小學(xué)1-6年級(jí)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)知識(shí)匯總

基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)1.字母：26個(gè)字母的大小寫(xiě)ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz2.語(yǔ)音：元音的發(fā)音五個(gè)元音字母：AEIOU12個(gè)單元音： 前元音：i: /e/ æ中元音：: 后元音：: : u :  雙元音（8個(gè)）合口雙元音（5個(gè)）ai  ei   au     u   i集中雙元音（3個(gè)） iu  3.詞匯：詞匯量，近反義詞4.句子：大小寫(xiě)，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)一.名詞：名詞單復(fù)數(shù)，名詞的格(一)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)一般情況，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds以s. x. sh. ch結(jié)尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，變y為i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries以“f或fe”結(jié)尾，變f或fe為v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-micechild-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese不可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)就是原型：paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea(二)名詞的格有生命的東西的名詞所有格：a) 單數(shù)后加 s 如: Lucys ruler my fathers shirtb) 以s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加 如: his friends bagsc) 不以s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)后加 s childrens shoes并列名詞中，如果把 s加在最后一個(gè)名詞后，表示共有, 如:Tom and Mikes car 湯姆和邁克共有的小汽車(chē)要表示所有物不是共有的，應(yīng)分別在并列名詞后加sToms and Mikes cars 湯姆和麥克各自的小汽車(chē)2)表示無(wú)生命東西的名詞通常用“ of +名詞”來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系：如:a picture of the classroom a map of China二.冠詞：不定冠詞，定冠詞種類(lèi)：(1)不定冠詞：a / an a unit / an uncle元音開(kāi)頭的可數(shù)名詞前用an :an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /(2)定冠詞：the the egg the plane2. 用法:定冠詞的用法：特指某(些)人或某(些)物：The ruler is on the desk.復(fù)述上文提到的人或物：He has a sweater. The sweater is new.談話雙方都知道的人或物：The boys arent at school.在序數(shù)詞前：Johns birthday is February the second.用于固定詞組中：in the morning / afternoon / evening不用冠詞的情況：專(zhuān)有名詞前：China is a big country.名詞前有定語(yǔ)：this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等：This is my baseball.復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類(lèi)人和事：Monkeys cant swim. They are teachers.在節(jié)日，日期，月份，季節(jié)前：Today is Christmas Day. Its Sunday.一日三餐前：We have breakfast at 6:30.球類(lèi) 棋類(lèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)前：They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.* 但樂(lè)器前要用定冠詞：I play the guitar very well.學(xué)科名稱(chēng)前：My favorite subject is music.在稱(chēng)呼或頭銜的名詞前：This is Mr Li.固定詞組中：at noon at night by bus三、代詞、形容詞、副詞代詞：人稱(chēng)代詞，物主代詞人稱(chēng)代詞物主代詞主格賓格第一人稱(chēng)單數(shù)I(我)memy(我的)復(fù)數(shù)we(我們)usour(我們的)第二人稱(chēng)單數(shù)you(你)youyour(你的)復(fù)數(shù)you(你們)youyour(你們的)第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)he(他)himhis(他的)she(她)herher(她的)it(它)itits(它的)復(fù)數(shù)they(他們/她們/它們)themtheir(他們的/她們的/它們的)形容詞，副詞：比較級(jí)，最高級(jí)(一)、形容詞的比較級(jí)1、形容詞比較級(jí)在句子中的運(yùn)用：兩個(gè)事物或人的比較用比較級(jí)，比較級(jí)后面一般帶有單詞than。比較級(jí)前面可以用more, a little來(lái)修飾表示程度。than后的人稱(chēng)代詞用主格(口語(yǔ)中可用賓格)。2.形容詞加er的規(guī)則：一般在詞尾加er ;以字母e 結(jié)尾，加r ;以一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾，應(yīng)雙寫(xiě)末尾的輔音字母，再加er ;以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，先把y變i，再加er 。3.不規(guī)則形容詞比較級(jí)：good-better, beautiful-more beautiful(二)副詞的比較級(jí)1.形容詞與副詞的區(qū)別(有be用形，有形用be;有動(dòng)用副，有副用動(dòng))在句子中形容詞一般處于名詞之前或be動(dòng)詞之后副詞在句子中最常見(jiàn)的是處于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之后2.副詞比較級(jí)的變化規(guī)則基本與形容詞比較級(jí)相同(不規(guī)則變化：well-better, far-farther)四、數(shù)詞：基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞(1)1-20one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten，eleven，twelve，thirteen，fourteen，fifteen， sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen，twenty(2)21-99 先說(shuō)“幾十”，再說(shuō)“幾”，中間加連字符。23twenty-three，34thirty-four，45fortyfive，56fifty-six，67sixty-seven，78seventy-eight，89eighty-nine，91ninety-one(3)101999先說(shuō)“幾百”，再加and，再加末兩位數(shù)或末位數(shù);586five hundred and eighty-six，803eight hundred and three(4)l，000以上，先從右往左數(shù)，每三位數(shù)加一個(gè)“，”，第一個(gè)“，”前為thousand.第二個(gè)“，”前為million，第三個(gè)“，”前為billion1，001one thousand and one18，423eighteen thousand，four hundred and twenty-three6，260，309six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine750，000，000，000seven hundred and fifty billion序數(shù)詞(1)一般在基數(shù)詞后加theg.fourfourth，thirteenthirteenth(2)不規(guī)則變化onefirst，twosecond，threethird，fivefifth，eighteighth，nineninth，twelvetwelfth(3)以y結(jié)尾的十位整數(shù)，變y為ie再加thtwentytwentieth， fortyfortieth， ninetyninetieth(4)從二十一后的“幾十幾”直至“幾百幾十幾”或“幾千幾百幾十幾”只將個(gè)位的基數(shù)詞變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞。twenty-first，two hundred and forty-fifth基數(shù)詞轉(zhuǎn)為序數(shù)詞的口訣：基變序，有規(guī)律，詞尾加上-th.一，二，三，特殊記，詞尾字母t,d,d.八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。ty將y變成i，th前面有個(gè)e.若是碰到幾十幾，前用基來(lái)后用序。五、介詞：常用介詞：in, on, at, behind等1.at表示時(shí)間概念的某一個(gè)點(diǎn)。(在某時(shí)刻、時(shí)間、階段等)。at 1：00(dawn，midnight，noon)在一點(diǎn)鐘(黎明、午夜、中午)2.on1)表示具體日期。注：(1)關(guān)于"在周末"的幾種表示法：at(on)the weekend在周末-特指at(on)weekends在周末-泛指over the weekend在整個(gè)周末during the weekend在周末期間(2)在圣誕節(jié)，應(yīng)說(shuō)at Christmas?而不說(shuō)on Christmas?2)在(剛)的時(shí)候。On reaching the city he called up his parents.一到城里他就給父母打了一個(gè)電話。3.in1)表示"時(shí)段"、"時(shí)期"，在多數(shù)情況下可以和during互換，前者強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)比，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)。in(during)1988(December，the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世紀(jì))六、動(dòng)詞：動(dòng)詞的四種時(shí)態(tài)：(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成1. be動(dòng)詞：主語(yǔ)+be(am, is, are)+其它。如：I am a boy. 我是一個(gè)男孩。2. 行為動(dòng)詞：主語(yǔ)+行為動(dòng)詞(+其它)。如：We study English. 我們學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)(he, she, it)時(shí)，要在動(dòng)詞后加"-s"或"-es"。如：Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗喜歡漢語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞+s的變化規(guī)則1.一般情況下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks2.以s. x. sh. ch. o結(jié)尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes3.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，變y為i, 再加-es，如：study-studies(2)一般過(guò)去時(shí):動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式詳解 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則有：A、規(guī)則動(dòng)詞 一般直接在動(dòng)詞的后面加ed：如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited 以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞直接加d：如 lived , danced , used 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞要改y為i再加ed(此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞較少)如 study studied carry carried worry worried (注意play、stay不是輔音字母加y,所以不屬于此類(lèi)) 雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)字母(此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞較少)如 stoppedB、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞(此類(lèi)詞并無(wú)規(guī)則，須熟記)小學(xué)階段要記住以下動(dòng)詞的原形和過(guò)去式：sing sang , eat ate ,see saw , have had , do did , go went , take took , buy bought , get got , read read ,fly flew , am/is was ,are were , say said , leave left , swim swam , tell told , draw drew , come came , lose lost , find found , drink drank , hurt hurt , feel felt(3)一般將來(lái)時(shí)：基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be going to + do;will+ do. be going to = willI am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow.4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí): am,is,are+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞詳解 動(dòng)詞的ing形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則： 一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating 以e 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，要先去e再加ing ，如having , writing 雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)字母的(此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞極少)有：running , swimming , sitting , getting句法1.陳述句(1)肯定句：是指用肯定的語(yǔ)氣來(lái)陳述的句子，如：Im a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital.There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.(2)、否定句：含有否定詞或表示否定意義詞的句子，如：Im not a student. She is not (isnt) a doctor.He does not (doesnt) work in a hospital. There are not (arent) four fans in our classroom.He will not (wont) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didnt) watch TV yesterday evening.                  2. 疑問(wèn)句一般疑問(wèn)句：是指詢(xún)問(wèn)事實(shí)的句子，此類(lèi)句子必須用“yes”，或“no”來(lái)回答。特殊疑問(wèn)句：以特殊疑問(wèn)詞(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)開(kāi)頭引導(dǎo)的句子。此類(lèi)句子應(yīng)該問(wèn)什么就答什么，不能用“yes 、no”來(lái)回答。                 3.There be句型There be 句型與have, has的區(qū)別1、There be 句型表示：在某地有某物(或人)2、在there be 句型中，主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)，be 動(dòng)詞用is ; 主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)，be 動(dòng)詞用are ; 如有幾件物品，be 動(dòng)詞根據(jù)最*近be 動(dòng)詞的那個(gè)名詞決定。3、there be 句型的否定句在be 動(dòng)詞后加not , 一般疑問(wèn)句把be 動(dòng)詞調(diào)到句首。4、there be句型與have(has) 的區(qū)別：there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人擁有某物。5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的運(yùn)用：some 用于肯定句， any 用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句。6、and 和or 在there be句型中的運(yùn)用：and 用于肯定句， or 用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句。7、針對(duì)數(shù)量提問(wèn)的特殊疑問(wèn)句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：How many + 名詞復(fù)數(shù) + are there + 介詞短語(yǔ)?How much + 不可數(shù)名詞 + is there + 介詞短語(yǔ)?8、針對(duì)主語(yǔ)提問(wèn)的特殊疑問(wèn)句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：Whats + 介詞短語(yǔ)?