雙螺桿塑料擠出機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)【含5張CAD圖紙和說明書】

資源目錄里展示的全都有預(yù)覽可以查看的噢，，下載就有,,請(qǐng)放心下載，原稿可自行編輯修改=【QQ：11970985 可咨詢交流】====================喜歡就充值下載吧。。。資源目錄里展示的全都有，，下載后全都有,,請(qǐng)放心下載，原稿可自行編輯修改=【QQ：197216396 可咨詢交流】==================== 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）過程管理資料 雙螺桿塑料擠出機(jī)設(shè)計(jì) 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）中期報(bào)告 填表日期： 學(xué)院(部) 班 級(jí) 學(xué)生 姓名 課題名稱：雙螺桿塑料擠出機(jī)設(shè)計(jì) 課題主要任務(wù)： （1）設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)PVC的雙螺桿擠出機(jī)； （2）寫出設(shè)計(jì)過程的說明書； （3）畫出總裝圖和主要零部件的CAD圖紙； 1、簡(jiǎn)述開題以來所做的具體工作和取得的進(jìn)展或成果 查閱相關(guān)資料，分析所給題目的要求，了解雙螺桿擠出機(jī)工作原理，選擇合適的設(shè)計(jì)型號(hào)并寫出設(shè)計(jì)過程說明書，并初步修改。 2、下一步的主要研究任務(wù)，具體設(shè)想與安排 完成設(shè)計(jì)圖紙，總裝圖1張，主要零、部件4-5張，繼續(xù)完善設(shè)計(jì)說明書。交指導(dǎo)老師評(píng)閱，再修改。 3、存在的具體問題 設(shè)計(jì)說明書完成過程有大量計(jì)算，出現(xiàn)了很大的困難。 圖形的繪制比較困難。 很多細(xì)節(jié)上的東西考慮不到位。 4、指導(dǎo)教師對(duì)該生前期研究工作的評(píng)價(jià) 指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 日 期： 11 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題任務(wù)書 學(xué)院（部）： 機(jī)械工程學(xué)院 專業(yè)：機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 指導(dǎo)教師 學(xué)生姓名 課題名稱 雙螺桿塑料擠出機(jī)設(shè)計(jì) 內(nèi) 容 及 任 務(wù) 設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容 雙螺桿塑料擠出機(jī) 設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù) （1）設(shè)計(jì)說明書 按學(xué)校的模板格式撰寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書，設(shè)計(jì)說明書正文部分（從第1章到致謝）不少于40頁(yè)。 （2）繪制設(shè)計(jì)圖紙 采用AutoCAD(2006以下版本)繪制二維圖紙，并鼓勵(lì)采用三維軟件繪圖。繪制總裝圖1張，部裝圖、零件圖若干。圖紙總量相當(dāng)于A0圖紙3張。 擬 達(dá) 到 的 要 求 或 技 術(shù) 指 標(biāo) 技術(shù)指標(biāo) 設(shè)計(jì)要求：用于PVC的混合、改性，最大產(chǎn)量為200Kg/h，最高轉(zhuǎn)速為260r/min 要求 （1）設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算準(zhǔn)確，計(jì)算結(jié)果修正合理，設(shè)計(jì)方案可行。 （2）設(shè)計(jì)說明書敘述清楚、文字通順、表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確、書寫工整，技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，說明書字?jǐn)?shù)達(dá)到或超過任務(wù)書的規(guī)定。 （3）設(shè)計(jì)說明書中的參考文獻(xiàn)總數(shù)（含書籍）不少于10篇（本），其中應(yīng)引用5篇以上的中文學(xué)術(shù)論文，1篇以上的外文學(xué)術(shù)論文，并嚴(yán)格按模板格式在文中引用處加以標(biāo)注。 （4）設(shè)計(jì)圖紙符合國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，布圖合理、圖面整潔、美觀，圖紙數(shù)量達(dá)到任務(wù)書的規(guī)定； （5）設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算與圖紙均為獨(dú)立完成，無相互抄襲痕跡。 進(jìn) 度 安 排 起止日期 工作內(nèi)容 第18—20周 寫開題報(bào)告 第1到4周 實(shí)習(xí) 第5到8周 編寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書、繪草圖，中期檢查 第9到12周 繪裝配圖、零件圖，輸出說明書、圖紙 第13周 作好答辯前的準(zhǔn)備工作 第14周 畢業(yè)答辯 主 要 參 考 資 料 1.《工程制圖》趙大興主編 高等教育出版 2.《機(jī)械原理》（第七版）鄭文緯、吳克堅(jiān)主編 高等教育出版社 3.《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)》（第八版）濮良貴、紀(jì)名剛主編 高等教育出版社 4.《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》成大先主編 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 5．《液壓與氣動(dòng)技術(shù)》許福玲等主編 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 6.《工程材料與成形技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)》龐國(guó)星主編 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 7.《塑料成型工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)》齊曉杰主編 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 系（教研室） 意見 簽名： 年 月 日 學(xué)院（部）主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)意見 簽名： 年 月 日 - 2 - 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告 學(xué) 院（部）： 機(jī)械工程學(xué)院 專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 學(xué) 生 姓 名： 班 級(jí)： 學(xué)號(hào) 指導(dǎo)教師姓名： 職稱 - 12 - 題目：雙螺桿塑料擠出機(jī)設(shè)計(jì) 1. 雙螺桿塑料擠出機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)概述 1.1雙螺桿塑料擠出機(jī)概述 ????塑料擠出成型是在擠出機(jī)中通過加熱、加壓而使塑料以及熔融流動(dòng)狀態(tài)連續(xù)通過口模成型的方法，或簡(jiǎn)稱為擠塑。擠出成型是聚合物加工中出現(xiàn)較早的一門技術(shù),在19世紀(jì)初已有使用。擠出成型可加工的聚合物種類很多,制品更是多種多樣,成型過程也有許多差異，比較常見的是以固體塊狀加料擠出制品的過程。 雙螺桿塑料擠出機(jī)有主機(jī)，機(jī)頭和輔機(jī)組成。其中主機(jī)是核心部分，由傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，擠壓系統(tǒng)，加熱冷卻系統(tǒng)，控制系統(tǒng)組成。 其擠出成型過程為:將顆粒狀或粉狀的固體物料加入到擠出機(jī)的料斗中,擠出機(jī)的料筒外面有加熱器,通過熱傳導(dǎo)將加熱器產(chǎn)生的熱量傳給料筒內(nèi)的物料,溫度上升,達(dá)到熔融溫度。機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),料筒內(nèi)的螺桿轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),將物料向前輸送,物料在運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中與料筒、螺桿以及物料與物料之間相互摩擦、剪切,產(chǎn)生大量的熱,與熱傳導(dǎo)共同作用使加入的物料不斷熔融,熔融的物料被連續(xù)、穩(wěn)定地輸送到具有一定形狀的機(jī)頭(或稱口模)中。通過口模后,處于流動(dòng)狀態(tài)的物料取近似口型的形狀,再進(jìn)入冷卻定型裝置,使物料一面固化,一面保持既定的形狀,在牽引裝置的作用下,使制品連續(xù)地前進(jìn),并獲得最終的制品尺寸。最后用切割的方法截?cái)嘀破?以便儲(chǔ)存和運(yùn)輸。 加料擠出系統(tǒng) 整體方案設(shè)計(jì) 雙螺桿擠出機(jī)有嚙合型的，也有非嚙合型的；嚙合型的又分同向旋轉(zhuǎn)的和異向旋轉(zhuǎn)的；異向旋轉(zhuǎn)嚙合型雙螺桿又有平行雙螺桿擠出機(jī)和錐形雙螺桿擠出機(jī)之分。主要考慮的參數(shù)是雙螺桿直徑（Φ72MM）、中心距、長(zhǎng)徑比、螺桿轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)范圍、功耗、擠出量、螺桿軸向推力。 1.2 擠出系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 1.2.1 螺桿設(shè)計(jì) （1）螺桿元件的設(shè)計(jì) 根據(jù)實(shí)現(xiàn)功能的不同，可將螺桿元件分為輸送元件（它由螺紋元件組成，可有不同的螺紋頭數(shù)和導(dǎo)程），剪切元件（主要是捏合盤及其組成），混合元件（主要是齒形元件等）。 （2） 螺桿局部構(gòu)型設(shè)計(jì) 整根螺桿的組合分兩個(gè)方面：一是完成不同局部功能的各種螺桿區(qū)段（即局部構(gòu)型）設(shè)計(jì)；二是針對(duì)整個(gè)擠出過程完成的任務(wù)，整跟螺桿的組合設(shè)計(jì)。 （3）螺桿機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 雙螺桿的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)包括芯軸、螺桿軸、螺桿元件的設(shè)計(jì)以及各種螺桿元件的類型、數(shù)量及如何裝配在一起等總體規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)。 （4）螺桿的材質(zhì)及熱處理 螺桿材質(zhì)的選自要考慮強(qiáng)度、耐磨度、耐腐蝕等問題，國(guó)內(nèi)雙螺桿擠出機(jī)廠家一般用合金結(jié)構(gòu)鋼，制成螺桿后氮化處理，氮化層厚度一般0.3-0.5mm。 1.2.2 機(jī)筒設(shè)計(jì) 根據(jù)擠出過程和工藝的需要，將不同功能，不同結(jié)構(gòu)形狀的若干機(jī)筒段用不同的方法把它們組合成一根整體機(jī)筒，與相應(yīng)的組合螺桿裝在一起，成為擠壓系統(tǒng)。 1.3 傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 雙螺桿擠出機(jī)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的作用是在設(shè)定的工藝條件下，向兩根螺桿提供合適的轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)范圍、穩(wěn)定而均勻的速度、足夠且均勻相等的扭矩（功率），并能承受擠出過程中所產(chǎn)生的巨大的螺桿軸向力。下圖是德國(guó)某公司的傳動(dòng)箱的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。 傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng) （1）主驅(qū)動(dòng)電動(dòng)機(jī)選型 常用的電機(jī)有直流電動(dòng)機(jī)、交流變頻調(diào)速電機(jī)、滑差電機(jī)、整流子電機(jī)，其中以直流電機(jī)和交流變頻調(diào)速電機(jī)居多。 （2）傳動(dòng)箱設(shè)計(jì) 雙螺桿擠出機(jī)的傳動(dòng)箱由兩部分組成，即減速部分和扭矩分配部分。這兩部分雖然功能不同，但聯(lián)系緊密，有時(shí)互相制約。根據(jù)目前流行的結(jié)構(gòu)看，其布置設(shè)計(jì)主要分兩種：一種是將減速部分和扭矩分配部分很明顯的分開，即分離式;一種是將兩者和在一起。追求的目標(biāo)總的來說是實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)定的螺桿轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)（范圍）、螺桿旋轉(zhuǎn)方向、扭矩均勻分配、軸承合理布置的前提下，通過傳動(dòng)方案的確定和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，采取措施，降低齒輪負(fù)載，抵消或減小傳動(dòng)齒輪的徑向載荷，傳遞更大的功率和軸向力，提高軸承的壽命，裝配維修方便。 1.4 雙螺桿擠出機(jī)輔助系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) （1） 壓力調(diào)節(jié)裝置 擠出過程中沿螺桿軸向方向的壓力分布是擠出過程的操作因變量之一，它會(huì)影響能量的轉(zhuǎn)換和混合效果，沿螺桿方向的壓力分布跟螺桿構(gòu)型、物料特征與操作條件有關(guān)。 （2） 排氣系統(tǒng) 雙螺桿擠出機(jī)一般都設(shè)有排氣系統(tǒng)，用于將擠出過程中物料中的空氣、殘留單體、低分子揮發(fā)物、溶劑、反應(yīng)生成物中的氣體排出。 排氣效果的好壞，排氣口冒不冒料，與排氣系統(tǒng)各組成部分的合理設(shè)計(jì)與匹配有很大關(guān)系。 （3） 加料系統(tǒng) 雙螺桿擠出機(jī)一般使用計(jì)量加料，有時(shí)也采用溢流加料，強(qiáng)制加料。 所謂計(jì)量加料，就是加料裝置給擠出系統(tǒng)加多少料，擠出系統(tǒng)就擠出多少料。擠壓系統(tǒng)的擠出量與螺桿轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)無關(guān)。 加料系統(tǒng)的調(diào)速電機(jī)可以采用直流電機(jī)，也可以采用變頻調(diào)速電機(jī)，計(jì)量方式有體積計(jì)量、失重計(jì)量、稱重計(jì)量。 （4） 加熱冷卻系統(tǒng) 擠出過程物料要吸熱變成粘流態(tài)才能完成擠出，一般的加熱方式是電加熱和載體加熱。冷卻有風(fēng)冷，油冷、水冷。 （5） 安全保護(hù)系統(tǒng) 雙螺桿擠出機(jī)設(shè)有很多安全裝置，如螺桿扭矩過載保護(hù)，止推軸承過載保護(hù)，計(jì)量加料裝置和主機(jī)聯(lián)鎖，潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)保護(hù)。 2 選題依據(jù)、主要研究?jī)?nèi)容、研究思路及方案 2.1 選題依據(jù) 當(dāng)今世界四大材料體系（木材、硅酸鹽、金屬和聚合物）中，聚合物和金屬是應(yīng)用最廣泛和最重要的兩種材料。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，在塑料制品成型加工中，擠出成型制品的產(chǎn)量大約占整個(gè)塑料制品產(chǎn)量的50%以上。其中不僅包括板、管、膜、絲、和型材等制品的直接成型，還包括熱成型、中空吹塑等坯料的擠出加工。除此之外，在填充、共混、改性等復(fù)合材料和聚合物合金生產(chǎn)過程中，螺桿擠出很大程度上取代了密煉、開煉等常規(guī)工藝。擠出機(jī)幾乎成為任何一個(gè)塑料有關(guān)公司或研究所最基本的裝備之一。 擠出成型有如此發(fā)展趨勢(shì)主要原因?yàn)椋郝輻U擠出機(jī)能將一系列化工基本單元過程，如固體輸送、增壓、熔融、排氣、脫濕、熔體輸送和泵出等物理過程集中在擠出機(jī)內(nèi)的螺桿上來進(jìn)行。近年來，擠出工程的創(chuàng)新表現(xiàn)，更多的過程，如發(fā)泡、膠聯(lián)、接枝、嵌段、調(diào)節(jié)相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量甚至聚合反應(yīng)等化學(xué)加工過程都愈來愈多地在螺桿擠出機(jī)上進(jìn)行。螺桿擠出工藝裝備逐步取代了一些由多臺(tái)經(jīng)典化工裝備組成的生產(chǎn)線。連續(xù)生產(chǎn)代替間歇生產(chǎn)，必然有較高的生產(chǎn)率和較低的能耗，減少生產(chǎn)面積和操作人員數(shù)量，降低生產(chǎn)成本，也易于實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)自動(dòng)化，創(chuàng)造好的勞動(dòng)條件和減少少的環(huán)境污染。與此同時(shí)，螺桿的攪拌作用也提高了混合質(zhì)量。正因如此，螺桿擠出這種工藝不僅廣泛地用于聚合物加工，而且在建材、食品、紡織、軍工、和造紙等工業(yè)部門中都得到了愈來愈多的應(yīng)用。 2.2 主要研究?jī)?nèi)容 雙螺桿擠出機(jī)最重要的部分是擠出系統(tǒng)和傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，要著重設(shè)計(jì)螺桿和機(jī)筒以及兩者的配合，這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要自主設(shè)計(jì)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，要獨(dú)立設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)速裝置。 2.3 研究思路及方案 同向嚙合雙螺桿擠出機(jī)與單螺桿擠出機(jī)一樣，承擔(dān)輸送、塑化、混合和混煉聚合物的工作，但在工作上與單螺桿擠出機(jī)有許多不同點(diǎn)。 同向嚙合雙螺桿擠出機(jī)表現(xiàn)為物料的正位移輸送特性。所謂正位移輸送特性是這移動(dòng)的外部表面物質(zhì)置換了系統(tǒng)中的部分液體的輸送方式。嚙合同向雙螺桿擠出機(jī)必須縱向開放，否則螺桿會(huì)因?yàn)榘l(fā)生干涉而不能正常嚙合。意味著螺槽的寬度一定要大于螺棱的寬度，在縱向留下一定的輸送物料的通道?？v向開放程度越大，正位移輸送能力損失也越多，此時(shí)摩擦拖曳和粘性拖曳所起的作用越大。但是無論開放程度多大，物料沿螺槽流動(dòng)時(shí)在螺棱出仍然受阻而改變方向，因此具有一定的正位移輸送能力。 由于螺槽縱向開放，由加料口到機(jī)頭，兩螺桿間有一通道，當(dāng)物料由加料口加到一根螺桿上后，物料在摩擦拖曳作用下沿著這跟螺桿的螺槽向前輸送物料至下方的楔形區(qū)，在這里物料會(huì)受到一定的壓縮。因螺棱比螺寬窄，那么另一根螺桿的螺棱不會(huì)把物料向前輸送的道路堵死。兩根螺桿在楔形區(qū)有大小相等、方向相反的速度梯度，因此物料不會(huì)進(jìn)入嚙合區(qū)繞同一根螺桿繼續(xù)前進(jìn)而被另一螺桿托起，在擠出機(jī)機(jī)筒表面的摩擦拖曳下沿另一根螺桿的螺槽向前輸送。 由于同向雙螺桿擠出機(jī)具有分布混合及分散混合良好、自潔作用較強(qiáng)、可實(shí)現(xiàn)高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、產(chǎn)量高等特點(diǎn)，特別適用于聚合物的改性，如共混、填料、增強(qiáng)及反應(yīng)擠出。并且本次設(shè)計(jì)的擠出機(jī)主要用于復(fù)合塑料擠出，因此應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)同向嚙合雙螺桿擠出機(jī)。 3.工作進(jìn)度及具體安排 第1到4周 開題報(bào)告 第5到8周 編寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書、繪草圖，中期檢查 第9到12周 繪裝配圖、零件圖，輸出說明書、圖紙 第13周 作好答辯前的準(zhǔn)備工作 第14周 畢業(yè)答辯 4.指導(dǎo)教師意見 指導(dǎo)教師： 年 月 日 說明：開題報(bào)告作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）答辯委員會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一，此報(bào)告應(yīng)在導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)下，由學(xué)生填寫，將作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）成績(jī)考查的重要依據(jù)，經(jīng)導(dǎo)師審查后簽署意見生效。   本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 雙螺桿塑料擠出機(jī)設(shè)計(jì) 摘 要 本文是關(guān)于工業(yè)用塑料聚合物雙螺桿擠出機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)。在工業(yè)上和實(shí)驗(yàn)室中，單螺桿和雙螺桿擠出機(jī)都應(yīng)用極其普遍，是塑料加工設(shè)備的重要元部件之一。作為工業(yè)中使用的雙螺桿擠出機(jī)，在設(shè)計(jì)過程中，除了要求能夠完成固體輸送、增壓、熔融、熔體輸送和泵壓等一系列通用過程以外，還要求涉及到復(fù)合塑料與聚合物顆粒之間的混合，以及物料喂料量的控制。物料喂料量的控制則是通過控制主螺桿及其輔助喂料螺桿的轉(zhuǎn)速來完成的。同時(shí)，雙螺桿擠出機(jī)具有分布混合和分散混合效果良好、自潔作用較強(qiáng)、可實(shí)現(xiàn)高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、產(chǎn)量高等特點(diǎn)，特別適合聚合物的改性，如共混、填料、增強(qiáng)及反應(yīng)擠出。有利于增加擠出機(jī)的擠出產(chǎn)量，提高塑化質(zhì)量。 關(guān)鍵詞：雙螺桿擠出機(jī)；塑料；同向嚙合 1 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） ABSTRACT This paper is about the design of plastic polymer single-screw extruder that used in industry.The single-screw extruder is extensively used in the fields of industry and experiment,and it is one of the important units of polymer processing equipment.As a single-screw extruder used in industry,it requires to complete a series of general process such as transportation of solid,increase of pressure,melt,transportation of melt.Besides,it refers to mix the composite plastics and polymer grain,and the control of the material feed quantity.These are the innovations in this design.On the base of the design of common single-screw extruder,i increased two auxiliary feed screws which are used to transportate materials of composite plastics and used it to mix kinds of plastics.The control of the quantity of material feed is done by the control of the chief screw and the speed of auxiliary feed screws.Meanwhile,i used twin wedge-shaped thread section in the design of screw thread section.This is good to increase the outcome of the extruder, and to improve the quality of plasticity comparing with common tectangular thread section. Keyword: Single-screw Extruder; plastics; Industry 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯 題目 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理論 專業(yè)名稱 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 班級(jí)學(xué)號(hào) 學(xué)號(hào)姓名 指導(dǎo)老師 填 表 日 期 年 3 月 25 日 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理論 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一門通過設(shè)計(jì)新產(chǎn)品或者改進(jìn)老產(chǎn)品來滿足人類需求的應(yīng)用技術(shù)科學(xué)。它涉及工程技術(shù)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，主要研究產(chǎn)品的尺寸、形狀和詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本構(gòu)思，還要研究產(chǎn)品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的問題。 進(jìn)行各種機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工作的人員通常被稱為設(shè)計(jì)人員或者機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工程師。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性，還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。 如前所訴，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識(shí)本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處，只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到在一個(gè)特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。 應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個(gè)良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如，即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，也會(huì)使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。 一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，當(dāng)新的方法不適用時(shí)，就使用原來的方法。因此，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心，因?yàn)?所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì)，要求屏棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法，在此過程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理，將其與未經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的新觀念結(jié)合起來。 新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí)，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。 在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段，應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不受各種約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實(shí)際的想法，也會(huì)在設(shè)計(jì)的早期，即繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不致于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常，要提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。 心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作，因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個(gè)對(duì)所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。 另一個(gè)重要問題，設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開始階段，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商，并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。為了進(jìn)行有效的交流 ，需要解決下列問題： （1） 所設(shè)計(jì)的這個(gè)產(chǎn)品是否真正為人們所需要？ （2） 此產(chǎn)品與其他公司的現(xiàn)有同類產(chǎn)品相比有無競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力？ （3） 生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品是否經(jīng)濟(jì)？ （4） 產(chǎn)品的維修是否方便？ （5） 產(chǎn)品有無銷路？是否可以盈利？ 只有時(shí)間能對(duì)上述問題給出正確答案。但是， 產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)、制造和銷售只能在對(duì)上述問題的初步肯定答案的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。設(shè)計(jì)工程師還應(yīng)該通過零件圖和裝配圖，與制造部門一起對(duì)最終設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行磋商。 通常 ，在制造過程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)某個(gè)問題。可能會(huì)要求對(duì)某個(gè)零件尺寸或公差作一些更改，使零件的生產(chǎn)變得容易。但是，工程上的更改必須要經(jīng)過設(shè)計(jì)人員批準(zhǔn)，以保證不會(huì)損傷產(chǎn)品的功能。有時(shí)，在產(chǎn)品的裝配時(shí)或者裝箱外運(yùn)前的試驗(yàn)中才發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)中的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說明了設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過程?？偸谴嬖谥玫姆椒▉硗瓿稍O(shè)計(jì)工作，設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該不斷努力，尋找這些更好的方法。 近些年來，工程材料的選擇已經(jīng)顯得重要。此外，選擇過程應(yīng)該是一個(gè)對(duì)材料的連續(xù)不斷的重新評(píng)價(jià)過程。新材料不斷出現(xiàn)，而一些原有的材料的能夠獲得的數(shù)量可能會(huì)減少。環(huán)境污染、材料的回收利用、工人的健康及安全等方面經(jīng)常會(huì)對(duì)材料選擇附加新的限制條件。為了減輕重量或者節(jié)約能源，可能會(huì)要求使用不同的材料。來自國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、對(duì)產(chǎn)品維修保養(yǎng)方便性要求的提高和顧客的反饋等方面的壓力，都會(huì)促使人們對(duì)材料進(jìn)行重新評(píng)價(jià)。由于材料選用不當(dāng)造成的產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。此外，材料與材料加工之間的相互依賴關(guān)系已經(jīng)被人們認(rèn)識(shí)得更清楚。因此，為了能在合理的成本和確保質(zhì)量的前提下獲得滿意的結(jié)果，設(shè)計(jì)工程師的制造工程師都必須認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地選擇、確定和使用材料。 制造任何產(chǎn)品的第一步工作都是設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)計(jì)通?？梢苑譃閹讉€(gè)明確的階段：（a）初步設(shè)計(jì)；（b）功能設(shè)計(jì)；（c）生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)。在初步設(shè)計(jì)階段，設(shè)計(jì)者著重考慮產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該具有的功能。通常要設(shè)想和考慮幾個(gè)方案，然后決定這種思想是否可行；如果可行，則應(yīng)該對(duì)其中一個(gè)或幾個(gè)方案作進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)。在此階段，關(guān)于材料選擇唯一要考慮的問題是：是否有性能符合要求的材料可供選擇；如果沒有的話，是否有較大的把握在成本和時(shí)間都允許的限度內(nèi)研制出一種新材料。 在功能設(shè)計(jì)和工程設(shè)計(jì)階段，要做出一個(gè)切實(shí)可行的設(shè)計(jì)。在這個(gè)階段要繪制出相當(dāng)完整的圖紙，選擇并確定各種零件的材料。通常要制造出樣機(jī)或者實(shí)物模型，并對(duì)其進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)，評(píng)價(jià)產(chǎn)品的功能、可靠性、外觀和維修保養(yǎng)性等。雖然這種試驗(yàn)可能會(huì)表明，在產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入到生產(chǎn)階段之前，應(yīng)該更換某些材料，但是，絕對(duì)不能將這一點(diǎn)作為不認(rèn)真選擇材料的借口。應(yīng)該結(jié)合產(chǎn)品的功能，認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地考慮產(chǎn)品的外觀、成本和可靠性。一個(gè)很有成就的公司在制造所有的樣機(jī)時(shí)，所選用的材料應(yīng)該和其生產(chǎn)中使用的材料相同，并盡可能使用同樣的制造技術(shù)。這樣對(duì)公司是很有好處的。功能完備的樣機(jī)如果不能根據(jù)預(yù)期的銷售量經(jīng)濟(jì)地制造出來，或者是樣機(jī)與正式生產(chǎn)的裝置在質(zhì)量和可靠性方面有很大不同，則這種樣機(jī)就沒有多大的價(jià)值。設(shè)計(jì)工程師最好能在這一階段完全完成材料的分析、選擇和確定工作，而不是將其留到生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段去做。因?yàn)?，在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段材料的更換是由其他人進(jìn)行的，這些人對(duì)產(chǎn)品的所有功能的了解不如設(shè)計(jì)工程師。 在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段中，與材料有關(guān)的主要問題是應(yīng)該把材料完全確定下來，使它們與現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備相適應(yīng)，能夠利用現(xiàn)有設(shè)備經(jīng)濟(jì)地進(jìn)行加工，而且材料的數(shù)量能夠比較容易保證供應(yīng)。 在制造過程中，不可避免地會(huì)出現(xiàn)對(duì)使用中的材料做一些更改的情況。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，可采用某些便宜材料作為替代品。然而，在大多數(shù)情況下，在進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)以后改換材料要比在開始生產(chǎn)前改換材料所花費(fèi)的代價(jià)要高。在設(shè)計(jì)階段做好材料選擇工作，可以避免多數(shù)這樣的情況。在生產(chǎn)制造開始后出現(xiàn)了可供使用的新材料是更換材料的最常見的原因。當(dāng)然，這些新材料可能降低成本、改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的性能。但是，必須對(duì)新材料進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的評(píng)價(jià)，以確保其所有性能都滿足要求。應(yīng)當(dāng)記住，新材料的性能和可靠性很少像現(xiàn)有材料那樣為人們所了解。大部分的產(chǎn)品失效和產(chǎn)品責(zé)任事故案件是由于在選用新材料作為替代材料之前，沒有真正了解它們的長(zhǎng)期使用性能而引起的。 產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計(jì)人員和公司在選擇材料時(shí)，采用最好的程序。在材料過程中，五個(gè)最常見的問題為：（a）不了解或者不會(huì)使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料；(b)未能預(yù)見和考慮擦黑年品可能的合理用途（如有可能，設(shè)計(jì)人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測(cè)和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中，由于錯(cuò)誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家，并且贏得判決）；(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定，尤其是當(dāng)其長(zhǎng)期性能數(shù)據(jù)是如此的時(shí)候；(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證；(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。 通過對(duì)上述五個(gè)問題的分析，可以得出這些問題是沒有充分理由存在的結(jié)論。對(duì)這些問題的研究分析可以為避免這些問題的出現(xiàn)指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，設(shè)計(jì)人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇，可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。 從以上的討論可以看出，選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對(duì)材料的性質(zhì)，特點(diǎn)和加工方法有一個(gè)全面而基本的了解。 Machine design theory The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question. Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly. A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea. Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method. In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts. How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem: (1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability (2) does this product compare with other companies'' existing similar products? (3) produces this kind of product is whether economical? (4) product service is whether convenient? (5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain? Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal. Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method. Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker''s health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer''s aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material. Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material. In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. I n the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes. The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. In recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; (d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material. Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.