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1、microscopic mess 349 Captain Cook Arrow LegendIt was a great legend while it lasted, but DNA testing has finally ended a two-century-old story of the Hawaiian arrow carved from the bone of British explorer Captain James Cook who died in the Sandwich Islands1 in 1779. “There is no Cook in the Aus

2、tralian Museum,” museum collection manager Jude Philip said not long ago in announcing the DNA evidence that the arrow was not made of Cook’s bone. But that will not stop the museum from continuing to display the arrow in its exhibition, “Uncovered: Treasures of the Australian Museum” which does inc

3、lude a feather cape presented to Cook by Hawaiian King Kalani’opu’u in 1778. Cook was one of Britain’s great explorers and is credited with_discovering the “Great South Land,” now Australia, in 1770. He was clubbed to death in the Sandwich Islands, now Hawaii. The legend of Cook’s arrow began in 1

4、824_when Hawaiian King Kamehameha on his deathbed gave the arrow to William Adams, a London surgeon and relative of Cook’s wife, saying it was made of Cook’s bone after the fatal fight with islanders. In the 1890s the arrow was given to the Australian Museum and the legend continued until it came f

5、ace-to-face with science. DNA testing by laboratories in Australia and New Zealand revealed the arrow was not made of Cook’s bone but was more likely made of animal bone, said Philp. However, Cook’s fans refuse to give up hope that one Cook legend will prove true and that part of his remains will

6、still be uncovered, as they say there is evidence not all of Cook’s body was buried at sea in 1779. “On this occasion technology has won,” said Cliff Thornton, president of the Captain Cook Society, in a statement from Britain. “But I am sure that one of these days…one of the Cook legends will prov

7、e to be true and it will happen one day.” Avalanche and Its SafetyAn avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a among the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property. All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material, typically snowpa

8、ck, that is too massive and unstable for the slope that supports it. Determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is likely to cause an avalanche, is a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors. Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees

9、typically have a low risk of avalanche. Snow does not gather significantly on steep slopes; also, snow does not flow easily on flat slopes. Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow’s angle of rest1 is between 35 and 45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the

10、human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is 38 degrees. The rule of thumb2 is: A slope that is flat enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle. Additionally, avalanche risk increases with use; that is, the more a slope is distu

11、rbed by skiers, the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur. Due to the complexity of the subject, winter traveling in the backcountry4 is never 100% safe. Good avalanche safety is a continuous process, including route selection and examination of the snowpack, weather conditions, and human

12、factors. Several well-known good habits can also reduce the risk. If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid attention to. Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations; snow conditions are almost certain to have

13、 changed since they were made. Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are missing or damaged. Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche. Giant StructuresIt is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modem world since every year more

14、wonderful constructions appear. Here are three giant structures which are worthy of our admiration although they may have been surpassed by some more recent wonders. The Petronas Twin Towers The Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the world when they were completed in 1999. With a hei

15、ght of 452 metres, the tall twin towers, like two thin pencils, dominate the city of Kuala Lumpur. At the 41st floor, the towers are linked by a bridge, symbolizing a gateway to the city. The American architect Cesar Pelli designed the skyscrapers. Constructed of high-strength concrete, the build

16、ing provides around， 800 square metres of office space on every floor. And it has a shopping centre and a concert hall at the base. Other features of this impressive building include double-decker lifts, and glass and steel sunshades. The MiUau Bridge The Millau Bridge was opened in 2004 in the T

17、am Valley，in southern France. At the time it was built，it was the world’s highest bridge, reaching over 340m at the highest point. The bridge is described as one of the most amazingly beautiful bridges in the world. It was built to relieve Millaus congestion problems. The congestion was then cause

18、d by traffic passing from Paris to Barcelona in Spain. The bridge was built to withstand the most extreme seismic and climatic conditions. Besides, it is guaranteed for 120 years! The Itaipu Dam The Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is one of the largest constructions of its kind in the world. It

19、 consists of a series of dams across the River Parana,which forms a natural border between Brazil and Paraguay. Started in 1975 and taking 16 years to complete, the construction was carried out as a joint project between the two countries. The dam is well-known for both its electricity output a

20、nd its size. In 1995 it produced 78% of Paraguay’s and 25% of Brazil’s energy needs. In its construction, the amount of iron and steel used was equivalent to over 300 Eiffel Towers. It is a truly amazing wonder of engineering. Animals "Sixth Sense"A tsunami was triggered by an earthquake in the

21、Indian Ocean in December, 2004. It killed tens of thousands of people in Asia and East Africa. Wild animals, however seem to have escaped that terrible tsunami. This phenomenon adds weight to notions that1 they possess a “sixth sense” for disasters, expert said. Sri Lankan wildlife officials have

22、said the giant waves that killed over 24,000 people along the Indian Ocean island’s coast clearly missed wild beasts, with no dead animals found. "No elephants are dead, not_even a dead rabbit. I think animals can sense disaster. They have a sixth sense. They know when things are happening," H. D

23、. Ratnayake, deputy director of Sri Lanka’s Wildlife Department, said about one month after the tsunami attack. The waves washed floodwaters up to 2 miles inland at Yala National Park in the ravaged southeast, Sri Lanka’s biggest wildlife reserve and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several le

24、opards. There has been a lot of apparent evidence about dogs barking or birds migrating before volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. But it has not been proven, said Matthew van Lierop, an animal behavior specialist at Johannesburg Zoo. "There have been a lot of specific studies because you can’t rea

25、lly test it in a lab or field sctting," he told Reuters. Other authorities concurred with this assessment "Wildlife seem to be able to pick up certain phenomenon, especially birds…there are many reports of birds detecting impending disasters," said Clive Walker, who has written several books on Afr

26、ican wildlife. Animals certainly rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to avoid danger such as predators. The notion of an animal "sixth sense" -- or_some other mythical power – is an enduring one3 which the evidence on Sri Lankas ravaged coast is likely to add to. The Romans saw owls

27、 as omens of impending disaster and many ancient cultures viewed elephants as sacred animals endowed with special powers or attributes. Singing Alarms Could Save the BlindIf you cannot see, you may not be able to find your way out of a burning building – and that could be fatal. A company in Leeds

28、 could change all that with ndirectional sound alarms capable of guiding you to the exit. Sound Alert, a company run by the University of Leeds, is installing the alarms in a residential home for blind people in Sommerset and a resource centre for the blind in Cumbria.The alarms produce a wide ra

29、nge of frequencies that enable the brain to determine where the sound is coming from. Deborah Withington of Sound Alert says that the alarms use most of the frequencies that can be heard by humans.“It is a burst of white noise that people say sounds like static on the radio,” she say

30、s. “Its life-saving potential is great.” She conducted an experiment in which people were filmed by thermal-imaging cameras trying to find their way out of a large smoke-filled room. It took them nearly four minutes to find the door without a sound alarm, but only 15 seconds with

31、 one. Withington studies how the brain processes sounds at the university. She says that the source of a wide band of frequencies can be pinpointed more easily than the source of a narrow band. Alarms based on he same concept have already been installed on emergency vehicles. The alarms

32、 will also include rising or falling frequencies to indicate whether people should go up or down stairs. They were developed with the aid of a large grant from British Nuclear Fuels. Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles福特放棄電動(dòng)汽車The Ford motor company’s abandonment of 分析家說，福特汽車公司放棄電動(dòng)汽車的決定，標(biāo)志著公路技術(shù)的結(jié)束。 19

33、99年，通用汽車公司和本田汽車公司停止生產(chǎn)電動(dòng)汽車，專注于燃料電池和混合動(dòng)力的電動(dòng)汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，以此來吸引更多消費(fèi)者?，F(xiàn)在福特汽車公司聲明將采取同樣的行動(dòng)。三年前，福特公司推出兩座的Think City汽車和被稱為Think或Think Neighbor的高爾夫用車，期望每年能夠售出5000輛汽車和10000輛高爾夫用車。但是，由于需求的缺乏，僅生產(chǎn)了1000輛汽車，而2002年至今僅售出不到1700輛高爾夫用車。福特汽車公司歐洲分公司的迪姆霍姆斯星期五說：“這個(gè)結(jié)果表明，我們認(rèn)為這不是交通環(huán)境巨大市場(chǎng)的未來。我們覺得我們對(duì)于電動(dòng)汽車已經(jīng)全力以赴了?！?Think City汽車一次充六小時(shí)僅能行

34、駛大約53英里的路程，而通用汽車公司的EVI電動(dòng)汽車也只有100英里。非常昂貴的電池也意味著電動(dòng)汽車的成本遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于汽油動(dòng)力汽車。在美國(guó)，與汽油動(dòng)力汽車僅17000美元的價(jià)格相比，電動(dòng)汽車豐田RAV4 EV的價(jià)格超過了42000美元。豐田與尼?，F(xiàn)在是僅有的主要的電動(dòng)汽車制造商。英國(guó)地球之友的高級(jí)交通宣傳家瑞格海格曼對(duì)環(huán)境新聞社說：“感覺上電動(dòng)汽車擁有發(fā)展的機(jī)遇，現(xiàn)在福特公司不得不轉(zhuǎn)向混合動(dòng)力項(xiàng)目。而那正是我們將進(jìn)行判斷的東西?！?近幾年豐田和本田推出的混合動(dòng)力汽車銷售良好。混合動(dòng)力發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)比汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和電池動(dòng)力提供更多的里程，并且電池還能自己充電。福特公司指出，它認(rèn)為在美國(guó)這類車有助于汽車排放廢氣

35、的新規(guī)則。然而，新規(guī)則的確切規(guī)定目前仍不清楚。今年6月，通用汽車公司和戴姆勒克萊斯勒公司贏得了法院的禁令，加州立法要求到2003年，汽車制造商推遲兩年向加州提供十萬輛零排放低排放車輛。汽車制造商們希望立法改為排放量更低，而不是零排放的車輛。 Car manufacturers hope the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more low-emission, rather than zero-emission, vehicles. 1.What have the Ford motor company, General Motors

36、and Honda done concerning electric cars? -They have given up producing electric cars. 2.According to Tim Holmes of Ford Europe,battery-powered cars -will not be the main transportation vehicles in the future 3.Which auto manufacturers are still producing electric vehicles?-Toyota and Nissan 4

37、.According to the eighth paragraph,hybrid cars -run more miles than petrol driven cars 5.Which of the following is true about the hope of car manufacturers according to the last paragraph? -The legislation will allow more low. emission to be produced World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Deca

38、de Earlier Than Some Predict世界原油產(chǎn)量可能提前十年達(dá)到峰值In a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil科威特科學(xué)家預(yù)測(cè)世界常規(guī)原油產(chǎn)量將在2014年達(dá)到峰值，這一發(fā)現(xiàn)可能會(huì)促進(jìn)儲(chǔ)存石油的努力。這一預(yù)測(cè)比其他預(yù)測(cè)提前了將近十年，已經(jīng)發(fā)表在美國(guó)化學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)《能量與燃料》雜志上.伊布赫姆納夏威和同事們指出，全球石油消耗的快速增長(zhǎng)使人們對(duì)"石油峰值"預(yù)測(cè)的興趣越來越濃?！笆头逯怠敝傅氖鞘彤a(chǎn)量達(dá)到最大值然后開始下降的時(shí)間點(diǎn)?？茖W(xué)家已經(jīng)構(gòu)建了幾個(gè)模型來預(yù)測(cè)這一時(shí)間，有些模型認(rèn)為這一時(shí)間在2020年或更晚。其中最著名的預(yù)

39、測(cè)模型之一是赫伯特模型。赫伯特模型認(rèn)為世界石油產(chǎn)量呈鐘形曲線，與此相關(guān)的概念是“石油峰值”。這一術(shù)語(yǔ)指的是世界石油產(chǎn)量達(dá)到峰值的那一刻，之后將呈現(xiàn)無法逆轉(zhuǎn)的下降趨勢(shì)。赫伯特模型精確地預(yù)測(cè)到美國(guó)石油產(chǎn)量于1970年達(dá)到峰值。這一模型從此受到歡迎，已經(jīng)用于預(yù)測(cè)世界石油生產(chǎn)。但是，最近研究表明，這一模型不足以解釋某些國(guó)家更加復(fù)雜的石油生產(chǎn)周期。科學(xué)家稱，這些生產(chǎn)周期受到技術(shù)變化、政策和其他因素的很大影響。最新研究描述了赫伯特模型的新版本，提供了更加實(shí)際、更加準(zhǔn)確的石油生產(chǎn)預(yù)測(cè)?？茖W(xué)家使用新模型評(píng)估了47個(gè)主要產(chǎn)油國(guó)家的石油生產(chǎn)趨勢(shì)，這47個(gè)國(guó)家是世界常規(guī)原油的主要提供者?？茖W(xué)家預(yù)計(jì)全球常規(guī)原油產(chǎn)量將

40、于2014年達(dá)到峰值，比之前預(yù)計(jì)的要早很多年。科學(xué)家還指出，世界石油儲(chǔ)量正在以2.1%的速度逐年減少，他們認(rèn)為新模型會(huì)幫助做出與能源相關(guān)的決定，幫助進(jìn)行國(guó)家政策辯論。 The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest. 1.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “sparked” appearing in paragraph 2?-stimulated 2.The term

41、 “a bell shaped curve” appearing in paragraph 2 indicates that global oil production will____-start to decline after global oil production peaks. 3.Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model?-It provides a very realistic and accurate oil production 4.What is the major achievement of t

42、he new study mentioned in the last paragraph?-It predicts global oil production will peak in 2014. 5.Who develop the new version of the Hubbert model?-Kuwaiti scientists. Citizen Scientists公民科學(xué)家Understanding how nature responds to climate 理解大自然對(duì)氣候變化有怎樣的反應(yīng)需要監(jiān)視世界各個(gè)角落的關(guān)鍵生命周期事件一花開、葉子的出現(xiàn)、第一只青蛙叫出春天的到來。但

43、是生態(tài)學(xué)家不可能去到世界的各個(gè)角落，所以他們向非科學(xué)家求助，這些非科學(xué)家有時(shí)也被稱作公民科學(xué)家。氣象科學(xué)家不可能足跡遍及天下。因?yàn)樵谑澜缟嫌腥绱硕嗟牡胤剑瑳]有足夠的科學(xué)家來觀察它們。所以他們請(qǐng)求你來幫助觀察全世界氣候變化的跡象。公民科學(xué)家運(yùn)動(dòng)鼓勵(lì)普通人根據(jù)自己的興趣來觀察某一個(gè)特定的方面——鳥兒、樹木、花開等等——并把他們的觀察結(jié)果發(fā)送到一個(gè)巨大的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)來供專業(yè)科學(xué)家研究。這有助于數(shù)量有限的科學(xué)家得到如果只靠他們自己根本收集不到的巨大數(shù)據(jù)。就像公民記者幫助報(bào)道傳統(tǒng)新聞報(bào)道方式所忽略的小型社區(qū)的相關(guān)信息一樣，公民科學(xué)家也對(duì)他們所居住的環(huán)境很熟悉。所需要的就是每天或每周留出幾分鐘來搜集數(shù)據(jù)并發(fā)送過

44、來。一群科學(xué)家和教育家在去年發(fā)起了一個(gè)叫做紐約國(guó)家物候?qū)W的組織。“物候?qū)W”就是科學(xué)家們所說的在自然中研究每個(gè)事件的時(shí)間。其中一個(gè)小組的首要嘗試就是依靠科學(xué)家和非科學(xué)家來收集關(guān)于每年植物開花和長(zhǎng)葉子的數(shù)據(jù)。這一項(xiàng)目叫做花季追蹤計(jì)劃，它收集遍布美國(guó)的各種各樣的植物生長(zhǎng)周期的數(shù)據(jù)。參與這一項(xiàng)目的人們——這一計(jì)劃對(duì)所有人開放——把他們的觀察記錄在花季追蹤計(jì)劃網(wǎng)站上。 “人們不需要是植物學(xué)家——他們僅僅需要環(huán)視四周看看周圍有什么?！盝ennifer Schwartz說，她是這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的教育顧問。“通過收集數(shù)據(jù)，我們就能夠估算出氣候變化對(duì)植物和生物群落會(huì)有怎樣的影響?！? and animals will

45、 respond as the climate changes 1.Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need them -to collect data of the life cycle-of living things. 2.What are citizen scientists asked to do?-To send their research observations to a professional database. 3.In "All thats needed to b

46、ecome one… ( paragraph2)" , what does the word "one" stands for?-a citizen scientist. 4.What is NOT true of Project BudBurst?-Only experts can participate in it. 5.What is the final purpose of Project BudBurst?-To investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changes. Motoring

47、Technology汽車技術(shù)1.2 million road deaths worldwide 每年，全世界有120萬起路面交通死亡事故，以及5000萬起路面交通傷殘事故。為降低車禍發(fā)生率，現(xiàn)在有很多研究將注意力放在行車安全和開發(fā)新型燃料上。而有些關(guān)于電動(dòng)機(jī)車和生物燃料的研究旨在達(dá)到更快的速度。高速駕駛一向是很危險(xiǎn)的。一項(xiàng)在機(jī)動(dòng)車安全前沿領(lǐng)域的研究是有關(guān)車內(nèi)數(shù)字化輔助設(shè)施的。這些設(shè)施會(huì)確保：時(shí)睡著。通過運(yùn)用人工智能軟件，這些輔助設(shè)施可監(jiān)控行車過程并確保在關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻司機(jī)不會(huì)被手機(jī)或廣播干擾注意力。許多車禍?zhǔn)怯扇藶樵蛟斐傻亩菣C(jī)械故障。一些行車安全方面的改進(jìn)力圖改善司機(jī)的視野。雷達(dá)可對(duì)霧中的障礙物

48、定位，而其他的科技手段可透過阻礙你視線的高大車輛看到前方。對(duì)安全帶、剎車板控制和車胎的改進(jìn)也使行車過程變得更順暢、安全。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)車的顏色與安全有關(guān)，令人不會(huì)感到驚訝的是，車的大小和形狀也與安全有關(guān)。從礦物燃料中提取的汽油的替代物，例如植物油，也是研究中的一個(gè)熱門區(qū)域。取材于氫氣的燃料電池燃燒時(shí)無污染，并已成為一項(xiàng)重要研究的攻克對(duì)象。但不管燃料箱中盛為何物，你可不想在駕駛座上坐的是一個(gè)竊賊。對(duì)此，也有很多創(chuàng)新來打擊汽集中一些運(yùn)用了衛(wèi)星跟蹤和遠(yuǎn)程通訊。當(dāng)發(fā)生車禍時(shí)，這些通訊系統(tǒng)也可起作用，自動(dòng)地呼叫幫助。交通事故可引發(fā)許多交通堵塞。但在一暢通卻繁忙的路段上，汽車間也有很多的細(xì)微互動(dòng)，從而導(dǎo)致可能的

49、阻塞。此類阻塞可用數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)工具來進(jìn)行分析。被編程的機(jī)器人可使交通流動(dòng)更順暢，并有朝一日有望成為每個(gè)人的私家司機(jī)。但最新成果表明這種設(shè)想并非短期內(nèi)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)。 but their latest efforts suggest that won’t be soon 1.What are researchers interested in doing as the road accidents worldwide increase to a shocking rate?-They focus their research on safety and new fuels. 2.According

50、to the second paragraph, most road accidents happen -because drivers make mistakes. 3.Which of the safety developments is NOT mentioned in the passage?-Windscreens that can help drivers to improve their vision. 4.What is NOT the purpose of innovations that use satellite tracking and remote communi

51、cations?-To call for help when the car gets jammed in the traffic. 5.What is true of robotic drivers?-It will take some time before robotic drivers can be put to practical use. Late-Night Drinking在深夜飲咖啡Coffee lovers beware咖啡愛好者注意了。在深夜喝一杯快速提神的咖啡會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響你的睡眠，跟興奮劑一樣，咖啡因會(huì)擾亂褪黑激素的自由流動(dòng)，這種褪黑激素是大腦里促人睡眠的一種荷爾蒙。

52、在上床睡覺前約2小時(shí)的時(shí)候褪黑激素含量開始上升，在凌晨2點(diǎn)到4點(diǎn)達(dá)到最高值，然后再次下降。加州斯坦福大學(xué)斯坦福睡眠流行病學(xué)研究中心的Maurice Ohayon說：“控制我們睡眠的是神經(jīng)激素，它告訴我們的身體什么時(shí)候睡覺，什么時(shí)候醒來。”而以色列的研究人員們發(fā)現(xiàn)含咖啡因的咖啡使這種睡眠荷爾蒙濃度降至一半。Lotan Shilo和Tel Aviv大學(xué)“Sapir醫(yī)學(xué)中心”的一組人員，在給六位志愿者做試驗(yàn)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們?cè)陲嬃丝Х纫虻目Х群蟊蕊嬃嗣摽Х纫虻目Х群笏哔|(zhì)量要差。平均來說，在喝了含咖啡因的咖啡后每晚睡眠時(shí)間為336分鐘，而喝了脫咖啡因的咖啡后則睡415分鐘。同時(shí)他們得花半個(gè)小時(shí)入睡，是通常

53、情況的兩倍，另外，他們?cè)诖采陷氜D(zhuǎn)次數(shù)也要長(zhǎng)一倍。在實(shí)驗(yàn)的第二階段，研究人員每三個(gè)小時(shí)便叫醒一次志愿者，并叫他們提供尿樣。Shilo檢驗(yàn)了他們褪黑激素分解產(chǎn)物的濃度，結(jié)果顯示，咖啡因攝入者體內(nèi)的褪黑激素是非咖啡因攝入者的一半。在《睡眠醫(yī)學(xué)》刊物上發(fā)表的文章中，研究人員暗示說，褪黑激素的生成由酶來促成，而咖啡因阻止了酶的生成。因?yàn)橐ㄔS多小時(shí)的時(shí)間才能將身體中的咖啡因除去，Ohayon建議咖啡愛好者應(yīng)在午后換喝脫咖啡因的咖啡。 that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch 1.The author mentions “pick-me-up” to

54、 indicate that -coffee is a stimulant. 2.Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep?-Caffeine halves the body’s levels of sleep hormone. 3.What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss?-Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep. 4.What does the experiment mentioned in pa

55、ragraph 4 prove?-Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone. 5.The author of this passage probably agrees that -we should not drink coffee after supper. Making Light of Sleep不要太在意睡眠All we have a clock located inside our brains我們每個(gè)人的大腦里都有一個(gè)像我們床邊的鬧鐘一樣的生物鐘。人腦里的生物鐘24小時(shí)走一圈，這一圈也就是一次完整的晝夜節(jié)律，正是這個(gè)節(jié)律決定了

56、我們吃飯、睡覺和起床的時(shí)間。青春期時(shí)，人的生物鐘在定時(shí)方面會(huì)發(fā)生變化，生物鐘會(huì)提前。這時(shí)，青少年會(huì)比以前睡得晚，所以當(dāng)你媽媽告訴你該睡覺時(shí)，你的生物鐘可能會(huì)讓你多推遲幾小時(shí)，并且電腦或電視光線可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致你熬夜到更晚。生物鐘的這種變化對(duì)青少年說是正常的，但熬夜到太晚會(huì)打亂你生物鐘與晝夜時(shí)間循環(huán)之間的平衡，這樣就會(huì)帶來一些問題，例如：早晨很難按時(shí)起床。位于美國(guó)羅得州布郎大學(xué)睡眠方面的研究員Mary Carskadon說： “當(dāng)青少年睡眠不足時(shí)會(huì)打不起精神，這將影響到他們心情、學(xué)習(xí)和思考問題的狀態(tài)?！逼鋵?shí)生物鐘與鬧鐘一樣，也是可調(diào)的，事實(shí)上，生物鐘每天都在進(jìn)行著自我調(diào)節(jié)，其方式就是通過你眼睛接收到

57、光線的變化。很早之前，科學(xué)家就知道了晝夜光線強(qiáng)弱的變化對(duì)生物鐘調(diào)節(jié)起到了重要的作用，長(zhǎng)久以來，研究者們認(rèn)為眼睛所接受到的平衡生物鐘的光信號(hào)同樣作用于人類的視覺系統(tǒng)。但最近幾年的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類眼睛有兩個(gè)感光系統(tǒng)，一個(gè)是視覺系統(tǒng)，而另一個(gè)是感知晝夜的系統(tǒng)。 system tells our body whether it’s day or night. 1.The clock located inside our brains is similar to our bedside alarm -clock because -it has a cycle of 24 hours. 2.What

58、 is implied in the second paragraph? -Children before puberty tend to fall asleep earlier at night than adolescents 3.In the third paragraph the author wants to tell the reader that -staying up late has a bad effect on teenagers’ ability to think and learn. 4.Which of the following statements is

59、NOT true according to the fourth and fifth paragraphs?-Our internal clock as well as the alarm clock can be reset automatically. 5.According to the last two paragraphs, what did the previous researchers think about the human eye’s light-sensing system?-The human eye had one light-sensing system Su

60、gar Power for Cell Phones用糖為手機(jī)發(fā)電Using enzymes commonly found in living一種新型燃料細(xì)胞通過利用活體細(xì)胞中很常見的酶能從糖中生產(chǎn)少量的電。如果這項(xiàng)技術(shù)能夠成功應(yīng)用于大批量生產(chǎn)，人們可以與自己的手機(jī)分享甜飲料（因?yàn)樘强梢园l(fā)電供給手機(jī)）。燃料細(xì)胞中的化學(xué)反應(yīng)能產(chǎn)生電流。這個(gè)過程通常依賴于貴金屬，比如鉑。在活體細(xì)胞中，酶發(fā)揮類似的作用，通過分解糖得到電子進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生能量。圣路易斯大學(xué)的Shelley D. Minteer說，以前研究人員在燃料細(xì)胞中使用酶時(shí)，很難維持酶的活性。生物細(xì)胞能不停地產(chǎn)生新鮮的酶，但燃料細(xì)胞中沒有能替換很快降解的

61、酶的機(jī)制。Minteer與同樣來自圣路易斯大學(xué)的Tamara Klotzbach現(xiàn)在研制了一種聚合物，它能包裹酶并將其保存在用顯微鏡才能看見的袋子里。Minteer解釋說：“我們改造袋子使其能為酶提供理想的微環(huán)境。”這種聚合物能使酶保持幾個(gè)月而不是幾天的活性。在新型燃料細(xì)胞中，裝有酶的微小的聚合物袋子鑲嵌在一張裹在一個(gè)電極上的薄膜里。含糖液體中的葡萄糖進(jìn)入袋子時(shí)，酶將其氧化，釋放出電子和質(zhì)子。電子穿過薄膜進(jìn)入一根導(dǎo)線并通過這根導(dǎo)線到達(dá)其他電子。導(dǎo)線中的電子與大氣中的氧發(fā)生反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生水。電子在導(dǎo)線中流動(dòng)形成電流，電流能產(chǎn)生電能。伊利諾伊大學(xué)Urbana-Champaign校區(qū)的化學(xué)工程師Paul

62、Kenis指出， 目前這種新型燃料細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生不了多少電能，但它們確實(shí)產(chǎn)生了電，這一事實(shí)令人激動(dòng). Kenis說：“單是使它可以產(chǎn)生電能，就是一項(xiàng)大的成果?！毕奶堑娜剂霞?xì)胞有可能成為高效的發(fā)電工具。糖容易得到，而且消耗糖的新型燃料細(xì)胞可生物降解，因此這項(xiàng)技術(shù)不會(huì)損害環(huán)境。目前，科學(xué)家們正試圖利用別的能從糖中產(chǎn)生更多電的酶。他們預(yù)計(jì)，在不到三年的時(shí)間里這種新技術(shù)便可在大眾化的產(chǎn)品中使用。 new technology in as little as 3 years. 1.According to the first paragraph, when can we share our sweet

63、 drinks with our cell phones?-When the technology of a new type of fuel cell is suitable for mass production. 2.What trouble did Minteer and Klotzbach have in their research?-They had trouble keeping enzymes in fuel cells active. 3.According to Paragraph 5, electrons are released -when the enzym

64、e oxidizes the glucose from a sugary liquid that goes through a pocket 4.What is exciting about the new fuel cells?-Their limited power generation capacity is a good beginning. 5.According to the last paragraph, what is NOT true of the new fuel cells?-It will take some time before the new fuel cel

65、ls can be used in popular products. Eiffel Is an Eyeful引人注目的埃菲爾鐵塔Some 300 meters up, near the世界各地的人們都來到大約300米高，接近埃菲爾鐵塔頂端的地方涂鴉。日本人、巴西人、美國(guó)人在這塊冰冷的鐵上涂上自己的名字、喜好和政治觀點(diǎn)，使這最具有法蘭西色彩的紀(jì)念碑成為動(dòng)感世界的象征。從塔上可以看到巴黎市的遠(yuǎn)景，但奇怪的是，觀光者們寧愿花時(shí)間留下到此一游的痕跡，而不去觀賞風(fēng)景。但這些涂鴉者也引起了一個(gè)問題：為什么在建成,114年后，且在幾十年前就已經(jīng)不是世界上最高的建筑物的今天，埃菲爾鐵塔卻仍然這么受歡迎。這

66、個(gè)問題的答案就像那構(gòu)成90層的鐵塔的工程一樣復(fù)雜。一部分的理由是，毫無疑問，鐵塔是永不過時(shí)的。周期性的維護(hù)使得它永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)被腐蝕掉。埃菲爾鐵塔定期油漆，覆蓋那些涂鴉，但是它仍將繼續(xù)在下去?！鞍７茽柺前屠璧南笳?，而巴黎又代表了法國(guó)。所以，埃菲爾十分具有象征性?！盚ugues Richard說道。這位31歲的法國(guó)人保持著在19分零4秒的時(shí)間內(nèi)騎自行車經(jīng)過747級(jí)臺(tái)階登上鐵塔第二層的紀(jì)錄?！斑@是鐵娘子，能讓人產(chǎn)生靈感?！彼f。但是它能使人們產(chǎn)生怎樣的靈感呢？畢竟，鐵塔并沒有任何目的。1930年紐約的Chrysler大廈取代它成為世界上最高的建筑。但是電視和廣播信號(hào)仍然從塔頂發(fā)送出來，而Gustave Eiffel，這個(gè)狂熱的建造者利用它的高度進(jìn)行氣象學(xué)、空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)和無線電通訊的研究。他在12月27日逝世，終年91歲。本質(zhì)上來說，鐵塔佇立在那兒本身就是一個(gè)靈感——它就像一張空白的畫布，任游客自由遐想。對(duì)于那些善于從技術(shù)角度考慮問題的人來說，它是一個(gè)工程上的勝利；而對(duì)于戀人們來說，它則象征著浪漫?！斑@座塔將在我們所有的人離去后長(zhǎng)久存在?！卑７茽栬F塔管理公司的Isabelle Esn