【高考四元聚焦】2014屆高三英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)語法篇 特殊句式2

考點(diǎn)三：省略句1狀語從句的省略(1)在時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、方式或讓步狀語從句中，如果謂語含有動(dòng)詞be，主語又與主句的主語一致或主語是it時(shí)，主謂均可以省略。如：時(shí)間狀語從句：Please come here as soon as (it is) possible.請(qǐng)盡快到這里來。 地點(diǎn)狀語從句：Fill in the blanks with articles where(it is)necessary.在需要的空處填上冠詞。條件狀語從句：She wont come to the party unless (she is) invited.除非被邀請(qǐng)，她不會(huì)參加聚會(huì)。方式狀語從句：I wonder why he didnt do as (he was) told to.我想知道他為什么不按告訴他的那樣做。 比較狀語從句：It is much colder today than (it was) yesterday.今天比昨天冷很多。讓步狀語從句：Though (they were) tired, they went on walking.盡管他們很累了，他們?nèi)岳^續(xù)步行。 (2)狀語從句省略主語時(shí)，其后用現(xiàn)在分詞表示該動(dòng)詞與省略的主語是主謂關(guān)系，用過去分詞則表示為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如：Be careful when (you are) crossing the street.穿過街道時(shí)要小心。Once (he is) burnt, a child dare not touch the fire again.被燙過一次，小孩再不敢碰火了。 2虛擬語氣中if和should的省略(1)在虛擬條件句中，將had，should或were提至句首，省去if。如：If we had known about the plans for the factory, we would never have bought the house.Had we known about the plans for the factory, we would never have bought the house.如果我們知道工廠的計(jì)劃，我們決不會(huì)買那個(gè)房子。 If I were you, I would not do it like that.Were I you, I would not do it like that.如果我是你，我不會(huì)那樣做。 (2)主語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句用虛擬語氣時(shí)可省略should。如：The workers demanded that their wages (should) be increased.工人們要求漲工資。類似的動(dòng)詞還有：suggest，advise，ask，insist，order，prefer，propose，request，require，command，recommend等。 It is desired that we (should) arrive there before dark.It is necessary that he (should) know it.My suggestion is that we (should) visit the exhibition at once. 3定語從句中關(guān)系詞的省略(1)作賓語的關(guān)系代詞常可以省略(非限制性定語從句除外)。如：He lost the watch (that/which) he bought yesterday.(2)關(guān)系副詞：when，why，where有時(shí)也可以省略。如：Thats the very reason (why) I want to kill you.This is the place (where) the accident happened yesterday. (3)the way，the time后面的定語從句，常省略關(guān)系副詞。如：I dont like the way he speaks to others.I didnt know the time he arrived. 4不定式中“to”省略(1)感官動(dòng)詞(see，feel，hear，notice，watch，observe，listen to等)和使役動(dòng)詞(let，make，have)后接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，主動(dòng)句中省略to，但在被動(dòng)式中不能省略(let除外)。如：I heard someone sing in the next room.我聽見隔壁有人唱歌。The thief was noticed to slip into the room.那個(gè)小偷被看見溜進(jìn)了屋。 (2)動(dòng)詞help后的不定式to可省略。如：He will help(me)(to) work out the problem.他會(huì)幫我解決困難。 (3)介詞but/except后跟不定式作賓語時(shí)，若其前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的某一形式，則to須省去。如：He did nothing but wait all the time.他什么都沒做只是一直在等待。若句中but/except前無do/does/did，則to不能省去。如：He has no choice but to wait.他別無選擇除了等待。 (4)不定式作表語時(shí)，若主語為what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，不定代詞all作主語被定語從句修飾或含有thing的定語從句作主語時(shí)，如果其前出現(xiàn)過實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的各種形式，不定式中“to”可以省去。如：What he can do is (to) wait.The only thing he could do was (to) wait.All that he can do is (to) wait.他所能做的只有等待。 (5)固定結(jié)構(gòu)或句型中常省去“to”。cant (help) but dowhy not do？prefer to dorather than doto do and/or do 5“替代性”省略(1)not與think，suppose，believe，guess，expect，be afraid等連用，代替否定的賓語從句，so代替肯定的賓語從句。如：Do you think hes got the meaning of the text?你認(rèn)為他理解了課文的意思了嗎？I expect so/I expect not.我想是的/我認(rèn)為沒有。 (2)“so謂語主語”倒裝句子用于肯定的情況，“neither/nor謂語主語”用于否定的情況。如：Tom works hard on his study. So does Jenifer.湯姆學(xué)習(xí)很努力。珍尼弗也一樣。If you dont go there, neither shall I.如果你不去那里，我也不會(huì)去。(3)在have，need，ought，be going，used等后面，省略動(dòng)詞而保留to。如：I didnt want to go there, but I had to.我不想去那里，但我不得不去。 (4)在某些形容詞glad，happy，pleased，delighted等后面，省略動(dòng)詞而保留to。Will you join in the game?Id be glad to.你想?yún)⒓颖荣悊?？我很樂意?(5)否定形式的省略用not to。如：Shall I go instead of him?I prefer not to.我代替他去嗎？我認(rèn)為不要。 (6)如果不定式中含有助動(dòng)詞be，have，have been，通常保留be，have和have been。如：Are you a sailor?No, but I used to be.你是水手嗎？不是的，但我曾經(jīng)是。He hasnt finished yet.Well, he ought to have.他還沒完成。噢，他應(yīng)該完成了。 考點(diǎn)四：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)1常見的構(gòu)成形式有：(1)名詞或代詞現(xiàn)在分詞。如：Time/Weather permittingIf time/weather permits, we shall have a picnic this weekend.如果時(shí)間/天氣允許的話，我們周末去野餐。(2)名詞或代詞過去分詞。如：The job finished, we went home straight away.工作結(jié)束后，我們便立即回了家。 注意：用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，要看前面的名詞或代詞與后面動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系：是主謂關(guān)系，即名詞或代詞作了動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語，就用v.ing形式；若是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，即名詞或代詞是動(dòng)詞的邏輯賓語，用v.ed形式。 (3)名詞或代詞形容詞。如：He entered the room, his nose red with cold.他進(jìn)到房間里，鼻子凍得紅紅的。(4)名詞或代詞副詞。如：Dinner over, we decide to play bridge.吃過晚飯，我們決定打橋牌。 (5)名詞或代詞介詞短語。如：The teacher came into the classroom, book in hand.老師進(jìn)了教室，手里拿著書。(6)名詞或代詞不定式。如：I send you today three fourths of the sum agreed upon between us, the rest to follow within a month.我今天把我們之間已商定的總數(shù)的3/4寄給你，余下的部分將在一個(gè)月內(nèi)寄去。 2with復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語或定語等，構(gòu)成形式只是在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)前with，語法功能與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)相同，但獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的作邏輯主語的代詞用主格，而with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的邏輯主語用名詞或賓語代詞。如： (1)with名詞/代詞分詞。如：With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace.在人群的歡呼聲中，他們驅(qū)車來到皇宮。比較：As time goes on, our life is becoming more beautiful.With time going on, our life is becoming more beautiful.(2) with名詞/代詞形容詞。如：He stared at me with his mouth open.他張著嘴，凝視著我。 (3) with名詞/代詞介詞短語。如：He stood with his hand in his pocket.他站著，一只手插在口袋里。注意：與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。如：He ran into the house, sword in hand.(名詞sword前沒有冠詞)He ran into the house, with a sword in his right hand.(名詞sword前有冠詞) (4)with名詞/代詞副詞。如：The boy stood there, with his head down.這個(gè)男孩站在那兒，低著頭。(5)with名詞/代詞不定式。如：With no one to talk to, John felt sad.由于沒有人說話，約翰感到很傷感。(6) with名詞/代詞名詞。如：She died with her son(being) yet a school boy.她去世時(shí)兒子還在上學(xué)讀書。 (7)with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)還有可能作定語。如：Troy was a strong city with a great and thick wall around it.特洛伊是一座周圍有又大又厚的城墻圍繞的堅(jiān)固城市。 考點(diǎn)五：反意疑問句1反意疑問句的構(gòu)成 2. 回答反意疑問句時(shí)應(yīng)遵循以下原則：(1)要么肯定，要么否定，不能出現(xiàn)Yes，I dont.和No，I do.的形式。(2)不要看漢語如何翻譯，只看所提到的事情是否發(fā)生。如果發(fā)生了，用肯定回答，否則用否定回答。當(dāng)對(duì)方問你You arent a teacher，are you？或You are a teacher, arent you？時(shí)，你只要聽懂you和teacher兩個(gè)單詞即可，如果你是老師，回答Yes, I am.否則回答No, I am not. 3反意疑問句的其他注意點(diǎn)：(1)陳述部分含有used to的反意疑問句其反意疑問詞用usednt或didnt均可。如：You used to sleep with the windows open, usednt/didnt you?(2)陳述部分含有ought to的反意疑問句其反意疑問詞用oughtnt或shouldnt均可。如：He ought to attend the lecture, oughtnt/shouldnt he? (3)陳述部分含有must的反意疑問句當(dāng)must作“必須”講時(shí)，其反意疑問詞用neednt；當(dāng)含有mustnt(不允許、禁止)時(shí)，其反意疑問詞用must/may。如：You must go now，neednt you?You mustnt smoke here, must/may you?當(dāng)must表示推測，作“一定，準(zhǔn)是”講時(shí)，可首先將句子改為“I am sure that”從句，反意疑問部分的動(dòng)詞形式根據(jù)be sure后的賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞形式確定。 如：You must be hungry now, _？I am sure that you are hungry, arent you?You must be hungry now, arent you?You must have heard about it，_？I am sure that you have heard about it, havent you? You must have heard about it，havent you?You must have watched that football match last night, _？I am sure that you watched that football match last night, didnt you?You must have watched that football match last night, didnt you？(陳述部分有表示過去的時(shí)間狀語last night) (4)陳述部分含有否定詞或半否定詞的反意疑問句當(dāng)陳述部分帶有seldom，hardly，scarcely，never，few，little，nothing，nobody等否定詞或半否定詞時(shí)，反意疑問部分的動(dòng)詞用肯定形式。如：He could hardly walk without a stick, could he?(5)陳述部分含有由表示否定意義的前綴構(gòu)成的詞的反意疑問句其反意疑問部分的動(dòng)詞一般用否定式。如：Tom dislikes playing tennis, doesnt he?Its unfair, isnt it? (6)含有賓語從句的反意疑問句當(dāng)陳述部分帶有賓語從句時(shí)，反意疑問部分的主語應(yīng)與主句的主語保持一致。如：He said that she would come to my birthday party, didnt he?但是當(dāng)主句是I think，I believe，I suppose，I expect，I imagine等結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反意疑問部分的主語和謂語動(dòng)詞均應(yīng)該和賓語從句的主語和謂語保持一致。比較：I dont believe he will succeed, will he?He doesnt believe she will succeed, does he? (7)祈使句的反意疑問句祈使句后加反意疑問句，不表示反意，而表示一種語氣，其結(jié)構(gòu)為：祈使句，will you?Letsshall we?Let uswill you?Let第三人稱will you？如：Open the door, will you?Lets go out for a walk, shall we?Let us go home now, will you? 考點(diǎn)六：祈使句和感嘆句1祈使句(1)否定式和強(qiáng)調(diào)式Dont be so sure.(否定式)Never come late.(強(qiáng)調(diào)式)Please dont forget to take your medicine.(否定式)Do come on time this evening.今晚務(wù)必準(zhǔn)時(shí)到。(強(qiáng)調(diào)式)Do be careful! 千萬要小心！(強(qiáng)調(diào)式) (2)帶主語祈使句為了加強(qiáng)語氣或特別指明向誰提出命令或要求時(shí)，須加主語“you”，有時(shí)還可同時(shí)加稱呼語。如：Tom, you water the flowers!命令吩咐幾個(gè)人分頭做幾件事時(shí)，祈使句須帶主語“you”，還可同時(shí)帶稱呼語。如：You，girls，clean the desks；you，boys，sweep the floor.在表達(dá)“不高興，厭煩”等情緒時(shí)，可帶主語“you”。如：You mind your own business！你少管閑事！ 祈使句的主語除了用“you”外，還可用“everybody，everyone，somebody，someone”等，它們的位置可以放在句首，也可以放在句末；放在句首時(shí)，即使不用逗號(hào)與謂語部分分開，謂語動(dòng)詞也不受“第三人稱單數(shù)s”規(guī)則的影響。如：Someone answer the phone！誰去接一下電話！Be quiet，everyone！大家靜下來！ (3)祈使句and/or陳述句if主句Work hard and you will succeed.(If you work hard, you will succeed.)Hurry up or we will be late.(If you dont hurry up, we will be late.)One more minute and I will finish it.(If you give me one more minute, I will finish it.) 2感嘆句(1)基本構(gòu)成形式Whata(n)(形容詞)可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)主語謂語，如：What a clever boy he is!What(形容詞)復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞主語謂語，如：What beautiful flowers these are!What sweet water it is! How形容詞a/an單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞主語謂語，如：How difficult a problem it is!How形容詞/副詞主語謂語，如：How high the mountain is!How fast he is running! (2)省略形式的感嘆句how直接修飾謂語動(dòng)詞：How主語謂語，如：How (much) we love our motherland!省略主語和謂語，如：What an interesting book (it is)!How wonderful (it is)!