2019-2020年中考英語 語法專題突破 專題一 名詞 人教新目標版.doc

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2019-2020年中考英語 語法專題突破 專題一 名詞 人教新目標版 編者按：系統(tǒng)分析河北近5年試題，重點是單項選擇、完形填空、詞語運用題，逐命題點統(tǒng)計考查頻次，表格直觀呈現(xiàn)，并在各命題后批注考情，便于快速把握重點，逐一攻克。 考綱要求 1.可數(shù)名詞及其單復數(shù)　2.不可數(shù)名詞　3.專有名詞　4.名詞所有格 考查點 年份 題號 選項設置 分值 名詞詞 義辨析 xx 29 printer/radio player/camera 1分 43 glass/weight/water/height 1分 44 minute/night/day/week 1分 45 mother/teacher/doctor/friend 1分 xx 30 ice/soup/salt/sugar 1分 46 boys/girls/men/women 1分 50 town/market/garden/school 1分 55 pay/time/advice/love 1分 xx 29 color/size/smell/shape 1分 49 fear/trouble/surprise/danger 1分 50 titles/orders/stories/questions 1分 51 discussion/practice/meeting/review 1分 xx 30 potato/banana/candy/pie 1分 53 results/films/prizes/drawings 1分 55 chance/practice/difference/experience 1分 2011 30 prize/prizes/hobby/hobbies 1分 48 advice/picture/idea/card 1分 52 note/word/address/letter 1分 名詞單 復數(shù) xx 79 river→rivers 1分 80 wish→wishes 1分 xx 81 foot→feet 1分 xx 85 festival—festivals 1分 名詞轉換 2011 82 science——scientist 1分 82 play——players 1分 　　分析河北近5年中考真題可以看出，名詞為單項選擇題的必考點，且近兩年偏向名詞詞義在語境中的辨析，句子設置的語境貼近學生生活實際。對名詞單復數(shù)的考查會和詞義辨析結合，注重對語境的考查。對名詞所有格的考查也會和單復數(shù)結合，側重于不規(guī)則變化的名詞復數(shù)。設題形式均為簡單句，以兩個單句為主，一個句子提供語境，另一個句子設題，詞數(shù)在9～12個。另外，完形填空和詞語運用中也會涉及對名詞的考查，完形填空側重考查名詞的詞義辨析，而詞語運用則側重對名詞單復數(shù)的所有格的考查。 預計xx年河北中考的單項選擇仍會考查名詞詞義辨析題，且與語境緊密結合。完形填空也會涉及2～3道名詞詞義辨析題，且與上下文語境相結合。詞語運用中考查名詞變復數(shù)的可能性較大。 河北中考重難點突破 名詞 　名詞辨析 【考點搶測】 (　　)1.If Peter es to us by any chance，please ask him to leave a ________． A．letter　　　　　　　B．sentence C．message D．notice (　　)2.(xx石家莊42中模擬)If you go to visit London，dont forget to bring your ________. Because it rains a lot. A．passport B．money C．map D．umbrella (　　)3.(xx石家莊28中模擬)Its your ________ as a teacher to protect your students. A．duty B．hobby C．habit D．manner (　　)4.Jennifer takes a lot of exercise every day and she is always full of ________． A．knowledge B．energy C．change D．courage (　　)5.Its a good ________ to have breakfast every morning. A．habit B．job C．menu D．skill (　　)6.I want to write for international ________ to bee a writer. A．chairs B．puters C．doors D．magazines (　　)7.The Internet is very useful. We can get a lot of ________ from it. A．things B．troubles C．questions D．information (　　)8.Lin Shuhao is one of the best basketball ________ in NBA. A．actors B．players C．waiters D．writers (　　)9.Please pick me up at the ________. My plane arrives at 8：00 a．m. A．hotel B．airport C．museum D．theatre (　　)10.(xx保定17中模擬)I will stay at ______ when the summer holiday e. A．house B．home C．family D．flat (　　)11.Its kind of you to offer your ________ to the old in the bus. A．seat B．space C．place D．room (　　)12.(xx張家口9中模擬)Now there are more and more new drivers，but they havent got a correct ________ of direction. A．idea B．feeling C．experience D．sense 【滿分點撥】 分析河北中考近幾年單選和完形對名詞辨析的考查，主要以語境辨析和近義詞辨析為主。 1．語境辨析 分析河北中考近幾年單選和完形，名詞辨析側重于對語境辨析的考查，同時較少涉及單復數(shù)、固定搭配。學生在做題時，首先應讀懂句意，抓住題干中關鍵信息，并分析各個選項的意思，結合日常生活的常識及語境，即可選出正確答案。學生可結合河北試題研究話題詞匯分類速記表中常見名詞基本詞義，并背誦教材中常見的固定搭配。 2．近義詞辨析 近義名詞在河北中考中沒有涉及，老師可根據(jù)以下所列常見近義名詞適當補充。 1．family，home，house與room 2．noise，sound與voice 3．question與problem 4．work與job 5．message，information與news 6．village，city與countryside 7．clothes，cloth與clothing 8．photo，picture與drawing 9．population與people 10．road，street，path與way 11．exercise，exercises與practice 12．class與lesson 13．country，nation，state與land 14．police與policeman 15．trip，journey，travel與tour 　名詞的數(shù) 【考點搶測】 一、詞語運用 1．The students of Grade 7 visited Mikes farm and saw many ________ there. 2．All the ________ teachers in our school enjoyed themselves on March 8th because it was their own holiday. 3．Im going to the supermarket to buy some milk and ________ this afternoon. 4．Is that pair of ________ a little cheaper? 5．These shoes are too big for my ________． 二、 單項選擇 (　　)6.(xx唐山友誼中學模擬)Hurry up，we just get a few ________ to prepare for the presentation. A．minute　　　　B．minutes C．chance D．chances (　　)7.I gave a bunch(束) of ________ to my mom on Mothers Day. A．flowers B．flower C．flour D．flours (　　)8.(xx保定13中模擬)—Mom，Ive heard that we cant eat ________ these days. Is it true? —Take it easy. It is safe to eat cooked meat. A．chicken B．chickens C．a chicken D．the chicken (　　)9.—Are there any ________ in your school? —Yes，there are. A．Germen B．Germans C．German D．Germany (　　)10.—Do you have any ________？ —Yes，I like chess and drama best. A．jobs B．job C．hobby D．hobbies 【滿分點撥】 1．名詞的分類 類別 意義 例詞 專有名詞 表示人、地方、事物、機構、組織等名稱的詞 Alice，Canada，the Great Wall 普通名詞 可 數(shù) 名 詞 個體名詞 表示個體的人或事物的詞 book，desk，table，bike，plane 集體名詞 表示一群人或一些事物的詞 family，class，police，team，group 不 可 數(shù) 名 詞 物質名詞 表示構成各種物體的物質或材料的詞 glass，water，air，paper，wood 抽象名詞 表示狀態(tài)、品質、行為、感情等抽象概念的詞 danger，health，love，success，interest 2.可數(shù)名詞單復數(shù)變化規(guī)律 情況 構成方法 例詞 一般情況 加s cap→caps；dog→dogs；bike→bikes；driver→drivers 以字母s，sh，ch，x等結尾 加es bus→buses；wish→wishes；watch→watches；box→boxes 以“輔音字母＋y”結尾 變y為i，再加es lady→ladies；century→centuries；family→families；story→stories 以f或fe結尾 一般變f，fe為v，再加es leaf→leaves；life→lives；half→halves；knife→knives 以o結尾 o前為輔音音素時加es，o前為元音音素時加s tomato→tomatoes；hero→heroes；potato→potatoes；radio→radios；zoo→zoos；例外，photo→photos；piano→pianos 復合名詞 將后一個詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù) toothbrush→toothbrushes；filmgoer→filmgoers 兩部分都變復數(shù) man doctor→men doctors；woman teacher→women teachers 特殊名詞 改變內部元音字母 foot→feet；tooth→teeth；man→men；mouse→mice 詞尾加ren child→children 單復數(shù)同形 Chinese→Chinese；sheep→sheep；deer→deer 　　注意：(1)由man和woman構成的合成詞，其復數(shù)形式也是把man改成men。但German不是合成詞，故其復數(shù)形式為直接加s。 (2)man和woman作定語時，其本身的單復數(shù)形式與被修飾詞的單復數(shù)一致。如： a man teacher→men teachers(男老師) a woman cook→women cooks(女廚師) 3．常見不可數(shù)名詞歸納及用法 (1)常見的不可數(shù)名詞 物質 名詞 食物 bread面包　meat肉　cheese奶酪 液體 milk牛奶　water水　wine酒　oil油 自然物體 soil土壤　sand沙子　wood木頭 抽象 名詞 情感 joy高興　friendship友情　peace和平 學科 math數(shù)學　geography地理 physics物理　chemistry化學 概念 population人口　knowledge知識 　　(2)不可數(shù)名詞量化的表示 不可數(shù)名詞的多少可用以下詞組來表示： a block of一塊　　　a bottle of一瓶 a group of一群 a pair of一組，一雙，一對 a piece of一片(張，塊) 　　a pile of一堆 短語a pair(piece)of＋復數(shù)名詞作主語時，中心詞是pair(piece)(pieces)，故謂語動詞用單數(shù)；若短語是two pairs(pieces)of＋復數(shù)名詞作主語，則中心詞是two pairs(pieces)，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。 (3)可數(shù)與不可數(shù)易混歸納 exercise(鍛煉)→some exercises(練習，訓練) work(工作)→works(著作) glass(玻璃)→a glass(玻璃杯) paper(紙)→a paper(報紙，證件，試卷) wood(木頭，木材)→a wood(小樹林) room(空間)→a room(房間) life(生活)→seven lives(七條生命) 　名詞所有格 【考點搶測】 1．One of my ________ homework wasnt handed in today.(classmate) 2．—When is ________ Day? —Its on June 1st，Dave.(child) (　　)3.—How far is your home from school? —Its about two ________ walk. A．hours　 B．hours　 C．hours　 D．hour (　　)4.(xx石家莊41中模擬)On the weekend，________ is so crowded that I can not find my friend. A．the center of the city B．citys center C．citys and centers D．citiess center (　　)5.(xx石家莊28中模擬)Mary is ________，so please treat her as yours. A．a friend of me 　B．a friend of mine C．a friend of you 　D．a friend of yours 【滿分點撥】 含有and的所有格 用and連接兩個并列的單數(shù)名詞表示兩人共同擁有某物，這時只在最后一個名詞后加s，用A and Bs表示。如： Mrs. King is Lucy and Lilys mother.金女士是露西和莉莉的母親。 用and連接兩個并列名詞，表示分別擁有各自的物品時，兩個名詞都在詞尾加s，用As and Bs表示。如： There are Toms and Marys bags.這些是湯姆和瑪麗的包。 雙重所有格兩種形式： of＋名詞所有格。如： He is a friend of my brothers.他是我哥哥的一個朋友。 of＋名詞性物主代詞。如： Is she a daughter of yours？她是你的一個女兒嗎？ 河北中考考點精練 (　　)1.(xx德州中考)The New York Times is a popular daily ________. A．dictionary　　　　B．magazine C．newspaper D．guidebook (　　)2.(xx廣安中考)—How many ________ can you see in the picture? —Two. A．dog B．child C．sheeps D．sheep (　　)3.(xx涼山中考)—________fathers didnt e to the meeting.Why? —Because they have gone to Beijing. A．Jeffs and Amys B．Jeff and Amy C．Jeffs and Amy D．Jeff and Amys (　　)4.(xx溫州中考)Annie has a ________，and she is going to see her dentist today. A．cold B．fever C．cough D．toothache (　　)5.(xx重慶中考A卷)Dave really likes driving.I think being a ________ is just right for him. A．doctor B．teacher C．farmer D．driver (　　)6.(xx臨沂中考)I live near the station.Its only about five ________ walk. A．minutes B．minute C．minutes D．minutes (　　)7.(xx天津中考)In xx，Liu Xiangs ________ in hurdling was noticed by Sun Haiping. A．ability B．trade C．electricity D．memory (　　)8.(xx承德2中模擬)—Are all the students from ________in your class? —No，there are only 3 ________in our class.The others are from other countries. A．Germany；Germen B．Germany；Germans C．German；Germans D．German；Germany (　　)9.(xx武威中考)He has a collection of ________．He can not only enjoy them but also use them to mail letters. A．stamps B．novels C．instruments D．magazines (　　)10.(xx蘭州中考)You paid ￥10 for ________this morning. A．4 bottle milks B．4 bottles of milk C．4 bottles of milks D．4 milk (　　)11.(xx邯鄲25中模擬)None of them talked.They finished their meal in ________． A．silence B．order C．place D．public (　　)12.(xx保定8中模擬)—Whats your favorite，Jim? —My favorite is ________.I often listen to it on MP3. A．sports B．dance C．science D．music (　　)13.(xx河南中考)—Is this photo taken in Tibet? —Yes.You can see beautiful snow mountain in the ________ of the photo. A．form B．background C．shape D．instruction (　　)14.(xx邢臺金華中學模擬)Nowadays schools should care for the full ________ of a students talents. A．satisfaction B．development C．munication D．preparation (　　)15.(xx濟南中考)Im a little hungry now.I only drank some ________ before I came to school. A．bread B．milk C．banana D．noodle (　　)16.(xx寧夏中考)—Listen! Who is singing? —Its Betty.She has a sweet ________. A．sound B．voice C．noise D．speech (　　)17.(xx石家莊40中模擬)There are fifty ________ in our school.They are all friendly to us. A．woman teachers B．women teacher C．woman teacher D．women teachers (　　)18.(xx張家口9中模擬)—You look so young! How old are you? —Aha! Its a________. A．suggestion B．reason C．secret D．problem (　　)19.(xx保定17中模擬)The customers are pleased with the________ of the restaurant. A．balance B．experience C．surface D．service (　　)20.(xx原創(chuàng)預測)Knowledge can help open up the ________ eyes to the outside world and give them a good start in life. A．students B．students C．students D．student