2020高考英語新創(chuàng)新一輪復(fù)習(xí) Unit 1 Advertising課下作業(yè)（一-三）（含解析）牛津譯林版必修4.doc

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必修4 Unit 1 課下作業(yè)（一~三） 課下作業(yè)（一） 考點(diǎn)過關(guān)針對(duì)練 Ⅰ.單詞拼寫 1．The fact is that the medicine cant cure (治愈) his father of his cancer. 2．I dont want any ments (評(píng)論) on my new haircut. 3．To study hard is our own business, and to get a higher education and improve ourselves is our aim (目標(biāo)) in our life. 4．It was in the online shop which you remended (推薦) to me that I bought the beautiful shoes. 5．Its mon to leave a tip (小費(fèi)) in many Western countries. 6．These shoes are a real bargain (便宜貨) at such a low price. 7．The application of new technologies and the wide appeal (吸引力) of movie stars could also account for the increase. 8．Weve consulted (查閱) a number of books about the subject in the library. 9．As goods and services improved, people were persuaded (說服) to spend their money on changing from old to new. 10．Friendship can deeply affect the physical and mental (精神的) health of both men and women. 11．An inquiry was set up to determine (查明) the cause of the accident. 12．Keeping your body in shape is beneficial (有益的) to mental health. 13．When she heard about the chance for promotion (提升), she decided to go for it. 14．If she had been aware that the mushrooms were poisonous (有毒的), she would not have picked them for dinner. 15．Personally (就本人而言), Im in favour of the scheme they are setting about. Ⅱ.單句語法填空 1．So difficult did I feel it to live in an Englishspeaking country that I determined to_learn (learn) English well. 2．Here are some tips on how to talk with your parents. 3．In this box are some stem cells that are urgently (urge) needed for a patient. 4．We trust you; only you can persuade him to_e (e)． 5．This range of clothing is specially designed for shorter women. 6．I have every confidence that hell get a promotion (promote) soon. 7．You can consult with your teacher to develop your own learning programme. 8．Cheating (cheat) in the examinations means fooling the teachers and yourselves. 9．At first his message did not get across. But then, I got it. 10．The pany has conducted a survey to find out the employees_reaction (react) to the new regulations. Ⅲ.單句改錯(cuò) 1．We appeal all students and teachers to keep the environment clean and to make our campus a beautiful home.appeal后加to 2．Finding a cure of this disease is one of the greatest challenges scientists are facing.第一個(gè)of→for 3．It is often remended that one loses weight to reduce cancer risk.loses→lose 4．Determining to make a breakthrough in his career, he worked day and night in the pany.Determining→Determined 5．Its an attractive little home, and I think its bargain.bargain前加a 6．Consult your doctor how much exercise you should get.doctor后加about 7．There has been a mixed reaction with her appointment as director.with→to 8．More and more people urge that the government does more for the disabled.does→do 9．It is such a great hotel that I would remend it for any friend of mine who is going to Beijing._for→to 10．Their range of leisurewear is designed to fashionconscious 13 to 25yearolds.第一個(gè)to→for Ⅳ.完成句子 1．Everyones contribution counts a lot when_it_es_to creating a greener world to live in. 說到創(chuàng)造一個(gè)更環(huán)保的可生活的世界時(shí)，每個(gè)人的貢獻(xiàn)都很重要。 2．Please explain (to me) where_to_begin_and_how_to_do_it. 請(qǐng)給我解釋該從哪里開始及該怎么做。 3．Even_if_you_have_found_the_secret,_there is no need to cry it from the housetop. 即使你知道了這個(gè)秘密，也沒有必要鬧得滿城風(fēng)雨。 4．I remend that you_shouldnt_fully_pay_off your home loan. 我建議你不要把住房貸款全部還清。 5．Festivals are_meant_to_celebrate important times of year. 節(jié)日旨在慶祝一年中的重要日子。 6．Hes_fooled_a_lot_of_people_into_believing hes a rich man. 他騙得許多人相信他是個(gè)富人。 7．At that time, I didnt know how_to_deal_with_many_new_things. 那時(shí)候我不知道如何應(yīng)對(duì)很多新的事物。 課下作業(yè)（二） 話題閱讀培優(yōu)練 Ⅰ.根據(jù)提示填空 Are you ?interested (interest) in teaching in a foreign country? Schools all over South Korea are looking for ?skilled (skill) teachers interested in teaching English.There are ?chances (機(jī)會(huì)) all around the country.Apply today! Requirements： Native English speaker Bachelors degree or higher (English or Education majors preferred) Teaching experience is preferred, but not ?required (require)． ?Applicants (申請(qǐng)者) must be from one of the following countries：Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, the United States, or the United Kingdom. Benefits/Working Hours： Salary: $1,800－$2,300 per month (depending on conditions and experience) Free apartment Overtime pay 10－14 days of ?paid (pay) vacation Medical insurance — ?generally (general) half provided Roundtrip ticket How to Apply： To apply, only send us the ?following (follow) information： Resume Date of birth Recent picture Once we receive your information we will get you into our job matching lists.When a match is recorded we will ?contact (聯(lián)系) you for an interview.Click on the following“Apply Now”button to_offer (offer) your resume and other required documentation. For any questions, please send us an email at primejobs@koreateachers.. Ⅱ.片段選詞填空 award， technique， delight， popular， regret， deliver， allow， offer， excellent， a variety of， look for， unusual， choice If you love fine dining, Delhi is an ?excellent place to taste the best of Indian food.You wont ?regret trying these fine dining restaurants. Bukhara Bukhara is probably the most famous restaurant in India.Its got a string of ?awards to its name.Theres ?a_variety_of hype (大肆宣傳) surrounding this restaurant.Above all, the US Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama have dined there. Ph：(＋91 11) 26115588 Varq The Martaban ka Meat, the cooked lamb, is one of the restaurants ?popular dishes.There are plenty of ?choices for vegetarians (素食者) as well.If youre ?looking_for a fine family dining experience, head to Varq, as young children are now wele. Ph：(＋91 11) 23026162 Dum Pukht This restaurant ?delivers a royal dining experience.It has a 200yearold ?technique of slow roasting in sealed pots over a very low flame.This allows the meat to cook in its own juices.As you can imagine, its a nonvegetarians delight. Ph：(＋91 11) 26112233 Dakshin It will offer you some of the best and most unusual flavors from the south.Youll be pleasantly surprised to discover quite a few traditional dishes on the menu that are usually not found in the local restaurants. Ph：(＋91 11) 42661122 課下作業(yè)（三） 高考語篇提能練 Ⅰ.閱讀理解 A (2019成都診斷) IHOUSE 2017－2018 DINING SERVICES NOTICE International House (IHouse) serves meals that international students can choose from. On holidays only one meal is served. Meals do not carry over from term to term. You have the option of purchasing extra meals through Dining Services. Included in the IHouse Room & Board package is a resident meal plan. The meals per period will be as indicated： Meals Hours Days Breakfast 7：15 am－9：30 am Monday－Friday Lunch 11：30 am－1：30 pm Monday－Friday Dinner 6：00 pm－8：00 pm Monday－Sunday Brunch 9：30 am－1：00 pm Saturdays & Sundays Meal Cards — Dining Services operate on a puterized system. Your student ID or IHouse Access Card will serve as your meal card and get coded in the puter system. NO MEALS SHALL BE PROVIDED WITHOUT PRESENTATION OF A VALID MEAL CARD OR CASH. If your card is damaged, you are responsible for replacing your card and then contact Dining Services to have it coded again before entering the dining area. Removal of Food or Supplies — Removing food or supplies from the Dining Facility, without permission, may result in additional charges to your Room & Board to pay the costs or any related expenses. Special Diets — Dining Services provide a variety of meal options, including religious selections. Although not guaranteed, special diets can usually be acmodated within our ability. You may arrange a meeting with our dining staff to discuss any special diet concerns or food allergies by emailing ihdining @ berkeley. edu. Physical Disabilities — The International House Dining Facility is accessible to all disabled residents. However, the residents must be acpanied by their personal nurses for meal assistance. They will receive a meal free of charge at the time assistance is given. 語篇解讀：本文是一篇應(yīng)用文，主要介紹了IHouse的餐飲服務(wù)、供餐時(shí)間等，重點(diǎn)介紹了就餐卡的使用規(guī)定以及為殘疾人提供的便利等。 1．How many meals are usually served every week? A．17.　　　　　　　　 B．18. C．19. D．20. 解析：選C　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的表格信息可知，從周一到周五，供應(yīng)的有五頓早餐和五頓午餐；從周一到周日，一共供應(yīng)七頓晚餐；周六和周日都供應(yīng)早午餐，每周一共供應(yīng)十九頓飯菜，故C項(xiàng)正確。 2．What can you do if your meal card doesnt work properly? A．Pay in cash. B．Get food free. C．Have it repaired. D．Get it coded. 解析：選A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第三句“NO MEALS SHALL BE PROVIDED WITHOUT PRESENTATION OF A VALID MEAL CARD OR CASH”可知，如無法提供有效的餐卡或現(xiàn)金，將無法用餐；據(jù)此可知，餐卡失效時(shí)使用現(xiàn)金支付也可以正常用餐，故A項(xiàng)正確。 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．The services there meet different needs. B．The food in services is delicious and safe. C．Removing food will result in great charges. D．The dining staff are professional and polite. 解析：選A　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段，尤其是該段中的第一、二句可以判斷，該餐廳的服務(wù)能滿足各種不同的需要，故A項(xiàng)正確。 B (2019廣西兩校聯(lián)考)Advertising is an audio or visual form of marketing munication that employs an openly sponsored, nonpersonal message to promote or sell a product, a service or an idea. Sponsors of advertising are often businessmen who wish to promote their products or services. Advertising is different from public relations since an advertiser usually pays for and has control over the message. It is different from personal selling since the message is nonpersonal, i．e. not directed to a particular individual. Advertising is municated through various mass media, including old media such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, outdoor advertising or direct mail; or new media such as search results, blogs, websites or text messages. The actual presentation of the message in a medium is referred to as an advertisement or “ad”． mercial ads often seek to increase consumption of products or services through “branding”， which associates a product name or image with certain qualities in the minds of consumers. Nonmercial advertisers who spend money in advertising items other than a consumer product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations and governmental agencies. Nonprofit organizations may use free modes of persuasion, such as a public service announcement. Advertising may also be used to reassure employees or shareholders that the pany is successful. Modern advertising was created with the techniques, with tobacco advertising in the 1920s. The most significant example was the campaigns of Edward Bernays, considered the founder of modern “Madison Avenue” advertising. In 2015, the world spent an estimate of $529.43 billion on advertising. Its projected distribution for 2017 is 40.4% on TV, 33.3% on digital, 9% on newspapers, 6.9% on magazines, 5.8% on outdoor activities and 4.3% on radio. Internationally, the largest (“big four”) advertising conglomerates are IPG, Omni, Publicis Groupe, and WPP. 語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文，介紹了廣告的作用、類型以及在各種媒體中的分布情況。 4．In what way does advertising differ from public relations? A．Advertisers pay for and are in charge of the message. B．Messages advertised are nonprofit. C．Advertising is municated through various mass media. D．Advertising is used to reassure employees or shareholders. 解析：選A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段第三句可知，廣告不同于公共關(guān)系的原因是廣告商通?？刂菩畔⒉樾畔⒏顿M(fèi)。故選A。 5．Sponsors usually make use of some new media to promote their products, including ________. A．direct mail B．television C．websites D．newspapers 解析：選C　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“new media such as search results, blogs, websites or text messages”可知，“網(wǎng)站”屬于新媒體，故選C。 6．Which of the following is the typical goal of mercial ads? A．Profits. B．Popularity. C．Consumers. D．Brands. 解析：選A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“mercial ads often seek to increase consumption of products or services through ‘branding’”可知，商業(yè)廣告通常通過品牌打造增加產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的消費(fèi)，最終目的是獲得利潤(rùn)。 7．What does the underlined word in the last paragraph probably refer to? A．Businessmen. B．panies. C．Stores. D．Organizers. 解析：選B　詞義猜測(cè)題。畫線詞后的“IPG, Omni, Publicis Groupe, and WPP”是公司的名字，據(jù)此可推知，畫線詞與“pany”意義相同。 Ⅱ.完形填空 (2019洛陽統(tǒng)考)I never expected to go to the University of Michigan. I grew up in a small Midwest town where college wasnt __1__ by any means. Many students entered the workplace __2__ out of high school. For a long time, thats where I thought I would __3__. At some point during my senior year, I started __4__ everywhere, just because I wanted to see __5__ I would get. I had the required grades and the ACT (American College Testing) __6__， but I came from a town of nowhere. So you can imagine the emotions of __7__ I had when I received a big envelope in the mail with the word “__8__”written across the top. Now that the opportunity was open to me, I decided to go. I had received __9__ aid and scholarships, which I think was a __10__ factor (因素) in the decision. But my parents didnt see __11__ college as an opportunity for me to build up my __12__. And it seemed that no matter how much work I __13__， it would just be considered a waste of __14__. I often felt I was lacking __15__. I did the application all by myself. After moving to the college, I did two jobs and paid for my __16__ and bills. Looking back on it now, I feel that it wasnt __17__ to be selfreliant. But in the long run, I __18__ the lack of support I had at such a key point in my life which taught me to be __19__ and responsible in hard times, to go beyond __20__ and to try things I never thought I would ever be able to try. I believe thats what college is all about. 語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文，作者出生在美國(guó)中西部的一個(gè)小城鎮(zhèn)，從來沒有想過能上大學(xué)，但作者通過自己的努力最終考上了大學(xué)并通過打工支付自己的學(xué)費(fèi)和日?；ㄤN。作者通過自己的經(jīng)歷告訴我們，生活中的困難教會(huì)我們獨(dú)立和有責(zé)任心，我們要嘗試從來沒有想過自己能做的事情。 1．A.expected B．envied C．a(chǎn)dmired D．a(chǎn)fforded 解析：選A　根據(jù)空前后可知，作者在美國(guó)中西部的一個(gè)小城鎮(zhèn)長(zhǎng)大，很多學(xué)生在高中畢業(yè)后就工作了，所以作者沒有料到自己一個(gè)來自小城鎮(zhèn)的人能上大學(xué)。expect“期待，料想”；envy“羨慕，妒忌”；admire“欣賞，贊賞”；afford“負(fù)擔(dān)得起”。 2．A.straight B．randomly C．late D．happily 解析：選A　根據(jù)上文可知，作者沒有料到自己會(huì)上大學(xué)，因?yàn)檫@兒的很多學(xué)生高中畢業(yè)后直接(straight)就去工作了。straight“直接地，立即”；randomly“隨機(jī)地，隨意地”；late“晚，遲”；happily“快樂地，高興地”。 3．A.work up B．put up C．end up D．pick up 解析：選C　根據(jù)上文可知，作者沒有料到自己能上大學(xué)，認(rèn)為自己最終也會(huì)和其他學(xué)生一樣高中畢業(yè)后直接去工作。work up“激發(fā)”；put up“建造”；end up“(尤指經(jīng)歷一系列意外后)最終處于，到頭來”；pick up“拾起”。 4．A.delivering B．a(chǎn)pplying C．registering D．peting 解析：選B　此處表示在高中畢業(yè)那年的某個(gè)時(shí)候，作者開始到處申請(qǐng)(大學(xué))。根據(jù)常識(shí)可知，想要上大學(xué)需要進(jìn)行申請(qǐng)。第三段倒數(shù)第二句中的“I did the application”也是提示。deliver“發(fā)表，遞送”；apply“申請(qǐng)”；register“登記，注冊(cè)”；pete“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，競(jìng)賽”。 5．A.when B．whether C．how D．where 解析：選D　分析空處所在句的結(jié)構(gòu)可知，從句“________ I would get”中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語。 6．A.qualifications B．diplomas C．scores D．certificates 解析：選C　根據(jù)本句中的“required grades”及“the ACT(American College Testing)”可知，作者達(dá)到所要求的成績(jī)和ACT分?jǐn)?shù)(scores)。此處“grades”與“scores”同義。qualification“資格，學(xué)歷”；diploma“文憑，學(xué)位證書”；score“分?jǐn)?shù)，成績(jī)”；certificate“證明書，文憑”。 7．A.anxiety B．relief C．calmness D．conflict 解析：選D　根據(jù)上文中的“I had the required grades and the ACT (American College Testing) ________， but I came from a town of nowhere”可知，作者達(dá)到了大學(xué)的申請(qǐng)條件，但覺得自己來自一個(gè)不知名的小鎮(zhèn)，因此心情矛盾(conflict)。anxiety“焦慮，憂慮”；relief“寬慰，安心”；calmness“平靜，冷靜”；conflict“矛盾，沖突”。 8．A.Wishes B．Regards C．Cheers D．Congratulations 解析：選D　根據(jù)下文中的“Now that the opportunity was open to me, I decided to go”可知，作者最終上了大學(xué)，故信封上的字應(yīng)是“祝賀”。regards“致意，問候”；cheers“干杯(用于祝酒)”；congratulations“祝賀”。 9．A.financial B．spiritual C．a(chǎn)cademic D．parents 解析：選A　根據(jù)下文的“scholarships”可知，作者得到了助學(xué)金和獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。financial aid“(高等院校的)助學(xué)金，助學(xué)貸款”。spiritual“精神的”；academic“學(xué)術(shù)的”。 10．A.boring B．driving C．discouraging D．promising 解析：選B　根據(jù)上文可知，作者獲得了經(jīng)濟(jì)上的幫助，這推動(dòng)了作者決定去上大學(xué)。boring“無聊的”；driving“推進(jìn)的，起推動(dòng)作用的”；discouraging“令人沮喪的”；promising“有前途的，有希望的”。 11．A.adjusting B．a(chǎn)ttending C．dropping D．managing 解析：選B　根據(jù)上文可知，作者決定去上大學(xué)，但是作者的父母不把上大學(xué)看作是作者發(fā)展?jié)撃?potential)的機(jī)會(huì)。attend college“上大學(xué)”。adjust“調(diào)整”；drop“終止，放棄”。 12．A.morality B．survival C．potential D．confidence 解析：選C　參見上題解析。morality“道德”；survival“幸存，生存”；potential“潛能”；confidence“自信”。 13．A.get in B．take in C．put in D．persist in 解析：選C　根據(jù)語境可知，似乎無論作者付出多少努力，都只是被看作浪費(fèi)時(shí)間(time)。get in“到達(dá)”；take in“欺騙”；put in“投入(時(shí)間、精力)”；persist in“堅(jiān)持，執(zhí)意”。 14．A.space B．money C．resource D．time 解析：選D　參見上題解析。 15．A.support B．courage C．motivation D．concern 解析：選A　根據(jù)空后的“I did the application all by myself”及第四段第二句中的“l(fā)ack of support”可知，沒有人支持作者。support“支持，幫助”；courage“勇氣”；motivation“動(dòng)力，積極性”；concern“關(guān)切”。 16．A.feasts B．necessities C．seminars D．majors 解析：選B　上大學(xué)之后，作者做了兩份工作，獨(dú)立支付日用必需品的開銷和學(xué)費(fèi)。feast“筵席，宴會(huì)”；necessity“必需品”；seminar“討論會(huì)，研討班”；major“專業(yè)”。 17．A.hard B．right C．easy D．a(chǎn)wkward 解析：選C　現(xiàn)在回想一下，作者感覺自力更生并不容易。根據(jù)后一句中的“But”可知，作者認(rèn)為自力更生不容易，但卻從中受益匪淺。 18．A.ignore B．a(chǎn)ppreciate C．forget D．disapprove 解析：選B　但是從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看，作者感激在生命的關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻缺少幫助這件事情，這教會(huì)作者在困難時(shí)期獨(dú)立(independent)并有責(zé)任心，教會(huì)作者超越預(yù)期并且嘗試從來沒有想過自己能嘗試的事情。ignore“忽視，不理”；appreciate“感激，欣賞”；forget“忘記”；disapprove“不同意”。 19．A.independent B．easygoing C．honest D．considerate 解析：選A　參見上題解析。independent“獨(dú)立的”；easygoing“隨和的”；honest“誠實(shí)的”；considerate“考慮周到的”。 20．A.recognition B．description C．control D．expectation 解析：選D　作者在文章開頭提到從來沒料到自己能上大學(xué)，此處與此呼應(yīng)，故選D項(xiàng)。recognition“識(shí)別，承認(rèn)”；description“描述”；control“控制”；expectation“期待，預(yù)期”。 Ⅲ.語法填空 (2019呼和浩特調(diào)研)Each year, thousands of people e to Shaanxi, China, to visit the Terracotta Army, which shows the armies of Qin Shi Huang, __1__ countrys first emperor. As one of the most famous tourist sights in the world, the Terracotta Army is a form of funerary (葬禮的) art __2__ (bury) with the First Emperor in 210 to 209 BC. It was designed __3__ (protect) the emperor in his afterlife. Since their __4__ (discover), experts have questioned whether the lifesize models of soldiers __5__ (base) on real warriors (勇士) or whether they came off a production line. In October a BBC documentary (紀(jì)錄片), The Greatest Tomb on Earth: Secrets of Ancient China, suggested the inspiration for the Terracotta Warriors may have e __6__ Ancient Greece, about __7__ archaeologist Li Xiuzhen said, “We now have evidence that close contact did exist between the First Emperors China and the West.” On the 41st International Museum Day, it was __8__ (official) announced that new technology has just made __9__ possible for visitors to be guided. Thanks to an interactive (交互式的) 360degree video, visitors can choose to view the __10__ (figure) either in closeup or from a distance. 語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了秦始皇兵馬俑的有關(guān)內(nèi)容。 1．the　考查冠詞。那展示了中國(guó)第一位皇帝秦始皇的軍隊(duì)。此處為特指，故用the。 2．buried　考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。兵馬俑是一種葬禮的藝術(shù)形式，與中國(guó)的第一位皇帝一同被埋葬。此處動(dòng)詞bury與邏輯主語the Terracotta Army之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且與主句謂語動(dòng)詞之間沒有連詞，故用過去分詞buried。 3．to protect　考查固定用法。be designed to do sth.“被設(shè)計(jì)來做某事”為固定用法。 4．discovery　考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)空前的“their”可知，此處應(yīng)用名詞表示“發(fā)現(xiàn)”，故填discovery。 5．were based　考查固定搭配。be based on ... “以……為根據(jù)/基礎(chǔ)”為固定搭配。 6．from　考查介詞。建造兵馬俑的靈感可能來自古希臘。e from ...意為“來自……”。 7．which　考查定語從句。根據(jù)語境和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處為非限制性定語從句，空處指代前面主句的內(nèi)容，且在定語從句中位于介詞“about”后作賓語，故填which。 8．officially　考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。修飾動(dòng)詞“announced”用副詞。 9．it　考查代詞。新的科技已經(jīng)讓游客得到引導(dǎo)成為可能。此處it作形式賓語，真正的賓語為后面的“to be guided”。 10．figures　考查名詞。幸虧有了360度交互式視頻，游客可以選擇從近處或遠(yuǎn)處觀看這些兵馬俑。根據(jù)上文和常識(shí)可知，兵馬俑不止一個(gè)，故填figures。figure“身影，人影”。 Ⅳ.短文改錯(cuò) (2019廣州調(diào)研)I took part in a teenage summer camp last month. We helped at a national park in a week. We did different things every day, so I did get a bit annoyed because we had cheese sandwiches every lunchtime. It was really good fun, although we work incredibly hard. One day, the schedule was changed at the last minute, and instead of our planned active, we all helped the staff to finish cut the weeds by the lake. That was the much toughest day — and also the best. Every day, they took turns to cook in teams of five. When it was our teams turn, we made a simply dinner for everyone. Judging by the fact that there was no left, I think that our team did great job. 答案：第二句：in→for 第三句：so→but 第四句：work→worked 第五句：active→activity/activities; cut→cutting 第六句：去掉much 第七句：they→we 第八句：simply→simple 第九句：no→nothing/none; did后加a