職稱英語考試 理工B 終極小抄

38.Why So Many Children In many of the developing countries in Africa and Asia, the population is growing fast.為什么有這么多的孩子1. In a traditional agricultural economy, a large family_.A. can be an advantage2. When countries become industrialized, _.B. the birth rate generally goes down3. According to this passage, Italy today is an example of an _.C. industrialized country with a low birth rate4. Saudi Arabia is mentioned in the passage because it shows that _.B. factors other than the economy influence birth rate5. In Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia, the government _.D. has tried to improve the condition of women 非洲和亞洲的很多發(fā)展中國家，人口，增長迅速。原因很簡單：這些國家的女人生育率很高每個女人平均有三個到七個孩子。這些女人大部分都很窮，沒有足夠的食物和資源來照顧家庭。為什么她們要有這么多孩子呢？為什么她們不限制家庭的大小呢？答案是大多數(shù)時候她們沒辦法選擇。這有很多原因。 其中之一是經(jīng)濟(jì)原因。傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)中，家庭成員數(shù)目多是十分有利的。孩子多意味著田里的勞動力多且有人給父母養(yǎng)老。在工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)國家中情況就不同了。多數(shù)孩子不幫助家里，而是增加家庭開銷。因此，工業(yè)化極大降低了生育率。這是意大利的一個例子，意大利最近幾年工業(yè)化發(fā)展十分迅速。在20世紀(jì)前葉，意大利是個貧窮的農(nóng)業(yè)國家，有著很高的生育率。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之后，意大利的現(xiàn)代化和工業(yè)化十分迅速。世紀(jì)之末其生育率降到世界最低，平均每個女人1.3個孩子。 然而經(jīng)濟(jì)并不是唯一重要的影響出生率的因素。以沙特阿拉伯為例，那里并沒有以農(nóng)業(yè)為基礎(chǔ)的經(jīng)濟(jì)，而且是人均收入最高的國家之一。然而還是有很高的生育率(7.0)。而像墨西哥和印度尼西亞，主要是農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的窮國，但他們的人口還在不斷地下降。 很明顯有其他的因素。最重要的就是婦女的狀況。高的生育率往往與婦女缺乏教育與社會地位低下相關(guān)。這就能解釋沙特阿拉伯的出生率為什么如此之高。傳統(tǒng)的文化使婦女缺乏教育或者不能獨立，并且在外生存的技能很少。相反，墨西哥、泰國、印度尼西亞的生育率就低。他們的政府給婦女提供更多的教育和機(jī)會。 另一個重要的因素是計劃生育。女人們也許想限制家庭的大小，但是她們沒有辦法。一些倡導(dǎo)計劃生育的政府為她們提供有效而且不貴的方式，生育率下降。比如新加坡、斯里蘭卡、印度和印度尼西亞、泰國、墨西哥、巴西。在這些國家婦女被提供健康和計劃生育的幫助。這些趨勢表明有效的控制人口的方案并不依賴于良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。如果是致力于幫助婦女適應(yīng)她們的需求那么就是有效的。事實上只有這樣，才能有機(jī)會取得成功。37.Pop Music in Africa Young musicians in African countries are creating a new kind of pop music. 非洲的流行音樂1. This passage is about how African pop music is_.B) more serious than most pop music2. For people outside of Africa, African pop music is _.D) both familiar and different3. The musicians mentioned in this passage all_.A) write about serious problems4. Eric Wainaina_.C) studied music in Boston5. Witness Mwaijaga writes about the problem of women partly because_.A) she was had a difficult life herself 非洲國家的年輕音樂家們創(chuàng)造了一種流行音樂的新形式。音調(diào)與旋律不僅有傳統(tǒng)的非洲因素也有當(dāng)下十分流行的各種形式，比如嘻哈、說唱打擊樂、搖滾、爵士或者是瑞格舞。這樣就使這種音樂讓世界各地的聽者都覺得很熟悉，而它又是典型的非洲音樂。這種音樂在另一方面也有所不同：很多音樂有著嚴(yán)肅的主題，與當(dāng)今非洲重要的社會問題和政治問題相關(guān)。 Eric Wainaina是這些非洲音樂家的其中之一。他成長于肯尼亞內(nèi)羅畢的一個音樂世家。少年時期他就聽美國的流行音樂，之后就讀于波士頓Berklee College學(xué)習(xí)音樂?，F(xiàn)在他在肯尼亞發(fā)了一張CD。他最紅的歌曲是“Land ofA Little Something，這首歌是有關(guān)肯尼亞行賄受賄問題的。他希望人們聽他的歌曲然后思考如何讓肯尼亞變成更好的居住地。 另一個寫有關(guān)嚴(yán)肅主題音樂的音樂家是來自坦桑尼亞的Witness Mwaijaga。她的個人經(jīng)歷讓她能夠切身體會非洲婦女所受的苦難。她15歲的時候失去了家，但是比起和她一樣無家可歸的年輕人來說她很幸運。她可以靠寫歌和在街頭賣唱維持生計。在她18歲的時候，她成為一個明星。她用嘻哈和說唱的風(fēng)格寫歌，歌曲的內(nèi)容是坦桑尼亞的各種問題，特別是艾滋病和女性權(quán)利的缺失。 來自塞內(nèi)加爾的Baaba Maal也認(rèn)為流行音樂不僅僅是為了娛樂。他在塞內(nèi)加爾說過，故事的講述者往往是重要的人物。在過去，他們是人民歷史的書寫者。他認(rèn)為寫歌者也擁有同樣的責(zé)任。他們必須寫他們周圍的世界，幫助人民明白如何使它變得更好。事實上，歌詞的內(nèi)容十分重要。他倡導(dǎo)在非洲要和平與協(xié)作，同時也包括婦女權(quán)利、熱愛家庭和保護(hù)環(huán)境。 南美最流行的音樂家之一是Brenda Fassie。她可以與美國流行巨星麥當(dāng)娜媲美，因為她的舞臺表現(xiàn)力震撼人心。但是她也喜歡讓人深思。20世紀(jì)80年代她因為一首有關(guān)反對種族隔離的單曲而一炮走紅?，F(xiàn)在種族隔離已經(jīng)終止了，她的歌曲有關(guān)于南美政治和文化的其他方面。她使用傳統(tǒng)的非洲語言與一種新的流行形式庫威多來歌唱。 近些年，非洲以外的人們都開始聽這些年輕音樂家的歌曲。通過音樂，年青一代的音樂家使非洲與世界其他的地方相連接，同時也影響著世界的其他地方。閱讀34.To Have and Have Not It had been boring hanging about the hotel all aftemoon. 逃亡 1. Why did the writer want to leave the hotel?B) To have a change of scene.2. What attracted the writer to the shop?D) The light coming from inside.3. The writer found the stock in the front of the shop_.A) of top quality4. What was unusual about the way the woman looked at him?C) She seemed to know him well.5. The writer disliked the back room because_.C) he saw nothing he really liked 在賓館里閑待一個下午是很無聊的。巡回樂團(tuán)道具管理組的成員在用美元玩兒游戲，把紙幣折成紙飛機(jī)的形狀然后看誰飛得最遠(yuǎn)。因為沒有什么事情可以做，我加入了他們并且贏了五局，之后我找了個機(jī)會帶著我贏的錢退出了游戲。盡管天色看起來不是很好，我還是決定出去走一走。 我向前走到了街道另一邊的一個小店里。與其他的小店不同，它沒有吸引眼球的名字和主要經(jīng)營的項目，取而代之的是普通的霓虹燈，里面則是吸引人的強(qiáng)光。奇怪的是并沒有什么影子映射在窗戶上。我并沒有因為這個而停住腳步，我走了進(jìn)去。 我屏住呼吸，不知道看哪里也不知道從哪里開始看。一面墻上掛著三個手工縫制的美國壁毯，十分美麗，可能是新做的。我穿過易拉罐和散落的小玩意兒還有古董家具，在我面前的一面墻上掛著一個嶄新的1957年的Straocaster吉他。一張五十美元的卡插在琴弦上。我的手撫摸著放唱片的架子，讀著標(biāo)題。這里還有很多的 “我可以幫助你嗎？”她嚇了我一跳。我沒有看見在柜臺后面的女人。她看我的方式如此居高臨下，這一時讓我很緊張像是被一種磁場或是電場緊緊包裹住。很難避開那個眼神。但是盡管很不舒服，我還是覺得那種被直視的感覺很美妙，那種感覺對我來說不陌生，對她來說也不陌生。 除了愉悅以外她的神情還流露出慈愛和憐憫。我猜不出她的年齡。盡管她的眼神充滿了友善，她使我想起了我的祖母。我能感覺到她是一個不喜歡與人爭吵的人。最后我開口說話，“我真的只是看看”，私下里卻在好奇有多少東西能夠塞進(jìn)汽車。 她轉(zhuǎn)身離開到后面的屋子，示意我應(yīng)該跟隨其后，但這并非是第一個房間，房間的燈光也讓我感覺很特別，燈光來自天花板上的油燈，使一切都籠罩在巨大的陰影之下。這里沒有罕見的電吉他，沒有古老的項鏈，沒有鮮花裝飾的手繪盒子。很明顯它是陳舊的用來存放垃圾和那些平淡無奇的舊文獻(xiàn)的。 我發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些舊書，那些金字已經(jīng)退去使題目很難辨認(rèn)。“它們看起來很有趣。”我遲疑地說?！耙肓私馍厦嫠鶎懩惚仨氂邢嗨频慕?jīng)歷?！彼宄卣f。她察覺到我的臉上充滿了疑惑可是卻沒有再說什么。 她伸出手拿了一本小書然后遞給了我?！斑@是目前我能夠給你的最好的書”，她笑著說道，“如果你要用它”。我打開書發(fā)現(xiàn)全部是一片空白，但依然給了她向我要的幾美元，當(dāng)我察覺到美元依然是紙飛機(jī)的形狀時不免有些尷尬。我把書放到包里，謝過她并離開了。42. sauna桑 拿 浴1. Ceremotrial bathing, .A) is called the sauna by FinnsB ) is equivalent to the steam bathC ) has various formsD) is held in an enclosed room2. What is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience? Saunas in underground caves. Saunas with smoke. Saunas using wood burning stoves. Saunas using electric stoves.3. According to the third paragraph,saunas can do all of the following EXCEPT . reducing the chance of getting cold speeding recovery relieving stress curing asthma4. According to the fourth paragraph, sauna gives the skin a healthy glow because . pores are cleaned by sweat water is lost by sweating blood moves to the surface for heat exchange the heart pumps harder and faster5. Who are advised not to take a sauna? Elderly people. 1 Pregnant women. People with heart trouble. All of the above.儀式性的沐浴已經(jīng)有幾千年的歷史，并且有多種形式，其中的一種就是桑拿浴。芬蘭人完善了蒸汽浴。它可以在一個封閉的房間里將水澆在滾燙的石頭上，或是一種干的蒸汽浴這一形式。用熱蒸汽干蒸的方式在古羅馬很受歡迎，而哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸前的美洲人則使用充滿蒸汽的小屋。最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于當(dāng)時還沒有掌握煙囪技術(shù)，山洞里總是充滿著火焰引起的濃煙。人們在火槽里生火，加熱山洞的四壁。當(dāng)墻壁達(dá)到一定的溫度時，將濃煙排出洞外，這使得墻壁還能保持幾個小時的高溫。今天，有一些人認(rèn)為有煙的桑拿浴，“煙熏桑拿”，才是真正的桑拿體驗，而所有的桑拿浴都應(yīng)該至少有煙熏或煙味兒的背景?，F(xiàn)在，盡管煤油爐和燒木頭的火爐仍然可以使用，大多數(shù)的桑拿浴都是用電爐。桑拿浴能使人放松并消除壓力。肌肉疼痛或關(guān)節(jié)炎都可以利用桑拿浴的熱氣減輕疼痛和炎癥。熱氣還可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加順暢。桑那浴并不能治愈普通的感冒，但它可以減輕患者的胸悶感，加快康復(fù)的速度。在蒸桑拿時，人體溫度通常會上升12度，就像發(fā)低燒一樣的感覺。因此，蒸桑拿可以說是印證了一句老話：“傷風(fēng)時宜吃，發(fā)熱時宜熱。”定期蒸桑拿可以預(yù)防感冒的發(fā)生。蒸桑拿對皮膚也有好處。它可以促進(jìn)皮膚的血液循環(huán)和出汗。在這個過程中，成年人一般每小時要蒸發(fā)2磅的水。出汗可以清除毛孔中的污垢，使皮膚變得光潔。失水只是暫時性的，人體機(jī)能能夠很快補充合適的水量。在熱氣交換的過程中，心臟跳動得更快，這就使心血管系統(tǒng)也得到了鍛煉，蒸桑拿浴時的心率能從原來的平均每分鐘72下，增加到100150下。健康的心臟可以承受這種變化，而那些心臟病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前應(yīng)該先征求醫(yī)生的建議。同樣的，老年人和糖尿病患者也應(yīng)如此。孕婦則不能蒸桑拿浴，尤其是懷孕的頭三個月。其實，每個人在剛開始嘗試桑拿浴時都應(yīng)該先是短時間的，直到適應(yīng)了這種沐浴方式。47.Narrow Escape We had left the hut too late that morning. When we stepped outside, the sky beyond the mountains to our east was already livid with colour.1 It meant the day would be a hot one, and the warmth would loosen rocks that were gripped by ice. 九死一生1. Why was it “too late” by the time they left the hut in the morning? C) Rocks loosened by melting ice could be dangerous.2. The first reason given to explain why mountaineers hate talus is_. A) that climbers above you might cause it to fall on you3. What is likely to be the meaning of "Cailloux"? B) Rocks are falling.4. What is sarcastic in the words of the boy in paragraph four? D) Being hit by a rock isnt "pleasant" at all.5. In what sense was Toby "safe"? A) The overhanging rock would protect him from falling rocks.那天早上我們離開露營的小屋已經(jīng)很晚了。我們走到外面，東面籠罩在山上的天空是青灰色 的。這意味著將會是很熱的一天，溫暖會使被冰緊裹的石頭慢慢地松開。正當(dāng)我們走在表面的時候，很明顯它變成了一段很難走的路。主要的何題是斜坡J在山坡上 有很多的碎石。斜坡被登山者反感的原因有兩個。首先，爬在上面的人很容易摔下去。其次，它使你走的每一步都很危險。我們平穩(wěn)前進(jìn)了30分鐘。巖石的狀況很不好。當(dāng)我們試圖把自己拉上去，它就會滑向我們， 像一個打開的抽屜。我的手逐漸出汗變得冰冷。突然有一聲大喊“Cailloux! Cailloux!”我聽到來 自上面的一個女人的呼喊。聲音成回聲向下傳向我們。我抬起頭尋找它來的方向。最開始只有兩塊石頭，彈跳著移向我們，在半空中撞擊。而此時上方的空氣也好像隨著掉 落的石頭有了生命，巨大的噪聲充斥在空氣中。撞擊聲在石頭表面，嗡嗡聲游蕩在空氣中，之 后又有了撞擊聲。每次撞擊聲之間都有；段時間的空隙，石頭越跳越遠(yuǎn)。我一直盯著石頭，感 覺馬上它就要到我這里來一樣。在學(xué)校一個比我高幾年級的男孩告訴過我，當(dāng)石頭掉下來時千 萬不要抬頭?！盀槭裁础?？ “因為石頭砸在你的頭盔上要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)好過砸在你的臉上?！彼嬖V我們。 低頭，永遠(yuǎn)低頭。 -我聽見那天和我一起登山的同伴Toby在喊我。我看了過去，他在一個延伸出的石頭下面，已 經(jīng)安全了。我不能理解他。然后我感到了一陣重?fù)?，緊緊向后拉扯，像是有人使勁兒地用手夾住 我的肩膀然后把我轉(zhuǎn)向面對他的方向。一塊石頭砸在了我背包的蓋子上。我再次抬起頭。一塊石頭垂直地向我硒下來。本能地，我向后傾斜，拱起我的背保護(hù)我的 胸部。我的手指怎么辦，我想，如果被砸上肯定會被砸扁，再也不能恢復(fù)。我聽到了在我正前面 的一聲巨響，有人使勁兒拉我的褲子。Toby大喊：“你還好吧，石頭徑直向你砸過來X?！笔^在 我雙腿間擦身而過，雖然沒有碰到我，但是刮到了我的衣服。Toby和我用整晚的時間回味早上發(fā)生的一切：假如那塊大石頭沒有從旁邊滑過，如果我被撞到，你會扶住我嗎，我會把你也刮倒嗎？對于一個有豐富登山經(jīng)驗的人來說這也許沒有什么，但 我知道我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記這件事。完形填空完型11.School Lunch Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly in the middle of the day. In Britain schools have to provide meals at lunchtime. Children can choose to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen.One shocking finding of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents. There are strict standards for the preparation of school meals, which have to include one portion of fruit and one of vegetables, as well as meat, a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta. Lunchboxes examined by researchers contained sweet drinks, crisps and chocolate bars. Children consume twice as much sugar as they should at lunchtime.The research will provide a better understanding of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased in the last decade. Unfortunately, the government cannot criticise parents, but it can remind them of the nutritional value of milk, fruit and vegetables. Small changes in their childrens diet can affect their future health. Children can easily develop bad eating habits at this age, and parents are the only ones who can prevent it.12.A Powerful Influence There can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference to our lives. Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet, hardly ever doing anything else in their spare time. Naturally, parents are curious to find out why the Internet is so attractive, and they want to know if it can be harmful to their children. Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at their computers?Obviously; if children are bent over their computers for hours, absorbed in some game, instead of doing their homework, then something is wrong. Parents and children could decide how much use the child should make of the Internet, and the child should give his or her word that it wont interfere with homework. If the child is not holding to this arrangement, the parent can take more drastic steps dealing with a childs use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating any other soft of bargain about behaviour.Any parent who is seriously alarmed about a childs behaviour should make an appointment to discuss the matter with a teacher. Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily affect a childs performance at school. Even if a child is absolutely crazy about using the Internet，he or she is probably just going through a phase, and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!14.Family History In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before, many people are being attracted to the idea of looking back into the past. One way they can do this is by investigating their own family history. They can try to find out more about where their families came from and what they did, This is now a fastgrowing hobby, especially in countries with a fairly short history, like Australia and the United States.It is one thing to spend some time going through a book on family history and to take the decision to investigate your own familys past. It is quite another to carry out the research work successfully. It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and cause yourself many problems which could have been avoided with a little forward planning.If your own family stories tell you that you are connected with a famous character , whether hero or criminal , do not let this idea take over your research. Just treat it as an interesting possibility. A simple system for collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with; a more complex one may only get in your way. The most important thing, though, is to get started. Who knows what you might find?15.Helen and Martin With a thoughtful sigh, Helen turned away from the window and wa1ked back to her favourite armchair. Would her brother never arrive? For a brief moment, she wondered if she really cared that much.Over the years Helen had given up waiting for Martin to take an interest in her.Her feelings for him had gradually weakened until now, as she sat waiting for him, she experienced no more than a sisters curiosity to see what had become of her brother.Almost without warning, Martin had lost, his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office. Somehow the two of them hadnt bothered to keep in touch and, left alone, Helen had slowly found her confidence in her own judgment growing. Ignoring the wishes of her parents, she had left university halfway through her course and now, to the astonishment of the whole family, she was gaining a fast-growing reputation in the pages of respected art magazines and was actually earning enough to live on from her paintings.Of course, she took no pleasure in Martins sudden misfortune, but she couldnt help looking forward to her brothers arrival with quiet satisfaction at what she had achieved.