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第三講形容詞、副詞 形容詞與副詞的比較等級　 [全析考法] Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1．(2018全國卷Ⅰ)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years ________ (long) than nonrunners. 解析：longer　根據(jù)空后的than和語境可知，此處應該使用副詞比較級形式，故填longer。 2．(2018全國卷Ⅲ)He screams the ________ (loud) of all. 解析：loudest　根據(jù)空前的the以及空后的of all可知此處應用副詞最高級。 3．(20186月浙江高考)There could be an even ________ (high) cost on your health. 解析：higher　此處表示這么做可能還會讓你付出更高的健康代價。根據(jù)even可判斷，此處要用形容詞的比較級。 4．(2017全國卷Ⅰ)As a result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.Even ________ (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. 解析：worse　根據(jù)語境可知，此處表示程度的加深，所以用副詞比較級形式，even worse表示“更糟糕的是”。 5．(20176月浙江高考)Sixteen years ________ (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook a meal. 解析：earlier　sixteen years earlier表示“早在16年前”。此時的earlier相當于before，一般直接跟在時間名詞的后面。 6．(2016全國卷Ⅱ)If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify (識別) those of ________ (great) and less importance. 解析：greater　and連接并列成分，根據(jù)后面的less可知，此處要用形容詞比較級形式。 7．(2014全國卷Ⅰ)Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is ________ (clean) than ever. 解析：cleaner　從后面的“than”可知此處要用形容詞比較級，故填cleaner。 8．(2014廣東高考)After our plane landed, we went to the hotel.We had made our reservation six months ________ (early), but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake. 解析：earlier　由“had made”可知該動作發(fā)生在到達旅館之前，故應該是早在六個月之前我們就已經(jīng)預訂了，所以用副詞比較級earlier。 Ⅱ.單句改錯 1．(2018全國卷Ⅲ)I was afraid to speak in front of a larger group of people.________________ 解析：larger→large　根據(jù)句意，作者害怕在一大群人面前講話，這里沒有比較的含義，故將larger改為large。 2．(2017全國卷Ⅱ)They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together.________________ 解析：earlier→early　get up early意為“早起”，句中沒有比較的意思，故不用比較級。 3．(2016四川高考)The dishes that I cooked were Moms favoritest.________________ 解析：favoritest→favorite　favorite沒有比較級和最高級。 [謹記規(guī)則] (一)形容詞和副詞比較等級的構成規(guī)則 1．規(guī)則變化 構成 例詞 原級 比較級 最高級 單音節(jié)的詞一般情況下直接加er和est small smaller smallest great greater greatest hard harder hardest 以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)詞加r和st nice nicer nicest cute cuter cutest large larger largest 以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾，且前面只有一個元音的詞，先雙寫詞尾的輔音字母后再加er和est fat fatter fattest thin thinner thinnest hot hotter hottest 以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾的詞，先把y變?yōu)閕再加er和est easy easier easiest happy happier happiest early earlier earliest 其他雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)的形容詞或副詞都在前面加more和most careful more careful most careful popular more popular most popular efficiently more efficiently most efficiently [特別注意]　(1)有少數(shù)幾個雙音節(jié)形容詞，既可以加er和est，又可以加more和most構成比較級和最高級。這些雙音節(jié)詞是：mon, handsome, quiet, pleasant, cruel, stupid, tired和以ow, er結(jié)尾的詞。 (2)有些形容詞沒有程度可分或形容詞本身就表示某種程度，因此沒有比較級和最高級。這類形容詞有：right(正確的), wrong(錯誤的), excellent(優(yōu)秀的), possible(可能的), empty(空的), first(第一的), wooden(木制的), final(最后的), east(東方的), last(最后的)等。 2．不規(guī)則變化 原級 比較級 最高級 good, well better best bad, ill worse worst many, much more most little less least far farther(指時間或空間上“更遠的”) farthest(指時間或空間上“最久的；最遠的”) further(指空間距離“更遠的”；在更大程度上) furthest(指空間距離“最遠的”；在最大程度上) old older/elder oldest/eldest (二)形容詞、副詞比較等級的用法 1．原級的用法 (1)“as＋形容詞/副詞原級＋as”與“not＋as/so＋形容詞/副詞原級＋as”表示同級比較，即兩個或兩部分人或物在性質(zhì)上或程度上相同/不同。 He doesnt run so/as fast as his younger brother. 他沒有他弟弟跑得快。 (2)當as ...as結(jié)構中有名詞時，可用以下結(jié)構： Henry does not have so/as many books as I have. 亨利的書沒有我的書多。 2．比較級的用法 (1)“形容詞/副詞比較級＋than”表示“兩者中一方比另一方更……”。“l(fā)ess＋多音節(jié)形容詞/副詞原級＋than”結(jié)構表示“一方不及另一方……”。 The book is less interesting than that one. 這本書不如那本書有趣。 (2)“the＋形容詞/副詞比較級，the＋形容詞/副詞比較級”表示“越……，就越……”。 The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns.機器人與人類交流得越多，它學會的就越多。 (3)“形容詞/副詞比較級＋and＋形容詞/副詞比較級”表示“越來越……”。 It bees colder and colder when winter es. 冬天來了，天氣越來越冷。 (4)“the＋形容詞/副詞比較級＋of the two＋名詞”表示“某人或某物是兩者中較……的”。 Mike is the taller of the two boys. 邁克是兩個男孩中個子比較高的那個。 (5)形容詞/副詞比較級可以用much, even, still, far, a little, a lot, rather等來修飾。 It was also much more than we could afford, but far less than the original asking price. 這個價格仍然遠遠超出我們能夠負擔得起的價位，但是它已經(jīng)遠遠低于最初的要價了。 3．最高級的用法 (1)表示三者或三者以上的比較，常見的結(jié)構為“the＋最高級＋表示比較范圍的短語或從句”，表示“……是……中最……的”。 The dog has a funny, short tail and certainly the funniest face of the dogs in the world.這只狗有一條逗人而短的尾巴，它的臉肯定是世上最逗人的狗臉了。 (2)“one of the＋最高級＋可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)”表示“最……的……之一”。 This is one of the most important events in modern history. 這是現(xiàn)代歷史上最重要的事件之一。 (3)用比較級或原級表示最高級含義。 ①“否定詞語＋比較級”表示最高級含義。 ②比較級形式表示最高級含義。 (4)最高級可以用序數(shù)詞及by far, nearly, almost, much, by no means等修飾。 (三)倍數(shù)表達法 倍數(shù)表達法 例句 A＋謂語＋倍數(shù)＋形容詞/副詞比較級(＋名詞)＋than＋B The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole. 總的來說，泛濫成災的電子廢棄物正以比傳統(tǒng)垃圾快三倍的速度增加。 A＋謂語＋倍數(shù)＋as＋形容詞/副詞原級＋as＋B This restaurant wasnt half as good as that other restaurant we went to. 這家飯店還不如我們以前去過的那家飯店的一半好。 A＋謂語＋倍數(shù)＋the＋名詞(size, length, height, weight等)＋of＋B When you study the local map, youll find this town is twice the size of that one.當你研究當?shù)氐牡貓D時，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)這座城鎮(zhèn)是那座(城鎮(zhèn))的兩倍大。 A＋謂語＋倍數(shù)＋that＋of＋B＝A＋謂語＋倍數(shù)＋what從句 The output of this year is three times that of 2018.＝The output of this year is three times what it was in 2018. 今年的產(chǎn)量是2018年的三倍。 常見副詞　 [全析考法] 單句改錯 1．(2018全國卷Ⅲ)Immediate, I raised my hand.________________ 解析：Immediate→Immediately　此處為副詞作狀語，故將Immediate改為Immediately。 2．(2017全國卷Ⅰ)A few minutes late, the instructor asked me to stop the car.________________ 解析：late→later　“一段時間＋late”表示“遲到多長時間”；“一段時間＋later”表示“多長時間之后”。此處表示“幾分鐘后，教練讓我把車停下來”。 3．(2017全國卷Ⅱ)Beside, they often get some useful information from the Internet.________________ 解析：Beside→Besides　句意：此外，他們還經(jīng)常從網(wǎng)上獲取一些有用的信息。beside“在……旁邊”，是介詞；besides“此外”，是副詞。 4．(2014全國卷Ⅰ)Nearly five years before, and with the help of our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes (圣女果) in our back garden.________________ 解析：before→ago　表示在說話時之前用ago；相對于過去的某個時間或動作之前才用before。故before應改為ago。 5．(2014全國卷Ⅰ)Since then — for all these years — we have been allowing tomatoes to selfseed where they please. As a result, the plants are growing somewhere.________________ 解析：somewhere→everywhere　somewhere意為“某處”，而此處語境表示“植物到處生長”，故應用everywhere“到處”。 [謹記規(guī)則] (一)易混詞辨析 beside在旁邊(或附近) besides 此外，而且 late遲的，晚的 later后來，以后 ago以前(以現(xiàn)在為起點) before以前(以過去為起點) somewhere某處 everywhere到處 (二)形近副詞辨析 　　 (三)連接副詞用法一覽 though一般用于句末，意為“然而，可是” 表示轉(zhuǎn)折。,meanwhile意為“在此期間” 表示兩個動作同時發(fā)生。,therefore/thus/consequently意為“因此，所以”，表示結(jié)果。 moreover/furthermore/additionally意為“此外”，表承接關系。 besides意為“另外，還有”，表示遞進關系。 however意為“然而”，表示讓步、轉(zhuǎn)折，常用逗號與句子其他成分隔開。 instead意為“相反”，表示相反的情況。 anyway/anyhow意為“盡管，即使這樣”，表示讓步。 語法填空解題“3策略” 1．利用提示詞 (1)看到提示詞在名詞前作定語、在系動詞后作表語，或在賓語后作賓補，要想到用形容詞； (2)看到提示詞修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞，或整個句子作狀語時，要想到用副詞。 2．利用標志詞 (1)若是兩者之間相比，且空格后有than, 要想到用形容詞或副詞的比較級； (2)and, or, but等并列連詞連接的平行結(jié)構，如果其中之一是比較級，要想到另一并列成分也應用比較級； (3)注意使用比較等級的固定搭配或句型，如： ①the＋比較級 ..., the＋比較級 ... ②the＋最高級＋標志性詞語或從句 3．利用修飾語 (1)看到修飾語much, still, even, far, a lot, a little, a great deal, (by) far, a bit等以及百分數(shù)，要想到比較級； (2)看到修飾語by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not really以及序數(shù)詞等，要想到最高級。 據(jù)第1條解題 1．In some crowded (crowd) cities, the car has polluted the air so badly that people get sick just from breathing it. 2．Ehongbao is actually (actual) a kind of lucky money from and to relatives and friends during festivals or on special occasions. 據(jù)第2條解題 3．The harder (hard) you try to beat him, the more likely you will get hit. 4．Technology is getting better and cheaper (cheap)． 5．During the end of the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, Beijing Opera finally formed and became the biggest (big) of all operas in China. 6．Road safety has aroused wider (wide) attention of the public than before. 據(jù)第3條解題 7．In fact, people are much closer (close) to dogs in a way than to cows, pigs or even horses. 8．Please dont misunderstand me.But dont you think we should take things a bit easier (easy), darling? 9．Of the two lectures, the first was by far the better (good), partly because the speaker had an extraordinary style. 10．It might have made it a little harder (hard) for everybody because it meant they had to turn around, but that didnt stop the kids in the class. 短文改錯解題“3關注” 1．關注比較范圍 如果是兩者之間的比較，則用比較級；如果是三者或三者以上的比較，則用最高級。 2．關注搭配句式 看含有比較等級的固定搭配和句式是否準確。 3．關注常見副詞的用法 據(jù)第1條解題 1．Since his family was rich than mine, he had more toys than I did.rich→richer 2．And if you decide to take Dr.Kleins advice, you can make yourself even happy by remending the technique to others.happy→happier 3．I even have a large vocabulary than before.large→larger 4．But he stays outside the list of the worlds 10 rich people.rich→richest 據(jù)第2條解題 5．The more I learn English, the easy it bees.easy→easier 6．To make matters bad, now I have to share a room with my younger sister, Maggie. bad→worse 7．Therefore, I was determined not to let him down any long.long→longer 據(jù)第3條解題 8．First, its an activity concerned with all parts of my body, which is quite a good way for me to keep fit.Beside, its an activity I can enjoy whatever the weather is like except when it rains heavily.Beside→Besides 9．Water is very important to us, without which there would be no life.Therefore, some people dont turn the tap off at once after using it.Therefore→However 10．I lived in my hometown ten years before.before→ago