高考英語(yǔ)從句總復(fù)習(xí)

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1、 從句 一． 定義 1. 句子分為簡(jiǎn)單句和復(fù)合句。簡(jiǎn)單句是只有一個(gè)主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)。復(fù)合句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成的句子。 2. 復(fù)合句是由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子。主句是全句的主體，從句是主句的一個(gè)成分，它不能單獨(dú)做句子，它在句子中作什么成分，就叫什么成分的從句，如作主語(yǔ)的就叫主語(yǔ)從句，作賓語(yǔ)的就叫賓語(yǔ)從句，作表語(yǔ)的就叫表語(yǔ)從句，作定語(yǔ)的叫定語(yǔ)從句，作狀語(yǔ)的就叫狀語(yǔ)從句。 3. 復(fù)合句主要有三大從句，即名詞性從句（包括主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句）、形容詞性從句（即定語(yǔ)從句）、副詞性從句（即狀語(yǔ)從句,包括時(shí)間、條件、結(jié)果、目的、原因、讓步、地點(diǎn)、方式

2、等）。 二． 名詞性從句 （一） 主語(yǔ)從句 1.主語(yǔ)從句是指從句充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的句子。 2.引導(dǎo)詞; 關(guān)系代詞：（1)從句成分什么都不缺：that\whether\if (whether一般跟or not 搭配使用，if不能) That the earth is round is true Whether she comes or not makes no difference (2)從句成分缺人：who\whom\whose\whoever\whomever (3)從句成分缺物：what\whaterer\which\whichever Who will be our mon

3、itor hasnt been decided yet. Whom we must study for is a question of great importance. Whose watch was lost is unknown. What caused the accident remains unknown. Whatever you did is right. 關(guān)系副詞：where:（什么地方），從句中缺地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) when:(什么時(shí)候)，從句中缺時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) why:(什么原因)，從句中缺原因狀語(yǔ) how:(如何，怎樣)，從句中缺方式狀語(yǔ) Where he is f

4、rom is the question nobody can answer She don’t know how she can get to the hospital Why he is late is he was ill yesterday 3.主語(yǔ)從句的特殊形式:it做形式主語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu) (1) It is ＋名詞＋從句 It is a fact\ an honor that （2) it is ＋形容詞＋從句 It is natural \obvious\possible that… (3) it is ＋不及物動(dòng)詞＋從句 It seems \happen

5、ed that… (4) it ＋過去分詞＋從句 It is reported that… 據(jù)報(bào)道… It is said that…據(jù)說… It has been proved that… 已證實(shí)… 4. 主語(yǔ)從句不可位于句首的五種情況 (1) if 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) …結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang w

6、ill visit our school next week is said. (wrong) (3) It happens…, It occurs… 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong) (4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： It doesn’t matter whethe

7、r he is wrong or not. (right) Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong) (5) 含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時(shí)，主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong) 5.注意： （1）主語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)：不受主句的時(shí)態(tài)影響和限制。 Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow

8、 remains unknown. Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet. （2）主語(yǔ)從句中的引導(dǎo)詞放在句首不能省略 （二）．賓語(yǔ)從句 1. 從句在主句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的句子是賓語(yǔ)從句 2.引導(dǎo)詞 3.賓語(yǔ)從句的幾種形式 （1）做及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ) I heard that he joined the army. I wonder whether you can change this note for me. She told me that she would accept my invitation. (2) 作介詞的賓

9、語(yǔ) Our success depends upon how hard we work (3).作形容詞的賓語(yǔ) I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. I am glad that you have made such progress (4)動(dòng)詞+it+that結(jié)構(gòu) It做形式賓語(yǔ)，代替that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句 He has made it clear that he won’t give up the opportunity We consider it necessary that we should open out (5)

10、賓語(yǔ)從句否定的轉(zhuǎn)移 若主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語(yǔ)從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語(yǔ)上，從句謂語(yǔ)用肯定式。例如： I don’t think this dress fits you well. 4.注意：（1）賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序是陳述句語(yǔ)序 （2）如果主句謂語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)不受限制，如果主句時(shí)態(tài)是過去時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句一般要隨著改為相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)（即一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、過去將來(lái)時(shí)等）。 He thought he was wo

11、rking for the people． I heard she had been to the Great W all． John hoped that he would find a job soon． 但賓語(yǔ)從句如果表示定理法則、永恒真理等，則不變化： The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun （三） 表語(yǔ)從句 從句在主句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)成分的句子是表語(yǔ)從句。一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語(yǔ)＋連系動(dòng)詞＋表語(yǔ)從句” The question is whether we can make good preparation

12、 in such a short time. This is why we can’t get the support of the people But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes. （四） 同位語(yǔ)從句 1.同位語(yǔ)從句是修飾前面名詞的從句。 The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. The order that all the soldiers should stay stil

13、l is given by the general 2. 同位語(yǔ)在句子中的位置 同位語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別 (1) 定語(yǔ)從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分（主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)），而同位語(yǔ)從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。 (2) 定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對(duì)先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞

14、性的，其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。例如： The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國(guó)。）（第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)） The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國(guó)的消息是他講的。）（同位語(yǔ)從句，that在句中不作任何成分） 三．形容性從句（定語(yǔ)從句） （一） 含義：從句充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)成分的句子叫做定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修

15、飾的成份。先行詞可以為一個(gè)詞，短語(yǔ)，或整個(gè)主句。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。 （二） 限制性定語(yǔ)從句 1. 限制性定語(yǔ)是指定語(yǔ)從句緊跟它所修飾的中心名詞或代詞之后，沒有逗號(hào)分開。 2. 引導(dǎo)詞：分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。 （1） 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句： that:指代人、事物，作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略 who:指代人，做主語(yǔ) whom:指代人，做賓語(yǔ)，可以省略。它在口語(yǔ)和非正式用語(yǔ)中常用who代替，可以省略 The man who\whom you met just now is my brother. which:指代事物，做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。做賓語(yǔ)可

16、以省略 whose:指代人、物，做定語(yǔ)，其后直接加名詞 He has a friend whose father is a doctor. The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. 指物時(shí)常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)代替： The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. ——The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired （2） 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句： where：指地點(diǎn)

17、，在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) Shai hai is the city where I was born\ The house where I live ten years ago has been pulled down when: 指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) I still remember the day when I first came to the school why: 指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane 注意: 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句都可以用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的

18、定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)代替 Shai hai is the city where\in which I was born I still remember the day when\on which I first came to the school Please tell me the reason why \ for which you missed the plane 練習(xí)： A letter ------is written in pencil is difficult to read. (主語(yǔ)) Do you know the gentleman ----- spoke jus

19、t now? You can take anything ---- you like. （賓語(yǔ)） What is the question ----- they are talking about? Here is the man -----you want to see. 3. 注意 (1) 限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用that的幾種情況： A 當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代詞時(shí)，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little

20、, few, much等代詞修飾時(shí) ，要用that Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said? There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world. All that can be done has been done. B 當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾,如：first\last\next等 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. C 當(dāng)先行

21、詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí) This is the best film that I have seen. D 當(dāng)形容詞被the very, the only 修飾時(shí) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy, After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用who Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will at

22、tend the meeting/ E 當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時(shí) Who is the man that is standing there? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? F 當(dāng)先行詞既有人，也有動(dòng)物或者物體時(shí) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? G 如有兩個(gè)從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用which，另一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞宜用that。 He built a factory which produced thi

23、ngs that had never been seen before. （2）限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用who的情況： A 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)指人的先行詞進(jìn)行隔位修飾時(shí)，只能用who (whom)。如： Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? 你認(rèn)識(shí)黑板前面正在給學(xué)生們講話的那位女孩子嗎？ B 當(dāng)先行詞為people和those時(shí)，只能用who (whom)。如： Those who want to go there come here please. 那些想去那兒的人請(qǐng)

24、來(lái)這邊。 C 當(dāng)先行詞為one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人) 時(shí)，只能用who (whom)。如： Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反對(duì)我們的人就是我們的敵人。 D 在there be句型中名詞的定語(yǔ)從句多用who (whom)。如： There are students in our class who / whom you have met. 我們班有些學(xué)生你見過。 E 當(dāng)句子中有兩個(gè)指人的現(xiàn)行詞分別帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，若一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞為that, 那么，另一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞

25、必定為who。如： The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’s brother who just graduated from a university. 剛才你會(huì)到的那個(gè)男孩是李明的剛從大學(xué)畢業(yè)的弟弟。 (3) 以the way為先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which, that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷浴? The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising （三）．非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 1.含義：先行詞和從句用逗號(hào)隔開，對(duì)所修飾你名詞或代詞等起補(bǔ)充說明的作用。如果

26、去掉從句，并不影響它所修飾的先行詞的意義。 2.引導(dǎo)詞 （1）關(guān)系代詞： 指人：who :做主語(yǔ)，不可省略 ；whom:做賓語(yǔ)，不可省略 指物：which:做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，不可省略 （2）關(guān)系副詞： when where why as等 Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise. A. it　 B. that　 C. which　　D. he 答案C. 此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成為句子，兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子不能單以逗號(hào)連接。況且選he

27、句意不通。 The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. A. what　B. which　C. that　D. it 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號(hào)連接的兩個(gè)句子并在一起在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法上行不通。 3.as和which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 （1） as和which都可在句子中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，它們指代的是整個(gè)句子 He married her,as\which is natural He

28、 is honest,as\which we can see (2)as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句之前，也可放在主句之尾，還可分割整個(gè)主句，which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后;as有“正如，正想”之意 As is known to us，china is a developing country He is from south,which we can see from his accent John ,as you know,is famous writer (3) 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，which既可以作系動(dòng)詞be的主語(yǔ)，也可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)；而這時(shí)as 只可以做系動(dòng)詞be的主語(yǔ)。

29、例如： A) He married her, which was natural.（可用as代替which）他和她結(jié)婚，這是很自然的事。 B) He won a/the Nobel Prize in chemistry, which made him illustrious. (不可用as 代替which)他獲得了諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，這使他名揚(yáng)天下。 It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.. A. that B. which C. as D. it (4) .在which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

30、中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若是am, is, are則這些系動(dòng)詞不能省略；而as后面若是這種情況，則可以省略。例如： A) He is a teacher, as (is) clear from his manner.(is可以省略) B) He said he had never seen her before, which was not true.(was不可省略) (5) 當(dāng)先行詞有such,the same修飾時(shí)，常用as I have never heard such a story as he tells This is the same book as I lost last we

31、ek 注意：當(dāng)先行次由the same修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思不同 She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿著她在MARY婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。 She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。 （四）引導(dǎo)詞+介詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 關(guān)系代詞在從句中做介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句常用介詞+關(guān)系代詞引: The school which\that he once studied i

32、s vert famous ——the school in which he once studied is very famous Tomorrow I will bring a book which\that you ask for Tomorrow I will bring a book for which you ask 注意： A:含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)一般不拆開使用。如：look at, look for, look after, take care of等 This is watch which\that I looking for B:當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞之前時(shí)，關(guān)系代

33、詞指人是只能用whom,，關(guān)系代詞指代物時(shí)，只能用which，關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)，用whose The man with whom you talked is my friend C:介詞+定語(yǔ)從句，前面可有some any both each none neither 等代詞或數(shù)詞修飾 He love his parents deeply，both of whom are very kind to him There are forty students in our class,，most of whom are from cities 四．狀語(yǔ)從句 一：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 （一）

34、 when, while和as。 1.when引導(dǎo)從句的動(dòng)作可以與主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，也可以先于主句的動(dòng)作。引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞（一段時(shí)間），又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞（一點(diǎn)時(shí)間）。when還含有“at that moment”的意思，引起的句子不能放在句首 When he heard the news，they were much surprised (從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作) When she came in, I stopped eating.她進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，我在吃飯。(瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞) When I lived in the countryside, I used to car

35、ry some water for him.當(dāng)?shù)淖≡谵r(nóng)村時(shí)，我常常為他擔(dān)水。（延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞） We were watching TV when suddenly the lights went out.我們正在看電視，這時(shí)燈突然滅了。 They had just arrived home when it began to rain.他們剛到家，這時(shí)天就開始下雨了。 2.while 從句的動(dòng)作和主句同時(shí)發(fā)生，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作必須是延續(xù)性的。并且while有時(shí)還可以表示對(duì)比 While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV

36、 I like playing football while you like playing basketball 3.as 從句的動(dòng)作和主句同時(shí)發(fā)生。從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可是瞬時(shí)性的，也可是延續(xù)性的。從句和主句要表示一個(gè)人的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作交替進(jìn)行或同時(shí)完成時(shí)，則多用as，可譯為“一邊......，一邊......” She came up as I was cooking.(延續(xù)性) The runners started as the gun went off.(瞬時(shí)性) He looked behind from to time as he went. 他一邊走，一邊不時(shí)地往后看。

37、As time goes on, it’s getting warmer and warmer..隨著時(shí)間的推移，天氣變得越來(lái)越暖了。 練習(xí)： 1.He was about halfway through his meal ____ a familiar voice came to his ears. (2006遼寧) 　　A. why B. where C. when D. while 2. — I’m going to the post office. 　　— ____ you’re there, can you get me some stamps? (1999) 　　A.

38、As B. While C. Because D. If 3. ____ the days went on, the weather got worse. (1990) 　　A. With B. Since C. While D. As 4. Tom ____ into the house when no one ____. (1992) 　　A. slipped; was looking B. had slipped; looked 　　C. slipped; had looked D. was slipping; looked 如果主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生于表示“當(dāng)……時(shí)”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從

39、句中的動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行過程中， 從句常用進(jìn)行時(shí)。如： The landlady suspected that someone must have broken into the house when/while/as she was watching TV show. 女房東懷疑在她看電視時(shí)曾有人闖入屋 5. I ____ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident ____. (2006安徽) 　　A. went; was occurring B. went; occurred C. was going; o

40、ccurred D. was going; had occurred 6. It was some time ____ we realized the truth. (2005山東) 　　A. when B. until C. since D. before 7. — Why didn’t you tell him about the meeting? 　　— He rushed out of the room ____ I could say a word. (2006四川) 　　A. before B. until C. when D. after （二） before 和af

41、ter before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)表示從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之后，如主句是將來(lái)時(shí)，從句中現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句是過去時(shí),主句用過去完成時(shí)。 after引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)表示從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前。 It will be some time before we know the results After we had finished dinner,we went home. 重點(diǎn)：before 的用法 1. 用于It + be + 時(shí)間段 + before...句型中，意思是“在……之后才……”，如果主句中用否定式，則表示“不多久……就”。 It will be five

42、years before I come back. 我五年后才能回來(lái)。 It was not long before the enemy was driven out of their country. 不久之后，敵人就被趕走了。 It won’t be long before they understand each other. 他們不久就會(huì)互相了解的。 2. 還有“趁……（還沒有）”之意。例如： They are thinking of buying the house before the prices go up. 他們正在考慮趁房?jī)r(jià)未漲時(shí)把房子買下來(lái)。 Do

43、it before you forget it. 趁早動(dòng)手，以免忘了 3.短語(yǔ)before long與long before的區(qū)別 before long是“很快，不久”的意思, 可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。如： Before long, he went to America. 不久，他就去了美國(guó)。 I hope to see you before long. 我希望不久后再見到你。 而 long before是“很久以前”的意思，一般用在過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)的句子里。如： She said she had read the novel long before. 她說她很久以前就讀過這

44、部小說。 （三） till和until ①until和till都可表示“直到．．．為止”，與主句中持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的肯定式連用。 He waited until / till we finished our meal.他一直等到我們吃完飯。 ②當(dāng)until和till表示“直到．．．才．．．．”時(shí)，通常與主句中短暫動(dòng)詞的否定式連用，這時(shí)，until和till也可用before代替。 I didn’t leave until / till / before she came back.直到她回來(lái)，我才離開的。 ③be動(dòng)詞的肯定式和否定式都可以和until或till連用。 ④until引

45、導(dǎo)的從句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，但till從句一般不放在句首。 Until he told me, I knew nothing about it.他告訴我了我才知道。 當(dāng)not until位于句首時(shí)，主句中的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)要使用倒裝語(yǔ)序： Not until she came back did I leave. = I didn’t leave until she came back. 在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中一般用until，不用till。如： It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a

46、 1.It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life ____ we’ve actually had that lesson. (2007天津) A. until B. after C. since D. when 2. They ____ the train until it disappeared in the distance. (1998) A. saw B. watched C. noticed D. observed 題干中的主句為肯定句， until需要跟主句里肯定形式的表延續(xù)性動(dòng)作的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連用， 因此本題應(yīng)選表示延續(xù)性

47、動(dòng)作的watched(其他選項(xiàng)中的saw， noticed， observed所表示的動(dòng)作都不能延續(xù)， 意味著結(jié)果)。 3. “You can’t have this football back ____ you promise not to kick it at my cat again,” the old man said firmly. (2006 A because B. since C. when D. until （四）since的用法 1.連詞 （1）表示“自從……以來(lái)”： A:主句+since+非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 一般主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用過去時(shí),翻譯：“某某自

48、從…以來(lái)已經(jīng)…了 He has studied very hard since he came to our school Since he graduated from the college, he has worked in this city B:主句+since+延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞 主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用過去時(shí)，翻譯：“某某自從沒有…以來(lái)已經(jīng)…了” He has had several jobs since he was a student at Yale. 他自從從耶魯大學(xué)畢業(yè)以來(lái)已經(jīng)做了好幾份工作。 We all have been missing her

49、 since she lived here 自從她從這里搬走，我們就再也沒見過她 He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自從我病愈以來(lái)，他屢次給我寫信。 He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自從我生病以來(lái)，他就屢次給我寫信。 C:主句+since +延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 主句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，翻譯：“某某自從…以來(lái)…了’ Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。自從我們自己有了汽車，我

50、們每年都去野營(yíng)。 He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 自從我生病以來(lái)，他從未來(lái)看過我。 He has never been to see me since I was ill. 自從我病愈以來(lái)，他從未來(lái)看過我。 D：It be(一般式或完成式)＋表示一段時(shí)間的詞匯＋since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我成為研究生已經(jīng)有2年了。 It was three years since we had been ther

51、e. 我們?cè)谀莾阂汛袅巳辍? 應(yīng)注意的是，在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，since引導(dǎo)的從句絕對(duì)不能用否定式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示否定意義，下面兩句都錯(cuò)了： It is a long time since he didn’t study English. It’s two months since you didn’t come to see me. 正確的說法為： It’s a long time since he studied English 他好久沒學(xué)英語(yǔ)了。 You haven’t come to see me for two months. 你有兩個(gè)月沒來(lái)看我了。 （2）既然；因

52、為 He must have taken the book since it isnt here. 他一定是把書拿走了,因?yàn)闀巡辉谶@里了。 Since it is so hot, lets go swimming. 既然天氣這么熱,我們?nèi)ビ斡景伞? 2.介詞：表示“自從……以來(lái)”， 其具體用法有兩種情況： (1) since＋表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的詞匯(如具體的年、 月、 日期、 鐘點(diǎn))。 　　They have been friends since childhood. 他們從幼時(shí)起一直是好朋友。I have been there many times since th

53、e war. 自那次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以來(lái)， 我曾去該地多次。 (2) since＋表示一段時(shí)間的詞匯＋ago。 I have been here since five months ago. 五個(gè)月以來(lái)我一直在這里。 They ____ friends since they met in Shanghai. (1989) A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have turned （五）表示“一…就…”：as soon as, immediately, instantly, directly, hardly /scarcely…when…, n

54、o sooner…than…；表示“當(dāng)…時(shí)候”： the time, the moment；by the time（到…時(shí)候?yàn)橹梗? next time(下次), the first time(第一次…的時(shí)候), the last time(上次…的時(shí)候)，once（一旦…） She rushed into the room immediately / the moment she heard the noise.她一聽到聲音就沖進(jìn)房間 He had no sooner arrived there than he fell ill.他剛到達(dá)那里就生起病來(lái)。 He had hardly f

55、inished when someone rose to refute his points.他還沒說完就有人起來(lái)反駁他的論點(diǎn) He left me a good impression the first time I met him.我第一次見他時(shí)，他給我留下了好印象。 注意：hardly /scarcely…when…, no sooner…than… 前面常用過去完成時(shí)，后面用一般過去時(shí)。同時(shí)它們還可以倒裝: No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.他剛到達(dá)那里就生起病來(lái)。 Hardly had he finished w

56、hen someone rose to refute his points. （六）表示習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性：every time（每次）, each time（每次）, whenever（每當(dāng)）等。 Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.每當(dāng)我們遇上困難的時(shí)候他們就來(lái)幫我們 Each time he came to town he would visit our school.他每次進(jìn)城，總要來(lái)看看我們的學(xué)校。 Every time I went to his house, he was out.我每次去他家，他都出

57、去了。 二．地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句一般由由where（在……的地方）, wherever（無(wú)論哪里），everywhere（每一個(gè)地方）引導(dǎo)的 He is ready to help wherever he is Put you son where you can see him Everywhere they want, they were warmly received 三．原因狀語(yǔ)從句 （一）because since as for 1. because 表示的原因語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)；通常放在主句之后，有時(shí)也放在主句之前；直接回答why 提出的問題；在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中只能用bec

58、ause；被not所否定時(shí)只能用because It because he was too careless that he failed 2. since和as表示的原因是人們事先已經(jīng)知道的，是對(duì)已知事實(shí)提供理由，而不表示直接原因；since比as語(yǔ)氣稍強(qiáng)，且比as略為正式，兩者通常都放在主句之前 3. for是并列連詞(其作三者為從屬連詞)，它有時(shí)可表示因果關(guān)系(只能放在主句之后，且可與because換用)，有時(shí)不表示因果關(guān)系，而是對(duì)前面分句的內(nèi)容加以解釋或推斷(也只能放在主句之后，但不能與because換用)。 The ground is wet, for (或because)

59、it rained last night. 地面是濕的，因?yàn)樽蛲硐逻^雨。 It rained last night, for (不能用because) the ground is wet this morning. 昨晚下過雨，今天早上地面都是濕的 (二)由now that，seeingthat，considering that（由于…，既然…） Seeingthatit’sraining，we’dbetterstayindoors.既然外邊在下雨，我們最好待在室內(nèi)。 Nowthatyouarehere,you’dbetterstay.你既然來(lái)了，最好還是留下吧 Considerin

60、g that she has no experience, she has done well enough.考慮到她沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，她已經(jīng)做得不錯(cuò)了 四．條件狀語(yǔ)從句 （一）if，unless 1.if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，主句是將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)候,從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的虛擬；if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的省略 If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking. 2.unless = if……not You will never make rapid progress if you don’t work hard You will n

61、ever make rapid progress unless you work hard （二）1.as（so）longas“只要……”As[So]longasyouneedme,I’llstay只要你需要我，我就留下。 as（so）longas還可表示一段時(shí)間 Stay as long as you like。你愿留多久都可以。 Solongashe lived, I didn’t feel that I have the right to see you between you.在他死之前，我覺得我沒有權(quán)利介入你們之間 2. onlyif與ifonly。onlyif意為“只要”

62、，只用于真實(shí)條件句中，是if的強(qiáng)調(diào)式；ifonly有兩個(gè)意思，一是表示“只要”，此時(shí)通常與陳述語(yǔ)氣連用，與onlyif用法相似；二是表示“但愿”“要是……就好了”，此時(shí)多用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣和感嘆句中。 Iwillcomeonlyifyoudon’t promisetoinviteMary.只要你答應(yīng)不請(qǐng)瑪麗，我就來(lái)。 Ifonlyitclearsup,we’llgo.只要天晴，我們就去。 IfonlyIhadn’ttoldhimaboutit.要是我沒有告訴他這事就好了 If only he will listen to you！他要是聽你的話多好！ 3. aslongas與onlyif

63、的區(qū)別 （1）從語(yǔ)氣上看，onlyif的語(yǔ)氣要比aslongas強(qiáng) （2）當(dāng)主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均為短暫性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，通常只用onlyif，而不用aslongas。如：Hewillcomeonlyifyouaskhim. （3）兩者均可引導(dǎo)從句置于主句之后，也可置于主句之前。但是，當(dāng)onlyif引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句置于主句之前時(shí)，其后的主句要用倒裝語(yǔ)序，而且aslongas引導(dǎo)的從句置于主句之前不用倒裝。如： Aslongasitdoesn’trainwecanplay.只要不下雨，我們就能玩。 Onlyifateacherhasgivenpermissionisastudentallow

64、edtoenterthisroom.只有得到教師的允許，學(xué)生才可以進(jìn)這間屋。 （三）provided（providing）( that)，on condition that，given that，in case，suppose(supposing)等都有“如果”“假如”之意。 He will do the work providing you pay him 如果你給他錢，他就干活 I send you this book on condition that you pay in cash 假如你付現(xiàn)金， 這架相機(jī)就賣給你 Given that he wins the support

65、 of the people, he will win the election. 如果贏得人民的支持 ，他將取得競(jìng)選的勝利 Suppose you fail a second time, do not get disappointed, but try again 假如第二次失敗，別灰心，再試試。 五． 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 （一） although, though“雖然，盡管” 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，句中不能用but表示轉(zhuǎn)折語(yǔ)氣，但可跟yet，still表示轉(zhuǎn)折 Although its raining, they are still working in the field.　雖然在下雨

66、，但他們?nèi)栽诘乩锔苫睢? （二） ever if, even though. “雖然，盡管，即使”Well make a trip even though the weather is bad. （三） "no matter +疑問詞" 或"疑問詞+后綴ever" ：意為“無(wú)論…”。No matter what happened, he would not mind.　 （1） "no matter +疑問詞"不能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句 Whatever you say is of no use now.　　 Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.　囚犯?jìng)冎荒芙o什么吃什么 （2） 注意however以下兩類句型結(jié)構(gòu) ① however+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)： H