全自動(dòng)硬幣清點(diǎn)捆扎機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)【硬幣清分打包包裝】【硬幣分揀機(jī)-分選機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)】
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任務(wù)書
本科 級
(部) 專業(yè) 班
設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目
全自動(dòng)硬幣清點(diǎn)捆扎機(jī)
學(xué)生姓名 學(xué)號(hào)
起訖日期
設(shè)計(jì)地點(diǎn)
指導(dǎo)教師 職稱
2013年 11月 20 日
1.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的目的: 大面值貨幣電子化、小面值貨幣硬幣化是世界各國貨幣發(fā)行的趨勢。隨著硬幣在自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)、公交車等場合的普及應(yīng)用,目前銀行手工包卷硬幣的方式已不能滿足大量硬幣處理的要求。 全自動(dòng)硬幣清點(diǎn)捆扎機(jī)正是為了適應(yīng)這一需求而設(shè)計(jì)的。它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是能夠?qū)Υ罅康挠矌胚M(jìn)行高速計(jì)數(shù)和捆扎,并且還具有一定的清分功能,是一種實(shí)用高效的產(chǎn)品。通過對全自動(dòng)硬幣清點(diǎn)捆扎機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生結(jié)合以及應(yīng)用所學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)理論知識(shí),進(jìn)行分析和設(shè)計(jì)。在設(shè)計(jì)過程中,使學(xué)生如何查找和閱讀相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),掌握有關(guān)工程設(shè)計(jì)的程序、方法和技術(shù)規(guī)范,提高工程設(shè)計(jì)、繪制和編寫技術(shù)文件的能力。培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立工作,團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作和從事產(chǎn)品研發(fā)的實(shí)際能力和水平。
2.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)的內(nèi)容和要求:
(1)閱讀相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),了解全自動(dòng)硬幣清點(diǎn)捆扎機(jī),依據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)題目提出的要求,進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)方案的設(shè)計(jì)并論證。
(2)繪制全自動(dòng)硬幣清點(diǎn)捆扎機(jī)各零件的工程圖及裝配圖,至少二張半0號(hào)圖紙(其中一張裝配圖要求手繪)。
(3) 翻譯英文資料5000字左右。
(4)撰寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書,格式按學(xué)院相關(guān)規(guī)定。
(5)所有設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容(圖紙,設(shè)計(jì)說明書等)的紙版和電子版材料。
3.主要參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] 成大先. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊 單行版 機(jī)械傳動(dòng)[M].北京:化工工業(yè)出版社,2004:4-5.
[2] 成大先. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊 單行版 軸及其聯(lián)接[M].北京:化工工業(yè)出版社,2004:17.
[3] 成大先. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊 單行版 軸承[M].北京:化工工業(yè)出版社,2004:23-24.
[4] 劉筱霞. 包裝機(jī)械與設(shè)備 .北京:化工工業(yè)出版社,2012.6.
[5](美)斯克萊特,(美)奇羅尼斯 編,鄒平 譯. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)用機(jī)構(gòu)與裝置圖冊
.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 ,2007.4.
4.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)進(jìn)度計(jì)劃:
工作內(nèi)容
起訖日期
工作內(nèi)容
20131114~20131120
和同學(xué)見面會(huì) 學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)校相關(guān)規(guī)定 討論設(shè)計(jì)題目 布置同學(xué)按題目搜集相關(guān)資料 準(zhǔn)備接受設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書
20131120
指導(dǎo)老師下達(dá)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書 學(xué)生準(zhǔn)備開題報(bào)告
20131120~20140228
學(xué)生按學(xué)院規(guī)定的格式提交畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告
20140407
進(jìn)行畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)中期檢查,指導(dǎo)教師檢查學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的進(jìn)度(學(xué)生已完成的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)工作量應(yīng)不低于全部工作量的50%),要準(zhǔn)備PPT答辯講解資料。
20140407~20140520
學(xué)生按學(xué)院和系的有關(guān)規(guī)定提交全部畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)資料
20140523
評閱學(xué)生的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)資料,指導(dǎo)教師評語并評分。由系畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組聘請的評閱人寫出評閱意見并評分。
20140524~20140525
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)小組答辯
20140602
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)成績提交
20140606
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)資料的歸檔及總結(jié)
每天通過QQ電話與學(xué)生保持網(wǎng)上聯(lián)系并根據(jù)學(xué)生需求每周可見面輔導(dǎo)
系(部)審核意見:
主任簽名
年 月 日
5. 指導(dǎo)教師工作日記:
日期
工作內(nèi)容(指導(dǎo)和檢查記錄、學(xué)生表現(xiàn)評語、課題進(jìn)度建議,等等)
指導(dǎo)教師簽字
2013 11 14
晚上七點(diǎn)半在學(xué)校圖書館咖啡廳和同學(xué)見面會(huì) 學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)校相關(guān)規(guī)定 討論設(shè)計(jì)題目 布置同學(xué)按題目搜集相關(guān)資料 準(zhǔn)備接受設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書 準(zhǔn)備開題報(bào)告
晁利平
2013 12 18
(論文)開題報(bào)告
系(部): 專業(yè)班級:
姓名
學(xué)號(hào)
指導(dǎo)
教師
職稱
學(xué)歷
課題名稱
全自動(dòng)硬幣清點(diǎn)捆扎機(jī)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)類型(劃√)
工程設(shè)計(jì)
應(yīng)用研究
開發(fā)研究
基礎(chǔ)研究
其他
√
一、 本課題的研究目的和意義:
大面值貨幣電子化、小面值貨幣硬幣化是世界各國貨幣發(fā)行的趨勢。在銀行自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)、公交車等一些特殊部門要對大量的硬幣進(jìn)行高效的處理,如計(jì)數(shù)、分類、包裝等以使其再流通,無人售票車、投幣電話等需要對硬幣進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)識(shí)別。
研究本課題可以極大的方便我們的生活,提高工作效率,全自動(dòng)硬幣清點(diǎn)捆扎機(jī)能夠?qū)Υ罅康挠矌胚M(jìn)行高速計(jì)數(shù)和捆扎,并且還具有一定的清分功能,是一種實(shí)用高效的產(chǎn)品。
二、 文獻(xiàn)綜述(國內(nèi)外研究情況及其發(fā)展):
硬幣清分機(jī)至今已有30年的歷史,發(fā)展到今天,硬幣清分機(jī)已具有可靠的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和先進(jìn)的計(jì)數(shù)清分功能,其智能化的設(shè)計(jì)為解決硬幣清點(diǎn)的困難提供了完美的選擇。由于國外硬幣清分機(jī)發(fā)展比較早,其技術(shù)也較為成熟。硬幣清分機(jī)的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)技術(shù)具有低噪聲、傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn)、、性能可靠等優(yōu)點(diǎn);計(jì)數(shù)功能采用光敏傳感器,有功能齊全,操作更簡便等優(yōu)點(diǎn);采用數(shù)字顯示屏,進(jìn)行可視化設(shè)計(jì),全面顯示硬幣的數(shù)量等信息。硬幣清分機(jī)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn):在國內(nèi),清華大學(xué)、北京科技大學(xué)、上海交通大學(xué)、杭州電子科技大學(xué)、蘇州大學(xué)、福州大學(xué)等多家單位均對如何進(jìn)行正確的硬幣識(shí)別做過深入研究,在機(jī)理上普遍采用電渦流法。這些單位的研究在可能涉及的硬幣范圍內(nèi)取得了較好的效果,但對硬幣的鑒別都局限于項(xiàng)目本身,存在不系統(tǒng)、不完整,對偽幣效果識(shí)別不好等問題。綜合來看,當(dāng)今國內(nèi)外硬幣清分裝置,或者設(shè)計(jì)原理簡單,抗振動(dòng)、抗電磁干擾能力差,識(shí)別偽幣能力差;要么制造復(fù)雜、價(jià)格昂貴、缺少實(shí)用價(jià)值。
三、 本課題的主要研究內(nèi)容(提綱)和成果形式:
1、 全自動(dòng)硬幣清點(diǎn)捆扎機(jī)采用物理技術(shù)進(jìn)行清分,設(shè)計(jì)原理簡單,能對國內(nèi)新版硬幣進(jìn)行快速清分,但不具備辯偽功能。
2、 該機(jī)器可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對硬幣個(gè)數(shù)定量的進(jìn)行清分捆扎。
3、機(jī)器可以將硬幣的清分和捆扎一次性完成,省略中途人為操作的麻煩。
四、 擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題:
1. 如何避免一次送進(jìn)過多硬幣造成機(jī)器的堵塞和不流暢。
2. 選擇合適的方法或者原理對硬幣進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)。
3.如何選擇對硬幣更加美觀,高效,省料的捆扎方法。
五、 研究思路、方法和步驟:
(1) 首先要對全自動(dòng)硬幣清點(diǎn)捆扎機(jī)要有整體的構(gòu)思,通過各種途徑了解全自動(dòng)硬幣清點(diǎn)捆扎機(jī)的發(fā)展從硬幣的放入,分類,計(jì)數(shù),再到捆扎構(gòu)思出需要用到的機(jī)構(gòu)和原理。
(二)、因?yàn)橐淮涡钥赡苄枰湃氪罅康幕祀s的硬幣,所以設(shè)計(jì)成振動(dòng)料斗,在振動(dòng)料斗的作用下使硬幣在進(jìn)入滑道前排列定向依次進(jìn)入滑道,在滑道上開有小槽,使不和規(guī)格的硬幣落入下面的槽中。
(三)、該機(jī)器采用光敏傳感器作為基本傳感器進(jìn)行硬幣的計(jì)數(shù),在硬幣進(jìn)槽的途中放置光電三極管作為檢測元件。當(dāng)硬幣通過時(shí),接收端會(huì)收到光信號(hào),并且通過LED數(shù)碼顯示管將計(jì)數(shù)結(jié)果顯示出來。
(四)、最后的捆扎采用的是塑料薄膜對已經(jīng)分好的成堆硬幣進(jìn)行纏繞,然后通過熱封薄膜的作用進(jìn)行固定。
六、 本課題的進(jìn)度安排:
1. 開題報(bào)告
2. 進(jìn)行實(shí)地調(diào)查,收集數(shù)據(jù)
3. 實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)分析整理
4. 翻譯英文文獻(xiàn)
5. 繪制圖紙
6.編寫說明書
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] 成大先. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊 單行版 機(jī)械傳動(dòng)[M].北京:化工工業(yè)出版社,2004:4-5.
[2] 成大先. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊 單行版 軸及其聯(lián)接[M].北京:化工工業(yè)出版社,2004:17.
[3] 成大先. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊 單行版 軸承[M].北京:化工工業(yè)出版社,2004:23-24.
[4] 劉筱霞. 包裝機(jī)械與設(shè)備 .北京:化工工業(yè)出版社,2012.6.
[5](美)斯克萊特,(美)奇羅尼斯 編,鄒平 譯. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)用機(jī)構(gòu)與裝置圖冊
.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 ,2007.4.
七、 指導(dǎo)老師意見:
指導(dǎo)老師(簽名):
年 月 日
八、 系(部)意見:
系(部)主任(簽名):
年 月 日
注:本表可續(xù)頁
2.2.6 振動(dòng)料斗中硬幣的排列定向
振動(dòng)料斗中的硬幣在進(jìn)入滑道前需在振動(dòng)料斗中排列定向,保證一個(gè)接一個(gè)有序地進(jìn)入滑道,因此應(yīng)在振動(dòng)料斗中設(shè)計(jì)擋片,擋片是可調(diào)的,便于選別不同規(guī)格硬幣,設(shè)計(jì)不同的擋片,使沿料槽只能使規(guī)格相同的一種硬幣通過。順著料槽的能順利進(jìn)入滑道(從上往下滑),進(jìn)入槽式振動(dòng)送料機(jī)后,在槽上開有小槽,使不和規(guī)格的硬幣落入下面的槽中,從而進(jìn)行硬幣的二次分選,使硬幣的分選更徹底。 排列定向示意圖如圖所示:
開槽的順序(從小到大,從上到下) 一角,五角,一元。
以1元硬幣的滑道為例,滑道的視圖和具體尺寸如下所示:
自動(dòng)包裝機(jī)構(gòu)
4.1 硬幣自動(dòng)分選計(jì)量機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的包裝原理
(1) 硬幣經(jīng)過振動(dòng)送料機(jī)的兩次分選后經(jīng)過滑道直接滑入裝幣筒中。滑道上要安裝光電記數(shù)裝置和電磁鐵隔板防滿裝置,光電記數(shù)裝置是用來控制硬幣滑入幣筒的數(shù)量,每次記數(shù)為50枚。電磁鐵隔板的作用是防滿,每次滑入幣筒的硬幣如果滿了,電磁鐵隔板就擋在滑道上,使硬幣不再滑入幣筒。
(2)幣筒的高度正好等于五十枚硬幣的高度,我所設(shè)計(jì)的硬幣自動(dòng)分選包裝機(jī)要分選出1元、5毛、1毛的硬幣,應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)好幣筒的高度,所以分選出的硬幣分別裝入三個(gè)不同高度的硬幣筒,分別是1元硬幣筒的高度為100mm,5角硬幣筒的高度為75mm,1角硬幣筒的高度也是75mm。裝幣筒的作用就是裝分選出來的硬幣,是硬幣的整理過程。
(3)絲杠頂桿是有電動(dòng)機(jī)帶動(dòng)齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),從而帶動(dòng)絲杠螺母做上下往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng),從而完成頂桿頂硬幣的動(dòng)作。每次裝滿50枚硬幣,絲杠向下運(yùn)動(dòng)一次,將硬幣頂下,絲杠回轉(zhuǎn)。頂桿裝置的作用是頂硬幣,由于硬幣落入幣筒中可能有不平整的,用頂桿使之平整,還有就是使堆好的硬幣在機(jī)械手張開的時(shí)候用頂桿將硬幣頂入機(jī)械手的下面,然后頂桿向上運(yùn)動(dòng),機(jī)械手再一次夾緊,使落下的硬幣上面封好,完成一次包裝。在封好落下的硬幣的上部的時(shí)候也就是對下一次包裝硬幣的底部的封接。這樣往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng),從而完成一次硬幣的記數(shù),包裝。
(4)塑料薄膜固定在軸承座上,伸長的部分要包在幣筒的外面,下面要長出幣筒,用機(jī)械手夾緊熱封,在幣筒的側(cè)面用一個(gè)橫向封接器完成熱封薄膜的作用。每次硬幣裝滿50個(gè),熱封器自動(dòng)熱封一次。
(5)機(jī)械手主要是由電動(dòng)機(jī)帶動(dòng)齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),通過電動(dòng)機(jī)的正轉(zhuǎn)和反轉(zhuǎn),從而使機(jī)械手做夾緊和張開運(yùn)動(dòng)。
世界最新機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理念
來源:中國科技期刊
摘要:根據(jù)目前國內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行機(jī)械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)的主要思維特點(diǎn),將產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計(jì)方法概括為系統(tǒng)化、結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識(shí)和智能。這幾種方法的特點(diǎn)及其相互間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系,提出產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的努力方向。
關(guān)鍵詞:機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)方法發(fā)展趨勢
設(shè)計(jì)文件是將語義設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)作為設(shè)計(jì)工具,在其開發(fā)的活性語義設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)ASK中,采用結(jié)點(diǎn)和線條組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)描述設(shè)計(jì),結(jié)點(diǎn)表示元件化的單元(如設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)、功能、構(gòu)件或加工設(shè)備等),線條用以調(diào)整和定義結(jié)點(diǎn)間不同的語義關(guān)系,由此為設(shè)計(jì)過程中的所有活動(dòng)和結(jié)果預(yù)先建立模型,使早期設(shè)計(jì)要求的定義到每一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的具體描述均可由關(guān)系間的定義表達(dá),實(shí)現(xiàn)了計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)過程由抽象到具體的飛躍。
系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法
系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是:將設(shè)計(jì)看成由若干個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素組成的一個(gè)系統(tǒng),每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素具有獨(dú)立性,各個(gè)要素間存在著有機(jī)的聯(lián)系,并具有層次性,所有的設(shè)計(jì)要素結(jié)合后,即可實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)所需完成的任務(wù)。
系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)思想于70年代由德國學(xué)者Pahl和Beitz教授提出,他們以系統(tǒng)理論為基礎(chǔ),制訂了設(shè)計(jì)的一般模式,倡導(dǎo)設(shè)計(jì)工作應(yīng)具備條理性。德國工程師協(xié)會(huì)在這一設(shè)計(jì)思想的基礎(chǔ)上,制訂出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)VDI2221技術(shù)系統(tǒng)和產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)方法。
1. 將用戶需求作為產(chǎn)品功能特征構(gòu)思、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和零件設(shè)計(jì)、工藝規(guī)劃、作業(yè)控制等的基礎(chǔ),從產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的宏觀過程出發(fā),利用質(zhì)量功能布置方法,系統(tǒng)地將用戶需求信息合理而有效地轉(zhuǎn)換為產(chǎn)品開發(fā)各階段的技術(shù)目標(biāo)和作業(yè)控制規(guī)程的方法。
2. 將產(chǎn)品看作有機(jī)體層次上的生命系統(tǒng),并借助于生命系統(tǒng)理論,把產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)過程劃分成功能需求層次、實(shí)現(xiàn)功能要求的概念層次和產(chǎn)品的具體設(shè)計(jì)層次。同時(shí)采用了生命系統(tǒng)圖符抽象地表達(dá)產(chǎn)品的功能要求,形成產(chǎn)品功能系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)。
3. 將機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中系統(tǒng)科學(xué)的應(yīng)用歸納為兩個(gè)基本問題:一是把要設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品作為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)處理,最佳地確定其組成部分(單元)及其相互關(guān)系;二是將產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)過程看成一個(gè)系統(tǒng),根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo),正確、合理地確定設(shè)計(jì)中各個(gè)方面的工作和各個(gè)不同的設(shè)計(jì)階段。
由于每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)者研究問題的角度以及考慮問題的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同,進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)采用的具體研究方法亦存在差異。下面介紹一些具有代表性的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法。
4. 設(shè)計(jì)元素法
用五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素(功能、效應(yīng)、效應(yīng)載體、形狀元素和表面參數(shù))描述“產(chǎn)品解”,認(rèn)為一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素值確定之后,產(chǎn)品的所有特征和特征值即已確定。我國亦有設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者采用了類似方法描述產(chǎn)品的原理解。
5. 圖形建模法
研制的“設(shè)計(jì)分析和引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)”KALEIT,用層次清楚的圖形描述出產(chǎn)品的功能結(jié)構(gòu)及其相關(guān)的抽象信息,實(shí)現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、功能關(guān)系的圖形化建模,以及功能層之間的聯(lián)接。
將設(shè)計(jì)劃分成輔助方法和信息交換兩個(gè)方面,利用Nijssen信息分析方法可以采用圖形符號(hào)、具有內(nèi)容豐富的語義模型結(jié)構(gòu)、可以描述集成條件、可以劃分約束類型、可以實(shí)現(xiàn)關(guān)系間的任意結(jié)合等特點(diǎn),將設(shè)計(jì)方法解與信息技術(shù)進(jìn)行集成,實(shí)現(xiàn)了設(shè)計(jì)過程中不同抽象層間信息關(guān)系的圖形化建模。
6. “構(gòu)思”—“設(shè)計(jì)”法
將產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)分成“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計(jì)”兩個(gè)階段?!皹?gòu)思”階段的任務(wù)是尋求、選擇和組合滿足設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求的原理解。“設(shè)計(jì)”階段的工作則是具體實(shí)現(xiàn)構(gòu)思階段的原理解。
將方案的“構(gòu)思”具體描述為:根據(jù)合適的功能結(jié)構(gòu),尋求滿足設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求的原理解。即功能結(jié)構(gòu)中的分功能由“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”實(shí)現(xiàn),并將“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的物理聯(lián)接定義為“功能載體”,“功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的相互作用又形成了功能示意圖(機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)簡圖)。方案的“設(shè)計(jì)”是根據(jù)功能示意圖,先定性地描述所有的“功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”,再定量地描述所有“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”和聯(lián)接件(“功能載體”)的形狀及位置,得到結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖。Roper,H.利用圖論理論,借助于由他定義的“總設(shè)計(jì)單元(GE)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素(KE)”、“功能結(jié)構(gòu)元素(FKE)”、“聯(lián)接結(jié)構(gòu)元素(VKE)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)零件(KT)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素零件(KET)”等概念,以及描述結(jié)構(gòu)元素尺寸、位置和傳動(dòng)參數(shù)間相互關(guān)系的若干種簡圖,把設(shè)計(jì)專家憑直覺設(shè)計(jì)的方法做了形式化的描述,形成了有效地應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有知識(shí)的方法,并將其應(yīng)用于“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計(jì)”階段。
7. 鍵合圖法
將組成系統(tǒng)元件的功能分成產(chǎn)生能量、消耗能量、轉(zhuǎn)變能量形式、傳遞能量等各種類型,并借用鍵合圖表達(dá)元件的功能解,希望將基于功能的模型與鍵合圖結(jié)合,實(shí)現(xiàn)功能結(jié)構(gòu)的自動(dòng)生成和功能結(jié)構(gòu)與鍵合圖之間的自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換,尋求由鍵合圖產(chǎn)生多個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)方案的方法。
提倡在產(chǎn)品功能分析的基礎(chǔ)上,將產(chǎn)品分解成具有某種功能的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)模塊化的基本結(jié)構(gòu),通過選擇和組合這些模塊化基本結(jié)構(gòu)組建成不同的產(chǎn)品。這些基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以是零件、部件,甚至是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)。
本結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的接口(聯(lián)接和配合部),并且是系列化、通用化、集成化、層次化、靈便化、經(jīng)濟(jì)化,具有互換性、相容性和相關(guān)性。我國結(jié)合軟件構(gòu)件技術(shù)和CAD技術(shù),將變形設(shè)計(jì)與組合設(shè)計(jì)相結(jié)合,根據(jù)分級模塊化原理,將加工中心機(jī)床由大到小分為產(chǎn)品級、部件級、組件級和元件級,并利用專家知識(shí)和CAD技術(shù)將它們組合成不同品種、不同規(guī)格的功能模塊,再由這些功能模塊組合成不同的加工中心總體方案。
以設(shè)計(jì)為目錄作為選擇變異機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的工具,提出將設(shè)計(jì)的解元素進(jìn)行完整的、結(jié)構(gòu)化的編排,形成解集設(shè)計(jì)目錄。并在解集設(shè)計(jì)目錄中列出評論每一個(gè)解的附加信息,非常有利于設(shè)計(jì)工程師選擇解元素。
網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的蓬勃發(fā)展,異地協(xié)同設(shè)計(jì)與制造,以及從用戶對產(chǎn)品的功能需求→設(shè)計(jì)→加工→裝配→成品這一并行工程的實(shí)現(xiàn)成為可能。但是,達(dá)到這些目標(biāo)的重要前提條件之一,就是實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)效果的三維可視化。為此,不僅三維圖形軟件、智能化設(shè)計(jì)軟件愈來愈多地應(yīng)用于產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)中,虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)以及多媒體、超媒體工具也在產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)中初露鋒芒。目前,德國等發(fā)達(dá)國家正著力于研究超媒體技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)交換標(biāo)準(zhǔn)STEP,以及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)造型語言上基于虛擬環(huán)境的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)交換格式)在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用。
機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)正朝著計(jì)算機(jī)輔助實(shí)現(xiàn)、智能化設(shè)計(jì)和滿足異地協(xié)同設(shè)計(jì)制造需求的方向邁進(jìn),由于產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)方法的研究起步較晚,目前還沒有成熟的、能夠達(dá)到上述目標(biāo)的方案設(shè)計(jì)工具軟件。作者認(rèn)為,綜合運(yùn)用文中四種類型設(shè)計(jì)方法是達(dá)到這一目標(biāo)有效途徑。雖然這些方法的綜合運(yùn)用涉及的領(lǐng)域較多,不僅與機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)有關(guān),而且還涉及到系統(tǒng)工程理論、人工智能理論、計(jì)算機(jī)軟硬件工程、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)等各方面的領(lǐng)域知識(shí),但仍然是產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)必須努力的方向。國外在這方面的研究已初見成效,我國設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者也已意識(shí)到CAD技術(shù)與國際交流合作的重要性,及其應(yīng)當(dāng)采取的措施。
基于產(chǎn)品特征知識(shí)設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是:用計(jì)算機(jī)能夠識(shí)別的語言描述產(chǎn)品的特征及其設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域?qū)<业闹R(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn),建立相應(yīng)的知識(shí)庫及推理機(jī),再利用已存儲(chǔ)的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)和建立的推理機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)。
機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的方案設(shè)計(jì)主要是依據(jù)產(chǎn)品所具有的特征,以及設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域?qū)<业闹R(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行推量和決策,完成機(jī)構(gòu)的型、數(shù)綜合。欲實(shí)現(xiàn)這一階段的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì),必須研究知識(shí)的自動(dòng)獲取、表達(dá)、集成、協(xié)調(diào)、管理和使用。為此,國內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者針對機(jī)械系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計(jì)知識(shí)的自動(dòng)化處理做了大量的研究工作,采用的方法可歸納為下述幾種。
The worlds Latest Mechanical Design Conceptssource:China Science and Technology JournalAbstract:According to scholars at home and abroad to carry out mechanicaldesign product design features of the main ideas, product design method of theprogramsummarizedassystematic,modularstructure,basedonproductcharacteristics of knowledge and wisdom. The characteristics of these methods andtheir organic connection between them and put forward to achieve the computerproduct design direction.Key words: Mechanical Product Design MethodDevelopment Trends Design documents will be Semantic Web as a design tool inthe design of its Semantic Web activity of the development of ASK, using nodes andlines to describe the design a network, nodes that components of the cell (such asdesign tasks, functions, components or processing equipment, etc. ), used to adjust thelines and definitions between nodes of different semantic relations, thus the designprocess all the activities and results of pre-built models so that the definition of theearly design requirements to the specific description of each structure can be definedby the relationship between the expression, achieved a computer-aided design process,the leap from the abstract to the concrete.Asystematic design methodThe main features of a systematic design method are: the design as designed by anumber of elements of a system, the independence of each design elements, eachelement of an organic link between the existence of, and is layered, with all the designelements , you can design systems to achieve the required task.Systematic design idea in the 70s by the German scholar Professor Pahl andBeitz, the system based on the theory they developed a general pattern of the design,advocacy design work should have organized. German Engineers Association, on thebasis of this design concept to develop a standard VDI2221 technology systems andproduct development design methods.1.The user needs functional characteristics as a product concept, structuredesign and part design, process planning, job control, etc. based on the macro fromthe product development process of starting the use of quality function deploymentmethod and system to user demand information reasonably and efficiently convertedto the various stages of product development, technical goals and operational controlprocedures method.2.The level of the product life of the organism as a system, and means ofliving systems theory, the product design process can be divided into successfulhierarchy of needs to achieve the functional requirements of the conceptual level andproduct level of the specific design. At the same time life-support systems used toexpress the abstract icons of the product functional requirements, system structureformation of product features.3.The mechanical design of the application of systems science into two basicquestions: First, to be designed as a system dealing with the products, the best way todetermine its component parts (modules) and their mutual relations1; is the productdesign process as a system, according to design objectives, a correct and reasonablydetermine the various aspects of the design work and various design stage.Because each designers point of research questions and to consider the questionof emphasis, to design a specific research methods used is also different. Here aresome representative of the systematic design methods.4.Design Element MethodWith the five design elements (functions, effects, effects vector, shape, elements,and surface parameters) describe the product solutions that a product to determinethe value of the five design elements, the product of all the features and characteristicsof the value of i.e. determined. Scholars in China have adopted similar methodsdesigned to describe the products original understanding.5.Graphic modeling methodAnd developed a design analysis and guidance systems KALEIT, with thelevel of clear graphic description of a products functional structure and its associatedabstract information, to the system structure and function relationship of graphicalmodeling, and functional connection between the layers 2.Assistance will be designed to be divided into two aspects of methodology andexchange of information using the Nijssen Information Analysis Method can be usedgraphic symbols, with a rich semantic model structure, can be described as integrationconditions, can be divided into types of constraints can be achieved in relationsbetween any combination of characteristics , the design method to solve integrationand information technology to realize the design process of information betweendifferent abstraction layers between the graphical modeling.6.Concept - Design methodProducts design is divided into concept and design in two stages. Conceptphase of the task is to find, choose and mix to meet the requirements of the originalunderstanding of design tasks. Design stage of work is a concrete realization of theoriginal understanding of the conceptual stage.Of the programs idea of specific described as: In accordance with theappropriate functional structure, seeking to meet the design requirements of theoriginal understanding of the task. The functional structure of the sub-function isperformed by the structural elements to achieve, and structural elements of thephysical connection between the definition of a feature vector, feature vector andstructural elements further the interaction between the formation of the functionaldiagram ( mechanical diagram). The program design is based on functional diagram,the first qualitative description of all of the feature vector and structural elements,and then quantitatively describe all the structural elements and the connection parts( feature vectors), the shape and location to be structure diagram3. Roper, H. usinggraph theory, by means of which he defines as the total design unit (GE), structuralelements (KE), functional structural elements (FKE), connect structural elements(VKE), Structural Parts (KT), structure element part (KET) concepts, as well asdescribe the structure element size, location, and transmission parameters of theinteractions between a number of kinds of schematics, the intuitive designprofessionals have done a formal design method a description of the formation of aneffective application of existing knowledge, methods, and applied to ideas anddesign stage.7.Bond Graph MethodFunction of the composition of system components will be divided into produceenergy, consumed energy, changing energy forms, such as various types of energytransfer, and to use bond graphs to express the function component solution, hoping tofunction-based model and bond graph combine to achieve functional structure theautomatic generation and functional structure with the bond graph automaticconversion between the search for bond graph generated by a number of designmethods.To promote the product on the basis of functional analysis, the product has somefeatures broken down into one or several modular basic structure, by selection andcombination of the basic structure of these modular form into different products.These basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system.The structure should have a standardized interface (connection and co-operationdepartment),andisserialized,universal,integrated,hierarchical,agile,economic-oriented, with interchangeability, compatibility and relevance. Chinascombination of software component technology and CAD technology, variant designcombined with the modular design, according to modular principle of classification,will be divided into descending Machining Center Machine Tool product level,component level, component level and component level, and use expert knowledgeand CAD technology to combine them into different species, different specificationsof functional blocks, and then by the combination of these functions into differentmodules of the overall program processing center.To design a directory as an alternative variation of the mechanical structure ofthe tool, the solution proposed by the design elements of a complete, structured layout,the formation of the solution set design catalogs. And in the solution set designed tocomment on each one listed in the directory solution additional information, is verybeneficial to design engineers select solution elements.The vigorous development of network technology, collaborative design andmanufacturing, as well as the product from the users functional requirements design processing assembly finished product of this realization of concurrentengineering possible. However, an important prerequisite to achieve these goals oneof the conditions is to realize the effect of product design three-dimensionalvisualization. To this end, three-dimensional graphics software, more and moreintelligent design software programs used in the product design, virtual realitytechnology and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product design is also its first debut.At present, Germany and other developed countries are focused on researchhypermedia technology, product data exchange standard STEP, as well as standardvirtual reality modeling language based on a standard exchange format for virtualenvironments) in the product design applications.Mechanical product design is moving in computer-aided realization of intelligentdesign and to meet the needs of distributed collaborative design and manufacture ofdirection, due to the computer product design Study on the implementation startedlate, not yet mature, to achieve the above objectives program design tools4. Authorbelieves that the integrated use of paper, four types of design method is an effectiveway to achieve this goal. Although the integrated use of these methods are moreinvolved in the field, not only with the mechanical design of the field-relatedknowledge, but also to the systems engineering theory, artificial intelligence theory,computer hardware and software engineering, network technology areas such asdomain knowledge, it is still product design must be working for. Abroad in researchin this area has achieved initial success, our scholars have been aware of CAD designtechnology and the importance of international exchange and cooperation, and itsmeasures to be taken.Feature-based design methodology of knowledge The main features are: using acomputer can identify the language to describe the characteristics of the product andits design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to establish the appropriateknowledge base and inference engine, re-use of stored domain knowledge and theestablishment of the inference mechanism to bring computer-aided product design.The mechanical system design is mainly based on the characteristics of a product,and design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to push volume anddecision-making, the completion of body type, the number of synthesis. To achievethis stage of computer-aided design, must study the automatic acquisition ofknowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. To this end,the design and scholars at home and abroad program for the mechanical systemdesign knowledge of the automated processing done a lot of research work, theapproach can be summarized into the following several.
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