,故可采用鑄造質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定的,適合大批生產(chǎn)的金屬模鑄造。便于鑄造和加工工藝過程,而且還可以提高生產(chǎn)率。
2.3.2基面的選擇
(1)粗基準(zhǔn)的選擇 對(duì)于本零件而言,按照互為基準(zhǔn)的選擇原則,選擇本零件的下表面作為加工的粗基準(zhǔn),可用裝夾對(duì)肩臺(tái)進(jìn)行加緊,利用底面定位塊支承和底面作為主要定位基準(zhǔn),以限制z移動(dòng)、z轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)、y移動(dòng)、y轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)、x轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)五個(gè)自由度。再以一面定位消除x移動(dòng)自由度,達(dá)到定位目的。
(2)精基準(zhǔn)的選擇 主要考慮到基準(zhǔn)重合的問題,和便于裝夾,采用已加工結(jié)束的上、下平面作為精基準(zhǔn)。
2.3.3確定工藝路線
表2.1工藝路線方案一
工序1
鉆箱體直徑18孔
工序2
鉆前端面各孔
工序3
鏜左平面各孔
工序4
鏜右平面各孔
工序5
粗,精銑上平面至尺寸
工序6
粗,精銑下平面
工序7
粗,精銑左端平面
工序8
粗,精銑右端平面
工序9
粗,精銑前端平面
工序10
粗,精銑后端平面
工序11
鉗工,去除銳邊毛剌
工序12
檢驗(yàn)
表2.2工藝路線方案二
工序1
粗,精銑上平面至尺寸
工序2
粗,精銑下平面
工序3
粗,精銑左端平面
工序4
粗,精銑右端平面
工序5
粗,精銑前端平面
工序6
粗,精銑后端平面
工序7
鉆箱體直徑18孔
工序8
鉆前端面各孔
工序9
鏜左平面各孔
工序10
鏜右平面各孔
工序11
鉗工,去除銳邊毛剌
工序12
檢驗(yàn)
工藝路線的比較與分析:
第二條工藝路線不同于第一條是將銑各平面工序放到前面。加工完上下平面再加工各孔與,其它的先后順序均沒變化。通過分析發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的變動(dòng)提高了生產(chǎn)效率。而且對(duì)于零的尺寸精度和位置精度都有太大程度的幫助。
采用互為基準(zhǔn)的原則,先加工上、下兩平面,然后以下、下平面為精基準(zhǔn)再加工兩平面上的各孔,這樣便保證了,上、下兩平面的平行度要求同時(shí)為加兩平面上各孔保證了垂直度要求。符合先加工面再鉆孔的原則。若選第一條工藝路線, 加工不便于裝夾,并且毛坯的端面與軸的軸線是否垂直決定了鉆出來的孔的軸線與軸的軸線是非平行這個(gè)問題。所以發(fā)現(xiàn)第一條工藝路線并不可行。如果選取第二條工藝方案,先加工上、下平面,然后以這些已加工的面為精基準(zhǔn),加工其它各孔便能保證孔的形位公差要求
從提高效率和保證精度這兩個(gè)前提下,發(fā)現(xiàn)第二個(gè)方案比較合理。所以我決定以第二個(gè)方案進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)。具體的工藝過程見工藝卡片所示。
2.3.4機(jī)械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的確定
主軸箱體的材料是HT200,生產(chǎn)類型為大批生產(chǎn)。由于毛坯用采用金屬模鑄造, 毛坯尺寸的確定如下:
由于毛坯及以后各道工序或工步的加工都有加工公差,因此所規(guī)定的加工余量其實(shí)只是名義上的加工余量,實(shí)際上加工余量有最大加工余量及最小加工余量之分。
由于本設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)定零件為大批量生產(chǎn),應(yīng)該采用調(diào)整法加工,因此計(jì)算最大與最小余量時(shí)應(yīng)按調(diào)整法加工方式予以確定。
1)加工箱體的上下平面,根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[8]表4-35和表4-37考慮3mm,粗加工2mm到金屬模鑄造的質(zhì)量和表面的粗糙度要求,精加工1mm。
2)加工的側(cè)面時(shí),用銑削的方法加工兩側(cè)面。由于側(cè)面的加工表面有粗糙度的要求,而銑削的精度可以滿足,故采取分二次的銑削的方式,粗銑削的深度是2mm,精銑削的深度是1mm。
3)鏜上、下平面各孔時(shí),由于粗糙度要求,因此考慮加工余量2.5mm??梢淮未旨庸?mm,一次精加工0.5就可達(dá)到要求。
6)加工6-10孔,根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[8]表4-23考慮加工余量1.2mm??梢淮毋@削加工余量5mm,就可達(dá)到要求。
7)加工2-30底孔時(shí),根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[8]表4-23考慮加工余量15mm??梢淮毋@削加工余量5mm,第二次擴(kuò)孔就可達(dá)到要求。
8)加工上平面2-18孔,粗加工10mm到金屬模鑄造的質(zhì)量和表面粗糙度要求,精加工4mm,可達(dá)到要求。
2.3.5確定切削用量
工序1:粗、精銑傳動(dòng)箱體上平面
(1)粗銑上平面
工件材料: HT200,鑄造。
機(jī)床:X52K立式銑床。
查參考文獻(xiàn)[7]表30—34
刀具:硬質(zhì)合金三面刃圓盤銑刀(面銑刀),材料:YT15,D=100 mm ,齒數(shù)Z=8,此為粗齒銑刀。
因其單邊余量:Z=2mm
所以銑削深度:
每齒進(jìn)給量:根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[3]表2.4-75,取
銑削速度:參照參考文獻(xiàn)[7]表30—34,取
機(jī)床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速: 式(2.1)
式中 V—銑削速度;
d—刀具直徑。
由式2.1機(jī)床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速:
按照參考文獻(xiàn)[3]表3.1-74
實(shí)際銑削速度:
進(jìn)給量:
工作臺(tái)每分進(jìn)給量:
:根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[7]表2.4-81,
(2)精銑上平面
工件材料: HT200,鑄造。
機(jī)床: X52K立式銑床。
參考文獻(xiàn)[7]表30—31
刀具:高速鋼三面刃圓盤銑刀(面銑刀),材料:YT15,D=100 mm ,齒數(shù)12,此為細(xì)齒銑刀。
精銑該平面的單邊余量:Z=1mm
銑削深度:
每齒進(jìn)給量:根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[7]表30—31,取
銑削速度:參照參考文獻(xiàn)[7]表30—31,取
機(jī)床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速,由式(2.1)有:
按照參考文獻(xiàn)[7]表3.1-31
實(shí)際銑削速度:
進(jìn)給量,由式(1.3)有:
工作臺(tái)每分進(jìn)給量:
粗銑的切削工時(shí)
被切削層長(zhǎng)度:由毛坯尺寸可知,
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切出長(zhǎng)度:取
走刀次數(shù)為1
機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間:
根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[5]表2.5-45可查得銑削的輔助時(shí)間
精銑的切削工時(shí)
被切削層長(zhǎng)度:由毛坯尺寸可知
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度:精銑時(shí)
刀具切出長(zhǎng)度:取
走刀次數(shù)為1
機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間:
根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[5]表2.5-45可查得銑削的輔助時(shí)間
銑下平面的總工時(shí)為:t=+++=1.13+1.04+1.04 +1.09=2.58min
工序2:加工其下平面,各切削用量與加工上平面相近,因此省略不算,參照工序1執(zhí)行。
工序3:粗精銑左右端的側(cè)面:
(1)粗銑左右端的側(cè)面
工件材料: HT200,鑄造。
機(jī)床:X52K立式銑床。
查參考文獻(xiàn)[7]表30—34
刀具:硬質(zhì)合金三面刃圓盤銑刀(面銑刀),材料:YT15,D=100 mm ,齒數(shù),此為粗齒銑刀。
因其單邊余量:Z=2mm
所以銑削深度:
每齒進(jìn)給量:根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[3]表2.4-75,取銑削速度:參照參考文獻(xiàn)[7]表30—34,取。
由式2.1得機(jī)床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速:
按照參考文獻(xiàn)[3]表3.1-74
實(shí)際銑削速度:
進(jìn)給量:
工作臺(tái)每分進(jìn)給量:
:根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[7]表2.4-81,
被切削層長(zhǎng)度:由毛坯尺寸可知,
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度:
式(2.2)
刀具切出長(zhǎng)度:取
走刀次數(shù)為1
(2)精銑左右端側(cè)平面
工件材料: HT200,鑄造。
機(jī)床: X52K立式銑床。
由參考文獻(xiàn)[7]表30—31
刀具:高速鋼三面刃圓盤銑刀(面銑刀):YT15,D=100 mm,齒數(shù)12,此為細(xì)齒銑刀。
精銑該平面的單邊余量:Z=1mm
銑削深度:
每齒進(jìn)給量:根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[7]表30—31,取
銑削速度:參照參考文獻(xiàn)[7]表30—31,取
機(jī)床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速,由式(2.1)有:
按照參考文獻(xiàn)[3]表3.1-31
實(shí)際銑削速度:
進(jìn)給量,由式(2.3)有:
工作臺(tái)每分進(jìn)給量:
被切削層長(zhǎng)度:由毛坯尺寸可知
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度:精銑時(shí)
刀具切出長(zhǎng)度:取
走刀次數(shù)為1
根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[9]:=249/(37.5×3)=2.21min。
根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[5]表2.5-45可查得銑削的輔助時(shí)間
精銑寬度為20mm的下平臺(tái)
根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[9]切削工時(shí):=249/(37.5×3)=2.21min
根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[5]表2.5-45可查得銑削的輔助時(shí)間
粗精銑寬度為30mm的下平臺(tái)的總工時(shí):
t=+++=2.21+2.21+0.41+0.41=5.24min
工序4:鏜62H12的孔
(1)粗鏜62H12的孔
機(jī)床:臥式鏜床T618
刀具:硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀,鏜刀材料:YT5
切削深度:,毛坯孔徑。
進(jìn)給量:根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)表2.4-66,刀桿伸出長(zhǎng)度取200 mm,切削深度為=2.0mm。因此確定進(jìn)給量。
切削速度:參照參考文獻(xiàn)[3]表2.4-9取
機(jī)床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速:
,
按照參考文獻(xiàn)[3]表3.1-41取
實(shí)際切削速度:
工作臺(tái)每分鐘進(jìn)給量:
被切削層長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切出長(zhǎng)度: 取
行程次數(shù):
機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間:
查參考文獻(xiàn)[1],表2.5-37工步輔助時(shí)間為:2.61min
(2)精鏜下端孔62H12
機(jī)床:臥式鏜床T618
刀具:硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀,鏜刀材料:YT5
切削深度:
進(jìn)給量:根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[3]表2.4-66,刀桿伸出長(zhǎng)度取200 mm,切削深度為=。因此確定進(jìn)給量
削速度:參照參考文獻(xiàn)[3]表2.4-9,取
機(jī)床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速:
,取
實(shí)際切削速度,:
工作臺(tái)每分鐘進(jìn)給量:
被切削層長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切出長(zhǎng)度: 取
行程次數(shù):
機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間:
所以該工序總機(jī)動(dòng)工時(shí)
查參考文獻(xiàn)[1],表2.5-37工步輔助時(shí)間為:1.86min
工序5:鏜80H12的孔
(1)粗鏜80H12的孔
機(jī)床:臥式鏜床T618
刀具:硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀,鏜刀材料:YT5
切削深度:,毛坯孔徑。
進(jìn)給量:根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)表2.4-66,刀桿伸出長(zhǎng)度取,切削深度為=2.0mm。因此確定進(jìn)給量。
切削速度:參照參考文獻(xiàn)[3]表2.4-9取
機(jī)床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速:
,
按照參考文獻(xiàn)[3]表3.1-41取
實(shí)際切削速度:
工作臺(tái)每分鐘進(jìn)給量:
被切削層長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切出長(zhǎng)度: 取
行程次數(shù):
機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間:
查參考文獻(xiàn)[1],表2.5-37工步輔助時(shí)間為:2.61min
(2)精鏜下端孔到80H12
機(jī)床:臥式鏜床T618
刀具:硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀,鏜刀材料:
切削深度:
進(jìn)給量:根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[3]表2.4-66,刀桿伸出長(zhǎng)度取,切削深度為=。因此確定進(jìn)給量
切削速度:參照參考文獻(xiàn)[3]表2.4-9,取
機(jī)床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速:
,取
實(shí)際切削速度:
工作臺(tái)每分鐘進(jìn)給量:
被切削層長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切出長(zhǎng)度: 取
行程次數(shù):
機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間:
所以該工序總機(jī)動(dòng)工時(shí)
查參考文獻(xiàn)[1],表2.5-37工步輔助時(shí)間為:1.56min
工序6:鉆下平在2-18
工件材料為HT200鐵,孔的直徑為18mm。
加工機(jī)床為Z535立式鉆床,加工工序?yàn)檫x用18的麻花鉆頭。
進(jìn)給量:根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[5]表2.4-39,取
切削速度:參照參考文獻(xiàn)[5]表2.4-41,取
由式(2.1)機(jī)床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速:
,取
實(shí)際切削速度:
被切削層長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切出長(zhǎng)度:
走刀次數(shù)為1
被切削層長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切出長(zhǎng)度:
走刀次數(shù)為1
機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間:
根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[5]表2.5-41可查得鉆削的輔助時(shí)間
工序7:加工6-10底孔
工件材料為HT200鐵,孔的直徑為10mm。加工機(jī)床為Z535立式鉆床,加工工序?yàn)檫x用10的麻花鉆頭。
進(jìn)給量:根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[5]表2.4-39,取
切削速度:參照參考文獻(xiàn)[5]表2.4-41,取
由式(2.1)機(jī)床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速:
,取
實(shí)際切削速度:
被切削層長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切出長(zhǎng)度:
走刀次數(shù)為1
根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[5]表2.5-41可查得鉆削的輔助時(shí)間
工序8:鉆40孔
工件材料為HT200鐵,孔的直徑為40mm,表面粗糙度。加工機(jī)床為Z535立式鉆床,加工工序?yàn)轱零@,加工刀具為:鉆孔——40mm小直徑鉆。
1)確定切削用量
確定進(jìn)給量 根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[7]表28-10可查出,由于孔深度比,,故。查Z535立式鉆床說明書,取。
根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[7]表28-8,鉆頭強(qiáng)度所允許是進(jìn)給量。由于機(jī)床進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)允許的軸向力(由機(jī)床說明書查出),根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[7]表28-9,允許的進(jìn)給量。
由于所選進(jìn)給量遠(yuǎn)小于及,故所選可用。
確定切削速度、軸向力F、轉(zhuǎn)矩T及切削功率 根據(jù)表28-15,由插入法得:
,
,
由于實(shí)際加工條件與上表所給條件不完全相同,故應(yīng)對(duì)所的結(jié)論進(jìn)行修正。
由參考文獻(xiàn)[7]表28-3,,,故
查Z535機(jī)床說明書,取。實(shí)際切削速度為
由參考文獻(xiàn)[7]表28-5,,故
校驗(yàn)機(jī)床功率 切削功率為
機(jī)床有效功率
故選擇的鉆削用量可用。即
,,,
相應(yīng)地
,,
工序9:鉆20孔
工件材料:HT200,金屬模鑄造,
機(jī)床:Z535立式鉆床
刀具:高速鋼鉆頭20,被切削層長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切出長(zhǎng)度:
走刀次數(shù)為1
機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間:
根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[5]表2.5-41可查得鉆削的輔助時(shí)間
锪鉆20階梯的工時(shí)
锪鉆孔進(jìn)給量,機(jī)床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速,
被切削層長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度:
刀具切出長(zhǎng)度:
走刀次數(shù)為1
機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間:
由參考文獻(xiàn)[5]表2.5-41可查得鉆削的輔助時(shí)間
t=+
t=0.27+1.77=2.04min
該工序的總工時(shí)為: 2.04+0.07+0.05+1.77+1.77=5.7min
所以該方案滿足生產(chǎn)要求。
3 專用夾具設(shè)計(jì)
鏜床夾具又稱鏜模它主要用于加工相體,支架等工件上的單孔或孔系。鏜模不僅廣泛用于一般鏜床和鏜孔組合機(jī)床上也可以用在一般車床、銑床和搖臂鉆床上,加工有較高精度要求的孔或孔系。鏜床夾具,除具有定位元件、加緊機(jī)構(gòu)和夾具體等基本部分外,還有引導(dǎo)刀具的鏜套。而且還像鉆套布置在鉆模板上一樣,鏜套也按照被加工孔或孔系的坐標(biāo)位置,布置在一個(gè)或幾個(gè)專用的鏜孔的位置精度和孔的幾何形狀精度。因此,鏜套、鏜模支架和鏜桿是鏜床夾具的特有元件。
夾具的結(jié)構(gòu)類型
鏜床夾具按其結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),使用機(jī)床和鏜套位置的不同,有以下分類方法:
(1)按使用機(jī)床類別分,可分為萬能鏜床夾具、多軸組合機(jī)床鏜床夾具、精 密鏜床夾具,以及一般通用機(jī)床鏜床夾具。
(2)按夾具的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)分,可分為臥式鏜床夾具和立式鏜床夾具等。
(3)按鏜套的位置分布,可分為單支承前引導(dǎo)的鏜床夾具,即鏜套為于被加工孔的前方;單支承后引導(dǎo)的鏜床夾具。
本夾具屬于單支承后引導(dǎo)的鏜床夾具,本就加以說明介紹。
單支承后引導(dǎo)的鏜床夾具,既鏜套位于被加工孔的后方,介于工件與機(jī)床主軸之間,主要用于加工D<90mm。但根據(jù)有兩種類型:
1、鏜削<1的通孔或小型箱體的不通孔時(shí),刀具采用懸臂式,而導(dǎo)柱直徑大于鏜孔經(jīng)這種型式的特點(diǎn)為:
(1)因?yàn)樗M孔的長(zhǎng)度很短,既刀具的懸伸長(zhǎng)度很短,而導(dǎo)柱直徑又大于鏜孔徑、所以刀具的剛性很好,加工精度也高。
(2)這種布置型式可用同一尺寸的后鏜套而進(jìn)行多工步加工。
(3)因無前導(dǎo)柱,故裝卸工件更換刀具均叫方便。
(4)用于立鏜時(shí),無切削落入鏜套之慮。
2、當(dāng)鏜削的通孔或不通孔時(shí),刀具雖然仍是懸掛式,但導(dǎo)柱直徑d則應(yīng)小于所鏜孔經(jīng)D.
如果這時(shí)仍采用上述d>D的方式,則在加工這種較長(zhǎng)的孔時(shí),刀具的懸伸長(zhǎng)度h必然很大,起碼應(yīng)大于L.由于刀具懸伸長(zhǎng)度大,所以刀具易引偏,嚴(yán)重時(shí)會(huì)使鏜桿與鏜套蹩住,否則須增加鏜套長(zhǎng)度,以保證足夠的導(dǎo)引剛度。但這樣將導(dǎo)致整個(gè)鏜套部分的結(jié)構(gòu)龐大。
夾緊力大小的確定原則
夾緊力大小對(duì)于確定夾緊裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸,保證夾緊可靠性等有很大影響。夾緊力過大易引起工件變形,影響加工精度。夾緊力過小則工件夾不緊,在加工過程中容易發(fā)生工件位移,從而破壞工件定位,也影響加工精度,甚至造成安全事故。由此可見夾緊力大小必須適當(dāng)。
計(jì)算夾緊力時(shí),通常將夾具和工件看成一個(gè)剛性系統(tǒng),然后根據(jù)工件受切削力、夾緊力(大工件還應(yīng)考慮重力,運(yùn)動(dòng)的工件還需考慮慣性)后處于靜力平衡條件,求出理論夾緊力,為了安全起見再乘以安全系數(shù)K。
式中 W`——計(jì)算出的理論夾緊力;
W——實(shí)際夾緊力;
K——安全系數(shù),通常k=1.5~3.當(dāng)用于粗加工時(shí),k=2.5~3,用于精加工時(shí)k=1.5~2.
這里應(yīng)注意三個(gè)問題:
(一)切削力在加工過程中往往方向、大小在變化,在計(jì)算機(jī)中應(yīng)按最不利的加工條件下求得的切削力或切削合力計(jì)算。如圖2-1所示切削方向進(jìn)行靜力平衡,求出理論夾緊力,再乘以安全系數(shù)即為實(shí)際夾緊力,圖中W為夾緊力,N1、N1`…為鏜孔各方向鏜削力,可按切削原理中求切削力。而N1切削力將使夾緊力變大,在列靜平衡方程式時(shí),我們應(yīng)按不利的加工條件下,即N1時(shí)求夾緊力。既
圖2-1 切削方向靜力平衡圖
(二)在分析受力時(shí),往往可以列出不同的工件靜平衡方程式。這時(shí)應(yīng)選產(chǎn)生夾緊力最大的一個(gè)方程,然后求出所需的夾緊力。如圖所示垂直方向平衡式為 W=1.5KN;水平方向可以列出:,f 為工件與定位件間的摩擦系數(shù),一般0.15,即W=10KN;對(duì)o點(diǎn)取矩可得下式
比較上面三種情況,選最大值,既W=10KN。
(三)上述僅是粗略計(jì)算的應(yīng)用注意點(diǎn),可作大致參考。由于實(shí)際加工中切削力是一個(gè)變值,受工件材料性質(zhì)的不均勻、加工余量的變動(dòng)、刀具的鈍化等因素影響,計(jì)算切削力大小的公式也與實(shí)際不可能完全一致,故夾緊力不可能通過這種計(jì)算而得到結(jié)果。生產(chǎn)中也有根據(jù)一定生產(chǎn)實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)而用類比法估算夾緊力的,如果是一些關(guān)鍵性的重要夾具,則往往還需要通過實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法來確定所需夾緊力。
3.1加工左端平面鏜孔夾具設(shè)計(jì)
本夾具主要用來鏜左端平面夾具,,這個(gè)工藝孔有尺寸精度要求,表面粗糙度要求,表面粗糙度為,與頂面垂直。并用于以后各面各孔加工中的定位。其加工質(zhì)量直接影響以后各工序的加工精度。本到工序?yàn)楦軛U加工的第一道工序,加工到本道工序時(shí)只完成了傳動(dòng)箱體上表面的粗、精銑。因此再本道工序加工時(shí)主要應(yīng)考慮如何保證其尺寸精度要求和表面粗糙度要求,以及如何提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。
3.2定位基準(zhǔn)的選擇
由零件圖可知,有尺寸精度要求和表面粗糙度要求并應(yīng)與頂面垂直。為了保證所鉆的孔與頂面垂直并保證工藝孔能在后續(xù)的孔系加工工序中使各重要支承孔的加工余量均勻。根據(jù)基準(zhǔn)重合、基準(zhǔn)統(tǒng)一原則。在選擇工藝孔的加工定位基準(zhǔn)時(shí),應(yīng)盡量選擇上一道工序即粗、精銑箱體的下表面工序的定位基準(zhǔn),以及設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn)作為其定位基準(zhǔn)。因此加工工藝孔的定位基準(zhǔn)應(yīng)選擇選用下平作為定位基準(zhǔn),為了提高加工效率,根據(jù)工序要求先采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀刀具對(duì)工藝孔進(jìn)行粗鏜削加工;然后采用硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀對(duì)其進(jìn)行精加工,準(zhǔn)備采用手動(dòng)夾緊方式夾緊。
3.3切削力的計(jì)算與夾緊力分析
由于本道工序主要完成工藝孔的鏜加工,參考文獻(xiàn)[9]得:
鏜削力
鏜削力矩
式中
本道工序加工工藝孔時(shí),工件的下平面與臺(tái)價(jià)臺(tái)靠緊。采用帶光面壓塊的壓緊螺釘夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)夾緊,該機(jī)構(gòu)主要靠壓緊螺釘夾緊,屬于單個(gè)普通螺旋夾緊。根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[11]可查得夾緊力計(jì)算公式:
式(3.1)
式中 —單個(gè)螺旋夾緊產(chǎn)生的夾緊力(N);
—原始作用力(N);
—作用力臂(mm);
—螺桿端部與工件間的當(dāng)量摩擦半徑(mm);
—螺桿端部與工件間的摩擦角(°);
—螺紋中徑之半(mm);
—螺紋升角(°);
—螺旋副的當(dāng)量摩擦角(°)。
由式(3.1)根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[11]表1-2-23可查得點(diǎn)接觸的單個(gè)普通螺旋夾緊力:
3.4夾緊元件及動(dòng)力裝置確定
由于傳動(dòng)箱體的生產(chǎn)量很大,采用手動(dòng)夾緊的夾具結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,在生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用也比較廣泛。因此本道工序夾具的夾緊動(dòng)力裝置采用手動(dòng)夾緊。采用手動(dòng)夾緊,夾緊可靠,機(jī)構(gòu)可以不必自鎖。
本道工序夾具的夾緊元件選用帶光面壓塊的壓緊螺釘。旋緊螺釘使其產(chǎn)生的力通過光面壓塊將工件壓緊。
3.5鏜套、襯套、鏜模板及夾具體設(shè)計(jì)
工藝孔的加工需粗、精鏜切削才能滿足加工要求。故選用快換鉆套以減少更換鉆套的輔助時(shí)間。鉆模板選用固定式鉆模板,工件以底面及側(cè)面分別靠在夾具支架的定位快,用帶光面壓塊的壓緊螺釘將工件夾緊。
夾具體的設(shè)計(jì)主要考慮零件的形狀及將上述各主要元件聯(lián)成一個(gè)整體。這些主要元件設(shè)計(jì)好后即可畫出夾具的設(shè)計(jì)裝配草圖。
3.6夾具精度分析
利用夾具在機(jī)床上加工時(shí),機(jī)床、夾具、工件、刀具等形成一個(gè)封閉的加工系統(tǒng)。它們之間相互聯(lián)系,最后形成工件和刀具之間的正確位置關(guān)系。因此在夾具設(shè)計(jì)中,當(dāng)結(jié)構(gòu)方案確定后,應(yīng)對(duì)所設(shè)計(jì)的夾具進(jìn)行精度分析和誤差計(jì)算。
由工序簡(jiǎn)圖可知,本道工序由于工序基準(zhǔn)與加工基準(zhǔn)重合,又采用頂面為主要定位基面,故定位誤差很小可以忽略不計(jì)。本道工序加工中主要保證工藝孔尺寸mm及表面粗糙度。本道工序最后采用精鏜加工,選用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀,直徑為mm,并采用鏜套,鏜刀導(dǎo)套孔徑為該工藝孔的位置度應(yīng)用的是最大實(shí)體要求。
工藝孔的表面粗糙度,由本工序所選用的加工工步粗鏜精滿足。
影響兩工藝孔位置度的因素有:
(1)鏜模板上裝襯套孔的尺寸公差:
(2)兩襯套的同軸度公差:
(3)襯套與鉆套配合的最大間隙:
(4)鉆套的同軸度公差:
(5)鏜套與鏜刀配合的最大間隙:
所以能滿足加工要求。
3.7夾具設(shè)計(jì)及操作的簡(jiǎn)要說明
裝卸工件時(shí),先將工件放在定位塊上;用壓塊的壓緊螺釘將工件夾緊;然后加工工件。當(dāng)工件加工完后,將帶光面壓塊的壓緊螺釘松開,取出工件。
4 致 謝
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 劉德榮,組合夾具結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)圖的初步探討,組合夾具,1982. (1)
[2] 孫已德,機(jī)床夾具圖冊(cè)[M],北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1984:20-23。[3] 貴州工學(xué)院機(jī)械制造工藝教研室,機(jī)床夾具結(jié)構(gòu)圖冊(cè)[M],貴陽:貴州任命出版社,1983:42-50。
[4] 劉友才,機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)[M] ,北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1992 。
[5] 孟少龍,機(jī)械加工工藝手冊(cè)第1卷[M],北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1991。
[6] 《金屬機(jī)械加工工藝人員手冊(cè)》修訂組,金屬機(jī)械加工工藝人員手冊(cè)[M],上海:上海科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1979。
[7] 李洪,機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)[M],北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1990。
[8] 馬賢智,機(jī)械加工余量與公差手冊(cè)[M],北京:中國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社,1994。
[9] 上海金屬切削技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì),金屬切削手冊(cè)[M],上海:上??茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1984。
[10] 周永強(qiáng),高等學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)[M],北京:中國建材工業(yè)出版社,2002。
[11] 薛源順,機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)(第二版) [M],機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2003.1
[12] 余光國,馬俊,張興發(fā),機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)[M],重慶:重慶大學(xué)出版社,1995。
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外文資料翻譯
Mold Cooling
One fundamental principle of injection molding is that hot material enters the mold, where is cools rapidly to a temperature at which it solidifies sufficiently to retain the shape of the impression. The temperature of the mold is therefore important as it governs a portion of the overall molding cycle. While the meld flows more freely in a hot mold, a greater cooling period is required before the solidified molding can be ejected. Alternatively, while the meld solidifies quickly in a cold mold it may not reach the extremities of impression. A compromise between the two extremes must therefore be accepted to obtain the optimum molding cycle.
The operating temperature for a particular mold will depend on a number of factors which include the following: type and grade of material to be molded; length of flow within the impression; wall section of the molding; length of the feed system, etc. It is often found advantageous to use a slightly higher temperature than is required just to fill the impression, as this tends to improve the surface finish of the molding by minimizing weld lines, flow marks and other blemishes.
To maintain the required temperature differential between the mold and plastic material, water (or other fluid) is circulated through holes or channels within the mold. These holes or channels are termed flow-ways and the complete system of flow ways is termed the circuit.
During the impression filling stage the hottest material will be in the vicinity of the entry point, i.e. the gate, the coolest material will be at the point farthest from the entry. The temperature of the coolant fluid, however, increases as it passes through the mold. Therefore to achieve an even cooling rate over the molding surface it is necessary to locate the incoming coolant fluid adjacent to hot molding surface and to locate the channels containing heated coolant fluid adjacent to cool molding surface. However as will be seen from the following discussion, it is not always practicable to adopt the idealized approach and the designer must use a fair amount of common sense when laying out coolant circuits if unnecessarily expensive molds are to be avoided.
Units for the circulation of water (or other fluid) are commercially available. These units are simply connected to the mold via flexible hoses, with these units the mold’s temperature can be maintained within close limits. Close temperature control is not possible for using the alternative system in which the mold is connect to a cold water supply.
It is the mold designer’s responsibility to provide an adequate circulating system within the mold. In general, the simplest systems are those in which holes are bored longitudinally through the mold plates. However, this is not necessarily the most efficient method for a particular mold.
When using drillings for the circulation of the coolant, however, these must not be positioned too close to the impression (say closer than 16mm) as this is likely to cause a marked temperature variation across the impression, with resultant molding problems.
The layout of a circuit is often complicated by the fact that flow ways must not be drilled too close to any other holes in the same mold plate. It will be recalled that the mold plate has a large number of holes or recesses, to accommodate ejector pins, guide pillars, guide bushes, sprue bush, inserts, etc. How close it is safe to position in a flow way adjacent to another hole depends to a large extent on the depth of the flow way drilling required. When drilling deep flow ways there is a tendency for the drill to wander off its prescribed course. A rule which is often applied is that for drillings up to 150mm deep the flow way should not be closer than 3mm to any other hole. For deeper flow ways this allowance is increased to 5mm.
To obtain the best possible position for a circuit it is good practice to lay the circuit in at the earliest opportunity in the design. The other mold items such as ejector pins, guide bushes, etc. can then be positioned accordingly.
Mold Cavities and Cores
The cavity and core give the molding its external shapes respectively, the impression imparting the whole of the form to the molding. When then proceeded to indicate alternative ways by which the cavity and core could be incorporated into the mold and we found that these alternatives fell under two main headings, namely the integer method and the insert method. Another method by which the cavity can be incorporated is by means of split inserts or splits.
When the cavity or core is machined from a large plate or block of steel, or is cast in one piece, and used without bolstering as one of the mold plates, it is termed an integer cavity plate or integer core plate. This design is preferred for single-impression molds because of characteristics of the strength, smaller size and lower cost. It is not used as much for multi-impression molds as there are other factors such as alignment which must be taken into consideration.
Of the many manufacturing processes available for preparing molds only two are normally used in this case. There are a direct machining operation on a rough steel forging or blank using the conventional machine tool, or the precision investment casting technique in which a master pattern is made of the cavity and core. The pattern is then used to prepare a casting of the cavity or core by or special process.
A 4.25% nickel-chrome-molybdenum steel (BS 970-835 M30) is normally specified for integer mold plates which are to be made by the direct machining method.
The precision investment casting method usually utilizes a high-chrome steel.
For molds containing intricate impressions, and for multi-impression molds, it is not satisfactory to attempt to machine the cavity and core plates from single blocks of steel as with integer molds. The machining sequences and operation would be altogether too complicated and costly. The inset-bolster assembly method is therefore used instead.
The method consists in machining the impression out of small blocks of steel. These small blocks of steel are known, after machining, as inserts, and the one which forms the male part is termed the core insert and, conversely, the one which forms the female part the cavity inserts. These are then inserted and securely fitted into holes in a substantial block or plate of steel called a bolster. These holes are either sunk part way or are machined right through the bolster plate. In the latter case there will be a plate fastened behind the bolster and this secures the insert in position.
Both the integer and the insert-bolster methods have their advantages depending upon the size, the shape of the molding, the complexity of the mold, whether the single impression or a multi-impression mold is desire, the cost of making the mold, etc. It can therefore be said that in general, once the characteristics of the mold required to do a particular job which have been weighed up, the decision as to which design to adopt can be made.
Some of these considerations have already been discussed under various broad headings, such as cost, but to enable the reader to weigh them up more easily, when faced with a particular problem, the comparison of the relative advantages of each system is discussed under a number of headings.
Unquestionably, for single impression molds integer design is to be preferred irrespective of whether the component form is a simple or a complex one. The resulting mold will be stronger, smaller, less costly, and generally incorporate a less elaborate cooling system than the insert-bolster design. It should be borne in mind that local inserts can be judiciously used to simplify the general manufacture of the mold impression.
For multi-impression molds the choice is not so clear-cut. In the majority of cases the insert-bolster method of construction is used, the ease of manufacture, mold alignment, and resulting lower mold costs being he overriding factors affecting the choice. For components of very simple form it is often advantageous to use one design for one of the mold plate and the alternative design for the other. For example, consider a multi-impression mold for a box-type component. The cavity plate could be of the integer design to gain the advantages of strength, thereby allowing a smaller mold plate, while the core plate could be of insert-bolster design which will simplify machining of the plate and allow for adjustments for mold alignment.
Feed System
It is necessary to provide a flow-way in the injection mold to connect the nozzle (of the injection machine) to each impression. This flow-way is termed the feed system. Normally the feed system comprises a sprue runner and gate. These terms apply equally to the flow-way itself, and to the molded material which is removed from the flow-way itself in the process of extracting the molding.
A typical feed system for a four-impression, it is seen that material passes through the sprue, main runner, branch runners and gate before entering the impression. As the temperature of molten plastic is lowered while going through the sprue and runner, the viscosity will rise; therefore, the viscosity is lowered by shear heat generated when going through the gate to fill the cavity. It is desirable to keep the distance that the material has to travel down to a minimum to reduce pressure and heat losses. It is for this reason that careful consideration must be given to the impression layout and gate’s design.
1. Sprue
A spru is a channel through to transfer molten plastic injected from the nozzle of the in injector into the mold.
2. Runner
A runner is a channel that guides molten plastic into the cavity of a mold.
3. Gate
A gate is an entrance through which molten plastic enters the cavity. The gate has the following functions: restricts the flow and the direction of molten plastic; simplifies cutting of a runner and molding to simplify finishing of parts; quickly cools and solidifies to avoid backflow after molten plastic has filled up in the cavity.
4. Cold Slug Well
The purpose of the cold slug well, shown opposite the sprue, is theoretically to receive the material that has chilled at the front of the nozzle during the cooling and ejection phase. Perhaps of greater importance is the fact that it provides positive means whereby the sprue can be pulled from the sprue bush for ejection purposes.
The sprue, the runner, and the gate will be discarded after a part is complete. However, the runner and the gate are important items that affect the quality or the cost of pats.
模具冷卻系統(tǒng)
注塑生產(chǎn)的基本原理是把高溫熔體注入模具型腔,熔體在型腔內(nèi)迅速冷卻到固化溫度,并保持一定形狀。由于模具溫度在一定程度上控制塑件的整個(gè)成型周期,因此在生產(chǎn)中非常重要。熔體在高溫模具內(nèi)流動(dòng)順暢,但固化塑件推出前,一定的冷卻階段是比不可少的,另一方面,熔體在溫度較低額模具中固化較快,又可能造成塑件末端填充不滿。因此必須在這兩種對(duì)立的條件中選擇一個(gè)平衡點(diǎn),以獲得最佳的生產(chǎn)循環(huán)。
模具的工作溫度與幾種因素有關(guān),包括成型材料的等級(jí)與分類、熔體在型腔內(nèi)的流動(dòng)路線、塑件壁厚以及澆注系統(tǒng)長(zhǎng)度等。使用比充模要求稍高的溫度注塑比較有利,這樣生產(chǎn)的塑件熔接痕少、流痕不明顯,其他缺陷也較少,因此可提高塑件表面質(zhì)量。
為保持模具和塑料熔體之間所需的溫差,水(或其他液體)在模具上的通道或通孔中循環(huán)。這些通道或通孔稱為流道或水道,整個(gè)水道系統(tǒng)稱為冷卻循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。
在充模階段,溫度最高的熔體位于進(jìn)入口,即澆口附近;溫度最低的熔體位于距進(jìn)入口最遠(yuǎn)的地方。冷卻介質(zhì)在模具內(nèi)循環(huán)時(shí),介質(zhì)溫度將升高。因此,為使塑料表面獲得均勻的冷卻速率,冷卻通道的入口應(yīng)開設(shè)在高溫塑件附近,受熱后冷卻介質(zhì)溫度升高,出口開設(shè)在低溫塑件附近,設(shè)計(jì)者往往憑借經(jīng)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)冷卻水道。
冷卻水(或其他冷卻介質(zhì))回路所需的部件在市場(chǎng)上就可以買到。這些部件通過軟管與模具直接連在一起,通過這些部件形成的冷卻回路,模具溫度便控制在要求的范圍內(nèi)。但是,使用這種直接與冷水相連的冷卻回路是不可能精確的控制模具的溫度的。
為模具提供合適的冷卻系統(tǒng)是設(shè)計(jì)者的責(zé)任。通常,最簡(jiǎn)單的冷卻系統(tǒng)是在模板上縱向鉆出通孔。然而對(duì)于精密模具,這不是最有效的冷卻方法。
使用鉆孔的方法加工冷卻水道時(shí),冷卻通道與塑件距離一定不能太近(即距離小于16mm),如果距離太近,有可能引起整個(gè)型腔的溫度發(fā)生顯著的變化,使塑件出現(xiàn)問題。
冷卻水道不能距離同一模板上任何其他的孔道太近,這使得冷卻回路的布局通常比較復(fù)雜。,模板上存在大量的孔道或凹陷,用來安裝推桿、導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套、澆口套以及鑲件等。冷卻水道與其他孔道之間的安全距離在很大程度上取決于所需冷卻水道的鉆入深度。流道深度較深時(shí), 鉆頭有偏離預(yù)定加工路線的趨勢(shì)。常用的規(guī)則是鉆入深度達(dá)到150mm的冷卻水道與其他孔道距離不小于3mm,比這更深的流道所需的距離增加到5mm。
為獲得最佳的冷卻回路,設(shè)計(jì)初期就考慮冷卻回路的位置不失為一種好方法。其他模具零件,如推桿、導(dǎo)套等,可相應(yīng)的確定安裝位置。
型腔和型芯
模具的型腔和型芯分別形成塑件內(nèi)部和外部形狀,型腔形狀決定了塑件外部形狀,接下來我們簡(jiǎn)要說明選擇哪種方式把型腔和型芯安裝在模具中,這些方式可歸納為兩大類,即整體式和鑲拼式。另一種組成型腔的方式是加入拼塊或滑塊。
當(dāng)型腔或型芯由一塊大的鋼板或剛塊加工而成,或者鑄成一體,不需使用支承板件而形成一塊模板時(shí),就構(gòu)成整體式型腔板或型芯板。這種設(shè)計(jì)因具有強(qiáng)度高、尺寸小和成本低的特性,而主要應(yīng)用在單型腔模具中。整體式型腔和型芯一般不用在多用于多型腔模具中,因?yàn)槎嘈颓荒>咴O(shè)計(jì)時(shí)必須考慮一些其他因素,例如安裝組合鑲件等。
在模具制造的眾多方法中,用于加工整體式型腔板或型芯板的方法主要有兩種:使用傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床對(duì)粗鍛鋼胚料直接加工,或利用精確的熔模鑄造技術(shù)將胚料加工成型腔和型芯。用于制造型腔和型芯的胚料經(jīng)常需要特殊工藝的處理。
通常,4.25%的鎳鉻鉬合金鋼(BS970-835M30)是生產(chǎn)整體模板的制定材料,選用這種材料時(shí)采用直接的機(jī)加工方式。
精確的熔模鑄造常常用來加工高鉻鋼。
對(duì)于成型部模具和位復(fù)雜的多腔模,也像整體式模具那樣用一塊鋼材加工型腔和型芯并不容易。如果采用整體式結(jié)構(gòu),則加工順序和操作過程將變得非常復(fù)雜,成本也高,因此鑲拼式裝配方式替代了整體式。
鑲拼式型腔由小鋼塊加工而成。加工后的小鋼塊作為鑲件,形成型芯部分的稱為型芯嵌塊,相反的,形成型腔部分的稱為型腔嵌件。然后,把這些嵌件牢固的安裝在被稱為墊板的孔中,墊板有實(shí)心鋼板或鋼塊加工而成。這些安裝孔有的是由墊塊的局部凹陷形成,有的是在墊板上直接加工而成的。在后一種方式中,墊板后部還要加一塊模板,起加固作用,確保鑲件安裝到位。
整體式和鑲拼式結(jié)構(gòu)均有優(yōu)點(diǎn),這取決于塑件尺寸和形狀、模具的復(fù)雜程度、所需的是單型腔模具還是多型腔模具以及模具的制造成本等。通常,塑件的形狀、尺寸等特性確定后,采用哪種形式的型腔和型芯就已經(jīng)確定了。
在不同的章節(jié)中,我已經(jīng)討論過型腔和型芯的安裝方式所涉及的問題,例如成本等。但為使讀者在處理特殊問題時(shí)更容易知道重點(diǎn)所在,我們將用一定的章節(jié)再次討論每種結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的對(duì)比。
毫無疑問,對(duì)于單型腔模具,無論是簡(jiǎn)單還是復(fù)雜,整體式型腔是首選方式。若選擇整體式,則模具的強(qiáng)度高、體積小、成本低,而冷卻系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)卻比鑲拼式簡(jiǎn)單、方便。設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)需要常記于心的是,適當(dāng)?shù)氖褂描偧梢院?jiǎn)單化模具型腔的加工制造難度。
對(duì)于多型腔模具選擇哪種方式不是很明顯。大多數(shù)多型腔模具采用鑲拼式結(jié)構(gòu),這種結(jié)構(gòu)加工簡(jiǎn)單、裝配容易、模具成本低,這些是影響選擇哪種結(jié)構(gòu)形式的最重要因素。一種非常簡(jiǎn)單且具有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn)的設(shè)計(jì)形式是采用一種形式設(shè)計(jì)模板,而采用另一種形式設(shè)計(jì)模具的其他部分。例如,采用箱型組件設(shè)計(jì)多型腔模具。型腔板設(shè)計(jì)成小型整體式模板,以滿足模具高強(qiáng)度的要求;型芯板則設(shè)計(jì)成鑲拼式,可以簡(jiǎn)化模板加工過程,并且能根據(jù)模具需要進(jìn)行調(diào)整。
澆注系統(tǒng)
在注塑模具中,連接注塑機(jī)噴嘴和各個(gè)分流道型腔的流動(dòng)通常是非常必要的,這種進(jìn)料通道稱為澆注系統(tǒng)。 通常,澆注系統(tǒng)由主流道、分流道和澆口組成。這些術(shù)語應(yīng)用在相應(yīng)的進(jìn)料通道本身,以及取出塑件時(shí)從進(jìn)一同取出的料通道中澆注系統(tǒng)凝料。
可以看出,原料通過主流道、第一分流道、第二分流道和澆口注入型腔中。熔融塑料通過主流道和分流道時(shí)溫度降低而使熔體粘度升高,然而當(dāng)熔體通過澆口填入型腔時(shí),由于剪切作用產(chǎn)生的熱量又使粘度降低。澆注系統(tǒng)要保持適當(dāng)長(zhǎng)度,使熔體的壓力減少且熱量損失降到最低。因此,設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)必須充分考慮型腔分布和澆口形式。
1、 主流道
主流道是將熔融塑料從注塑機(jī)噴嘴傳遞到模具型腔的通道。主流道是澆口套的一部分,澆口套是獨(dú)立于模具的單獨(dú)零件。
2、 分流道
分流道是引導(dǎo)熔融塑料進(jìn)入模具型腔的通道。
3、 澆口
澆口是熔融塑料進(jìn)入型腔的入口。澆口有以下作用:約束熔體流動(dòng);引導(dǎo)熔體的流動(dòng)方向;使分流道和塑件末端易于分離;快速冷卻固化以防止熔融塑料充滿型腔后倒流。
4、 冷料井
冷料井正對(duì)著主流道。理論上,冷料井的作用是用來儲(chǔ)存在塑件冷卻和推出過程中注塑機(jī)噴嘴處形成的熔體前鋒冷料。也許冷料井更重要的作用是開模時(shí)幫助澆道凝料脫出澆口套。
塑件成型后,主流道、分流道和澆口部分凝料將被遺棄。然而,分流道和澆口是影響塑件質(zhì)量和成本的重要因素。
外文資料翻譯
The Injection Molding
Injection molding ( British Engish : Molding ) is a manufacturing process for producing parts form both thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials.Material is fed into a heated brarel, mixed, and forced into a mold cavity where it cools and hardens to configuration of the mold cavity. After a product is designed, usually by an industrial designer or an engineer, molds aer made by a moldmaker ( or a toolmaker ) from metal, usually either steel or aluminium, and precision-machined to form the features of the desired part. Injection molding is widely used for manufacturing a varitey of parts, from the smallest compenent to entire body panels of cars.
As shown in Fig.2-1, injection molding machines consist of a material hopper, an injection ram of screw-type plunger, and a heating unit. They are also known as presses. They hold the molds in which the compenents are shaped. Presses are rated by tonnage, which expresses the amount of clamping force that the machine can exert. This force keeps the mold closed during the injection process. Tonnage can vary from less than 5 tons to 6000 tons, with the higher figures used in determined by the projected area of the part being molded.This projected area is multiplied by a champ force of 2 to 8 tons for each square inch of the projected area. As a rule of thumb, 4 or 5 t/in can be used for most products. If the plastic material is very stiff, it will require more injection pressure to fill the mold, thus more clamp tonnage to hold the mold closed. The required force can also be determined by the material used and the size of the part, larger parts require higher clamping force. Actual injection molding is shown in Fig 2-2.
Mold or die are the common terms used to describe the tooling used to produce plastic parts in molding.
Traditionally, molds have been expensive to manufacture. They were usually only used in mass production where thousands of parts were being produced. Molds are typically constructed from hardened steel, pre-hardened steel, aluminium, and/or beryllium-copper alloy. The chioce of material to build a mold from is primarily one of economics. Steel molds generally cost more to construct, but their longer number of parts made before wearing out. Pre-hardened steel molds are less wear resistant and are used for lower volume requirements or large compenents. The steel hardness is tyoically 38-45 on the Rockwell-C scale ( HRC). Hardened steel molds are heat treated after machining. These are by far the superior in terms of wear resistance and lifespan. Typical hardness ranges between 50 to 60 Rockwell scale. Aluminium molds can cost substantially less , and when designed and machined with morden computerized equipment, can be economical for molding tens or even hundreds of thousands of parts. Beryllium copper is used in areas of the mold which require fast removal or area that see the most shear heat generated. The molds can be manufactured by either CNC or by using Electrical Discharge Machining processes.
Standard two plates tooling: core and cavity are inserts in a mold base – “Family mold ” of 5 different parts.
The mold consists of two primary compenents, the injection mold ( A plate ) and the ejector mold ( B plate ) , as shown in Fig. 2-3. Plastic resin enters the mold through a sprue in the injection mold, the sprue bush is to seal tightly against the nozzle of the injection barrel of the molding machine and allow molten plastic to flow from the barrel into the mold , also known as cavity. The sprue bush directs the molten plastic to the cavity images through channels that are machined into the faces of the A or B plates. These channels allow plastic to run along them, so they are referred to as runners. The molten plastic flows through the runner and enters one or more specialized gates and into the cavity geometry to form the desired part.
The amount of resin required to fill the sprue, runner and cavities of a mold is a shot. Trapped air in the mold can escape through air vents that are grinded into the parting line of the mold. If the trapped air is not allowed to escape , it is compressed by the pressure of the incoming material and is squeezed into the corners of the cavity , where it prevents filling and causes other defects as well . The air can become so compressed that it ignites and burns the surrounding plastic material. To allow for removal of the molded part from the mold , the mold features must not overhang one another in the direction that the mold opens , unless parts of the mold are designed to move from between such overhangs when the mold opens ( utilizing composnents called Lifters ).
Three-plate Mold
A simple mold of this type is shown in Fig .2-5,and a descripsion of the design and of theopening sequence follows.The mold consists of three basic prats ,namely :the moving half ,the floating cavity plate and the feed plate ,respectively.
The moving half consists of the moving mold plate assembly,support blocks,backing plate,ejector assembly and the pin ejection system .Thus the moving half in this design is identical with the moving half of basic molds .
The floating cavity plate ,which may be of the integer or insert-bolster design, is located on substantial guide pillars (not shown)fitted in the feed plate . These guide pillars must be of sufficient to perform the function of alignment between the cavity and core when the mold is being closed .Guide bushes are fitted into the moving mold plate and the floating cavity plate respectively .
The maximum movement of the floating cavity plate is controlled by stop bolt assembly .The moving mold plate is suitably bored to provide a clearance for the stop bolt assembly . The stop bolts must be long enough to provide sufficlient space between the feed plate and the floating cavity plate for easy removal of the feeding system .The minimum space provided for should be 65 mm, just sufficient for an operator to remove the feed system by hand if necessary .
The desired operating sequenc is for the first daylight to occur between the floating cavity plate and the feedi
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