2019-2020年高三英語(yǔ)二輪 備考抓分點(diǎn)透析專題6 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞.doc

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2019-2020年高三英語(yǔ)二輪 備考抓分點(diǎn)透析專題6 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 【xx年高考預(yù)測(cè)】 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是歷年高考試題的重點(diǎn)，每年都會(huì)有不止一道的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考題?？v觀近年全國(guó)的高考試題，我們不難預(yù)測(cè)xx年高考對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查將主要集中在如下兩方面：1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句法功能，即其在句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑?、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一些特殊用法。 【重難點(diǎn)突破】 【概述】動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞（包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞）可以出現(xiàn)在句子中除謂語(yǔ)以外的任何一個(gè)位置上，充當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等成分，這些動(dòng)詞形式稱為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。 基本用法 1）、不定式 時(shí)態(tài)\語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 2）、動(dòng)名詞 時(shí)態(tài)\語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 3）、分詞 時(shí)態(tài)\語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 否定形式： not +不定式，　not + 動(dòng)名詞，　not + 現(xiàn)在分詞 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主要的句法功能一覽表： 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 功能 主語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ) 定語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ) 補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 　　不定式 　　√ 　　√ 　　√ 　　√ 　　√ 　　√ 　　動(dòng)名詞 　　√ 　　√ 　　√ 　　√ 　　 　　極少 　　分詞 　　 　　 　　√ 　　√ 　　√ 　　√ 一、分詞、不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別 1．感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice 等和使役動(dòng)詞have 后面的賓補(bǔ)有三種形式，即原形動(dòng)詞（不帶to 的不定式）、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)或正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)或完成，動(dòng)詞原形表主動(dòng)和完成。 （xx全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷）27．The next thing he saw was smoke from behind the house．【B】 A．rose B．rising C．to rise D．risen （xx浙江卷）14．Even the best writers find themselves ___for words．【B】 A．lose B．lost C．to lose D．having lost 注意：不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)表完成和狀態(tài)。 （xx上海） 33. Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues with her stories. A. amused B. amusing C. to amuse D. to be amused 2．leave 后接三種形式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，其中的leave 保留了原來(lái)之義“留下”，但表達(dá)的確切之義應(yīng)是“使……處于某種狀態(tài)）。 leave sb. doing sth. 讓某人一直做某事（賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。） leave sth. undone 留下某事未做（賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示被動(dòng)和完成，一般以u(píng)ndone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched 為多） leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事 leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做（不定式表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。） 如：It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running. 你讓機(jī)器一直開(kāi)著是不對(duì)的。（主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行） The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious. 客人們沒(méi)有動(dòng)大部分菜，因?yàn)樗鼈儑L起來(lái)不可口。（被動(dòng)，完成） He left, leaving me to do all the rest work. 他走了，留下我一人去做剩余的工所有工作。（主動(dòng)，將來(lái)） We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled. 我們匆匆忙忙地結(jié)束了會(huì)議，留下了很多問(wèn)題等待解決。（被動(dòng)，將來(lái)） 3．have, get 后接三種形式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，其中have, get 表示“使、讓、叫”之意。 ① have sth. done = get sth. done “使/讓某事由別人去做”（叫/讓某人做某事）。 （xx陜西卷）14．Claire had luggage an hour befor her plane left．【D】 A．check B．checking C．to check D．checked （xx遼寧）35.Alexander tried to get his work ___ in the medical circles. A. to recognize B. recognizing C. recognize D. recognized ② have sb. / sth. doing 使/讓某人/物持續(xù)地做某事（現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行） The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest. 休息了片刻之后，上尉讓士兵們開(kāi)始朝前線行進(jìn)起來(lái)。 注意：“have sb. doing”若用于否定句中，其中have 有“容忍”之意。 I won’t have you speaking to your parents like that. 我不會(huì)讓你那樣子跟你的父母說(shuō)話。 Don’t have the water running all the time. 不要讓水流個(gè)不停。 ③ have sb. do sth. (get sb. to do sth. ) 使/讓/叫某人去做某事 I can’t get him to stop smoking. He won’t listen to me. 二、下列動(dòng)詞后跟帶to 的不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)： advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, 等。 The flu is believed to be caused by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. 三、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)小竅門 下列動(dòng)詞后在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中用不帶to 的不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中要加上to： 它們是“吾看三室兩廳一感覺(jué)”——5看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe）；3使（make, let, have）；2聽(tīng)（listen to, hear）；1感覺(jué)（fell）。以上動(dòng)詞還可用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（5+3+2+1-2+4）：即以上動(dòng)詞除let, make 外都可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，此外find, catch, keep, have 也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 He was caught stealing. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time. 不定式、分詞作定語(yǔ)用法要點(diǎn) 一、不定式作定語(yǔ) 1．作定語(yǔ)的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等，不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。 （xx山東）23. I have a lot of readings _____ before the end of this term. A. pleting B. to plete C. pleted D. being pleted 但是，不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time, place 或way時(shí)，不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上省去。 2．當(dāng)作定語(yǔ)的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式既可以用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，也可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但其含義有所不同。試比較： Have you anything to send ? 你有什么東西要寄嗎？（不定式to send 的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是“你”） Have you anything to be sent ? 你有什么要（我或別人）寄的東西嗎？ （不定式to be sent 的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是“我”或“別人”） 3．用不定式作定語(yǔ)的幾種情況： 不定式表將來(lái)： （xx重慶）34. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one ______first is the library. A. repaired B. being repaired C. repairing D. to be repaired 用來(lái)修飾被序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)或no, all, any 等限定的中心詞。 She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. 用來(lái)修飾的詞是抽象名詞時(shí)，常見(jiàn)的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。 （xx湖南卷）21 ．The ability _____an idea as important as the idea itself.【C】 A．expressing B．expressed C．to express D．to cover 二、分詞作定語(yǔ) 1．作定語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞分詞形式為：V –ing; being + 過(guò)去分詞；當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞為主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，用V –ing；當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞為被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表正在進(jìn)行時(shí)，用being + 過(guò)去分詞；當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞為被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表完成時(shí)，用過(guò)去分詞。例如： （xx江蘇卷）31．Recently a survey _______ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens．【B】 A．pared B．paring C．pares D．being pared （xx湖南卷）23the players ______from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game ．【C】 A．selecting B．to selected C． selected D．having selected 2．作定語(yǔ)的不及物動(dòng)詞分詞形式為：V –ing 和過(guò)去分詞。V –ing 表示正在進(jìn)行；過(guò)去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成。如： falling leaves 正落的葉子 fallen leaves 落下的葉子 boiling water 正沸騰的水 boiled water 沸騰過(guò)的水（白開(kāi)水） 三、不定式、過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別 這三種形式作定語(yǔ)，主要是體現(xiàn)在動(dòng)作的發(fā)生時(shí)間上。過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作或是在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，或是沒(méi)有一定的時(shí)間性。 Have you read the novel written by Dickens ? He is a man loved and respected by all. 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生或是與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 （xx山東卷）27．Look over there-there’s a very long, winding path ___ up to the house．【A】 A．leading B．leads C．led D．to lead 不定式的被動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示一個(gè)未來(lái)的動(dòng)作。 如：The question to be discussed at the tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one. 不定式、分詞作狀語(yǔ)用法要點(diǎn) 一、不定式作狀語(yǔ) （xx四川卷）11．Simon made a big bamboo box the little sick bird till it could fly．【D】 A．keep B．kept C．keeping D．to keep 在某些形容詞作表語(yǔ)，表示喜、怒、衷、樂(lè)后跟不定式表示原因。如： （xx遼寧）25.We were astonished ___ the temple still in its original condition. A．finding B．to find C．find D．to be found 在帶有enough 或too的句子里，也常用不定式作狀語(yǔ)，表示程度。He was too excited not to say a few words. 他太激動(dòng)了，不會(huì)不講幾句話的。 He is old enough to go to school. 他到上x(chóng)x齡了。 注意：強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的目的時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式可用in order to (為了) 或so as to (以便) + 動(dòng)詞原形。so as to 不用于句首。 The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers. 汽車停下來(lái)以便接納乘客。 To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me. To be honest, I know nothing about it. (修飾全句，獨(dú)立成分) 二、分詞作狀語(yǔ) 1．分詞作狀語(yǔ)的基本原則 分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致。 分詞作狀語(yǔ)必須和句中主語(yǔ)含有邏輯上的主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，否則不能使用分詞作狀語(yǔ)。 2．分詞作狀語(yǔ)的句法功能 分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以表時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可由連詞while 或when 引出。 （xx江西卷）32．On hearing a phone call from his wife _____ she had a fall, Mr．Gordon immediately rushed home from his office． 【C】 A． says B．said C．saying D．to say （xx四川卷）16. an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to bee famous．【C】 A．Offer B．Offering C．Offered D．To offer （xx全國(guó)II）18．Sarah pretended to be cheerful, ______nothing about the argument．【D】 A．says B. said C．to say D．saying （xx陜西卷）20．More highways have been built in China, ___ it much easier for people to travel form one place another．【A】 A．making B．made C．to make D．having made 3．獨(dú)立成分作狀語(yǔ) 有些分詞短語(yǔ)，其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響，稱作獨(dú)立成分。常見(jiàn)的有： Generally speaking … 一般說(shuō)來(lái) Frankly speaking … 坦白地說(shuō) Judging from … 根據(jù)……來(lái)判斷 Considering … 考慮到…… To tell you the truth … 說(shuō)實(shí)話 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞其它用法 一、疑問(wèn)詞 + 不定式結(jié)構(gòu) 疑問(wèn)詞（who, which, when, where, how, what等）+ 不定式，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)在句中起名詞作用，可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。如： （xx遼寧卷）23．Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach to read first．【C】 A．what B．who C．how D．why 注意句型：Why not do sth. ? Why do sth. ? 二、不定式的主動(dòng)和被動(dòng) 1．不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式。 Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon ? 2．不定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，又和該句主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式常用主動(dòng)形式。 She has a sister to look after. (She looks after her sister.) 3．不定式作表語(yǔ)形容詞的關(guān)語(yǔ)，和句中主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式多用主動(dòng)形式，這是因?yàn)槿藗兺J(rèn)為形容詞后省去了for sb. 。 This book is difficult to understand. 4．在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)說(shuō)話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式；如果說(shuō)話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的事情本身必須被完成，則用被動(dòng)形式。如： There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to do the work. ) There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done. ) 請(qǐng)注意下面兩個(gè)句子的含義的不同點(diǎn)： There is nothing to do. (無(wú)事可做，感到十分乏味。) There is nothing to be done. (某東西壞了，無(wú)法使之恢復(fù)正常。) 三、不定式符號(hào)to的保留問(wèn)題 有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)，可以用to 來(lái)代替前面的不定式，這種情況出現(xiàn)在下列動(dòng)詞之后：expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try；或出現(xiàn)在be glad / happy, would like / love 等的后面。 如果在省略的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中含有：be, have, have been，這些詞要保留。如： I haven’t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to. — Are you on holiday ? — No, but I’d like to be. — I didn’t tell him the news. 我沒(méi)有告訴他那個(gè)消息。 — Oh, you ought to have. 噢，你本應(yīng)該告訴他的 四、動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞或不定式都可以在句中作主語(yǔ)，但在下列句型中常用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)。 It is / was no use / good + doing sth. It is / was not any use / good + doing sth. It is / was of little use / good + doing sth. It is / was useless doing sth. It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水難收。 It is of little good staying up too late every day. 每天都熬夜沒(méi)有什么好處 若主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，應(yīng)保持形式上的一致。 Seeing is believing. =To see is to believe. 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。 特殊用法集錦 一、下面動(dòng)詞只能用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)牢記下列小詩(shī)： 決心學(xué)會(huì)想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝。 主動(dòng)答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃，同意請(qǐng)求幫一幫。 Decide / determine, learn, want, expect / hope / wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask / beg, help 此外，afford, strive（斗爭(zhēng)） 等也要用不定式作賓語(yǔ)。 We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run panies are striving to make their products more petitive. 二、下列動(dòng)詞只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)牢記下列小詩(shī)： 考慮建議盼原諒，承認(rèn)推遲沒(méi)得想。避免錯(cuò)過(guò)繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成停欣賞，不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡。 consider / suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit, delay/ put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep / keep on, practice, deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate, can’t help, mind, allow / permit, escape, imagine, forbid, risk 此外be used to, look forward to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can’t stand (無(wú)法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good / wonderful /hard time (in)等動(dòng)詞詞組也要用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。 （xx四川卷）2．Ladex doesn’t feel like abroad．Her parents are old．【B】 A．study B．studying C．studied D．to study 三、下列動(dòng)詞或詞組既可以跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，也可以跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)，但意義上有區(qū)別，要特別注意。 1. forget to do sth. 忘記去做某事 forget doing sth. 忘記已經(jīng)做過(guò)某事 remember to do sth. 記住去做某事 remember doing sth. 記得曾經(jīng)做過(guò)某事 regret to do sth. 后悔/遺憾去做某事 regret doing sth. 后悔做過(guò)某事 stop to do sth. 停下來(lái)去做另一件事 stop doing sth. 停止做一件事情 try to do sth. 努力/試圖做某事 try doing sth. 嘗試著做某事 mean to do sth. 意欲/想/企圖做某事 mean doing sth. 意味著做某事 go on to do sth. (做完某事)接著做另一件事 go on doing sth.繼續(xù)做同一件事(=go on with sth.) can’t help to do sth. 不能幫助做某事 can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事 2．動(dòng)詞like, love, prefer 后接不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)均可。如表示經(jīng)常性的行為可用動(dòng)名詞，如表示具體的行為常用動(dòng)詞不定式。但要注意：如果like, love, prefer 前有would /should 后面則應(yīng)接動(dòng)詞不定式。 I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon. I’d like to go swimming this weekend. 3．在動(dòng)詞allow, advise, forbid, permit 后直接跟動(dòng)名詞形式作賓語(yǔ)，如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語(yǔ)，其后用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 allow / advise /forbid / permit doing sth. allow / advise /forbid / permit sb. to do sth. （xx天津卷）7．Passengers are permitted only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane．【A】 A．to carry B．carrying C．to be carried D．being carried 4．動(dòng)詞need, require, want 作“需要”解時(shí)，其后必須用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式或不定式的被動(dòng)形式作賓語(yǔ)，表示事情需要做。這時(shí)動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義。be worth 后必須用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。此外，若動(dòng)詞need 表“需要”，require 表“要求”，want 表“想要”這些意義時(shí)，其后須接名詞或代詞作賓語(yǔ)，然后接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 need / require / want doing / to be done need / require / want sb. to do sth. be worth + n. (表示錢數(shù)或相當(dāng)于錢數(shù)的名詞) be worth doing be worthy of being done be worthy of + n. 值得…… be worthy to be done The window needs / requires / wants cleaning\to be cleaned. 窗戶需要擦一下。 The place is worth visiting. The place is worthy of a visit. The place is worthy of being visited. The place is worthy to be visited. 那個(gè)地方值得一去。 四、動(dòng)詞不定式作動(dòng)詞tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out 等詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，前面常帶wh – 引導(dǎo)詞。即how, what, whether, where, when, who 等 + to do。但why + 不帶to 的不定式。 注意此用法的不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)需與主句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)保持一致，否則用賓語(yǔ)從句。例如： He showed us how to do the work. ( = He showed us how we should do the work.) I don’t know what to do. ( = I don’t know what I’ll do.) Can you tell me why do it ? 五、動(dòng)詞不定式在介詞but, other than 后面時(shí)，如果介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do 的某種形式，那么介詞后的不定式不帶to，否則就要帶to。另外在can’t choose but, can’t help but, can’t but 后面的不定式也要省略to。 We could do nothing but / other than wait. We had nothing to do but / other than wait. We have no choice but to wait. I can’t choose but laugh. 六、注意以下表達(dá)的意義區(qū)別 falling leaves 正在下落的樹(shù)葉 fallen leaves 已經(jīng)落下的樹(shù)葉 boiling water 沸騰的水 boiled water 燒開(kāi)過(guò)的水 developing countries 發(fā)展中國(guó)家developed countries 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家 I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon. Her job is giving piano lessons to children, but this Sunday her job is to teach the children how to dance. The girl let out a frightened cry at the sight of the snake. (The girl was frightened. ) 看到蛇，女孩尖叫起來(lái)。 His frightening shout scared the boys again. The shout was frightening and the boys felt frightened. 他大吼一聲把那幫男孩給嚇跑了。 類似的還有： an exciting voice 令人興奮的聲音 an excited voice 興奮的聲音 a puzzling look 令人迷惑不解的表情 a puzzled look 困惑的表情 with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 1.with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成 with+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語(yǔ)可以是名詞或是代詞，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可以是介詞短語(yǔ)、過(guò)去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、副詞。且with后面的賓語(yǔ)與其后的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 1）With+賓語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ) He was asleep with his head on his arms. 2）with+賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞（賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系） All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 3）with+賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞（賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系） With winter ing on，its time to buy warm clothes. 4）with+賓語(yǔ)+to do（不定式做賓補(bǔ)有“將來(lái)”的含義） I cant go out with all these dishes to wash. 5）with+賓語(yǔ)+形容詞/副詞 Anderson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 2.with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的作用 with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，表示原因、時(shí)間、條件、伴隨、方式等。 (09海南35) Now that we’ve discussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions ______ ? A. taking B. take C. taken D. to take 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是由一個(gè)相當(dāng)于主語(yǔ)的名詞或代詞加上非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、形容詞（副）詞、或介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的一種獨(dú)立成分。該結(jié)構(gòu)不是句子，也不是從句，所以它內(nèi)部的動(dòng)詞不能考慮其時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化，它與其主句之間既不能通過(guò)并列連詞連接也不能有從句引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)，常用逗號(hào)與其主句隔開(kāi)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在很多情況下可以轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句或其他狀語(yǔ)形式，但很多時(shí)候不能轉(zhuǎn)化為分詞形式，因?yàn)樗鼉?nèi)部動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)不一致。 （一）：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成： 名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞； 名詞(代詞)+形容詞； 名詞(代詞)+副詞； 名詞(代詞)+不定式； 名詞(代詞) +介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。 （二）：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)： 1）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同，它獨(dú)立存在。 2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。 3）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)。 （xx浙江卷）3．Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some ______ a life span of around 20 years．【A】 A．having B．had C．have D．to have 【高考真題剖析】 （xx福建卷）23．Tsinghua University, in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures． A．found B．founding C．founded D．to be founded 答案【C】考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。Tsinghua University與found之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，同時(shí)又是完成意義的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，所以選擇C。 （xx浙江卷）19．If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city ______by their enthusiastic supporters． A．being cheered B．be cheered C．To be cheered D．Were cheered 答案【C】考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。the team與cheer之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，同時(shí)又表目的，所以選擇C。 （xx湖南卷）29 ．Do you wake up every morning ____ energetic and ready to start a new day? A．feel B．to feel C．feeling D．felt 答案【C】考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。you 與feel之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，表伴隨，所以選擇C。 【真題練習(xí)】 （09安徽）1. The play next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture. A. produced B. being produced C. to be produced D. having been produced 【答案】C （09北京）2 For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _____ on his own farm. A. grown B. being grown C. to be grown D. to grow K 【答案】A （09北京）3. The way the guests _____ in the hotel influenced their evaluation of the service A. treated B. were treated C. would treat D. would be treated 【答案】D （09北京）4. All of them try to use the power of the workstation ___ information in a more effective way. A. presenting B. presented C. being presented D. to present 【答案】D （09北京）5. ___ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog. A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten 【答案】A （09福建）6. not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry. A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded 【答案】B 考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做狀語(yǔ)，邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)the manager，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句子主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且其表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞set out之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去分詞，選B。 （09福建）7. In April, xx, President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao, the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy. A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked 【答案】A 考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做狀語(yǔ)，其后有賓語(yǔ)，故與邏輯主語(yǔ)是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，用現(xiàn)在分詞，選A。 （09湖南）8．When he the door, he found his keys were nowhere. A. would open B. opened C. had opened D. was to open 【答案】D 考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)的用法。句意為：當(dāng)他要打開(kāi)門的時(shí)候,他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的鑰匙不見(jiàn)了。動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 （09湖南）9．At the age of 29, Dave was a worker, in a small apartment near Boston and ______ what to do about his future. A. living; wondering B. lived; wondering C. lived; wondered D. living; wondered 【答案】A 考查分詞的用法。句意為：29歲的大衛(wèi),是一個(gè)工人,住在一間小公寓在波士頓附近,不知怎么辦關(guān)于他的未來(lái)?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾a worker，and 為并列連詞，連接相同的成份。 （09湖南）10. Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it . A. reusing B. reused C. reuses D. to be reused 【答案】D 考查動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)的用法。句意為：現(xiàn)在人們有時(shí)把他們的廢物分開(kāi)，以便很容易被重復(fù)利用。重新再利用是指將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，而且是被動(dòng)的。故選D。 （09湖南）11. Please do me a favor — ______ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight. A. to invite B. inviting C. invite D. invited 【答案】C （09江西）12. _________ the right kind of training , these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars. A. Giving B. Having given C. To give D. Given 【答案】D 考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如果把句子補(bǔ)充完整就不難看出：If they are given the right kind of training , 可知主語(yǔ)they 即these teenager soccer players與give 之間是被動(dòng)的關(guān)系，所以用過(guò)去分詞。根據(jù)主、從句主語(yǔ)一致可省略從句主語(yǔ)的原則，連詞if 也可省，所以得出given the right kind of training , these teenager soccer players…… （09江西）13. The government plans to bring in new laws _____ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children. A. forced B. forcing C. to be forced D. having forced 【答案】B 考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法。 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾new laws ,相當(dāng)于which forces ……... （09海南）14 The children all turned the famous actress as she entered the classroom. A. looked at B. to look at C. to looking at D. look at 【答案】B。 句意為：當(dāng)那位著名的女演員走進(jìn)了教室，所有的孩子都轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)頭去看她。 turn to 表示“轉(zhuǎn)向，求助”的意思。 (09海南)15. Now that we’ve discussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions ? A. taking B. take C. taken D. to take 【答案】C。 考查with +賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的用法。句意為：現(xiàn)在,我們已經(jīng)討論了問(wèn)題,是人們最滿意的決定？ take 與the decisions之間存在的關(guān)系是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng) （09山東）16. We are invited to a party _________in our club next Friday. A. to be held B. held C. being held D. holding 【答案】A 考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法，由next month可知時(shí)間是在將來(lái)，party是被舉行，故選A。 （09陜西）17。 I still remember to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. A. to take B. to be taken C. taking D. being taken 【答案】D 考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。此處非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做remember的賓語(yǔ)，而remember后用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以用v-ing形式，v-ing表示的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，也可用動(dòng)詞不定式，表示的動(dòng)作還未發(fā)生，根據(jù)后文的saw可知此處非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，且與邏輯主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，用v-ing的被動(dòng)式，選D。 （09上海）18. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _____all four people on board. A. killed B. killing C. kills D. to kill 【答案】B （09上海）19. With the government’s aid, those _____ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements. A. affect B. affecting C. affected D. were affected 【答案】C （09上海）20. Bill suggested _____ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation. A. having held B. to hold C. holding D. hold 【答案】C （09四川）21. Ladies and gentlemen, please remain __________ until the plane has e to a plete stop. A. seated B. seating C. to seat D. seat 【答案】A 考查非謂語(yǔ)的用法。remain后可接adj, v-ing, v-ed和to be done 等多種形式做表語(yǔ)，在該題中可以把seated視為一個(gè)形容詞，所以正確答案為A。 （09上海）22. David threatened his neighbour to the police if the damage