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第五講 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題,,專題二 閱讀理解,《考試大綱》明確要求考生“理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)”。高考對文章結(jié)構(gòu)的考查主要涉及兩個層次：一是按段落的組織方法理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，二是按寫作方法(論證方法)理解文章的 結(jié)構(gòu)。把握文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)有利于理解文章的主題。篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題屬于較高層次的考查，重在考查對整個文章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系的理解，對文章結(jié)構(gòu)的清晰認(rèn)識及對文中舉例的目的等，看考生對整篇文章的整體理解如何。因此，把握全篇的文 脈，即句與句、段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系對理解文章的基本結(jié) 構(gòu)會有很大幫助。,1．按段落的組織方法理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu) 文章的體裁有記敘文、說明文和議論文等，不同體裁的文章的組織方法是不同的。文章結(jié)構(gòu)題主要考查考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上對文章所描述的事件的發(fā)展順序、所說明事物的結(jié)構(gòu)層次或在論述觀點(diǎn)過程中使用的論證方法進(jìn)行推測、歸納和總結(jié)的能力。主要設(shè)題形式： Which of the following shows the organization/structure of the passage? How is the passage organized? Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?,(2015高考北京卷，閱讀理解D，節(jié)選) Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life，mostly for the better.However，social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes. An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college.Surveys (調(diào)查) on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overly－protective even after their children move into college dormitories.The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago.This is usually interpreted as a sign that today’s parents are trying to manage their children’s lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.,However，greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children. In the context (背景) of this discussion，it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents’ involvement with their grown children.If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their college－age children frequently，would this have been possible？Probably not.On the other hand，does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasn’t present a generation ago？,,Many studies show that older parents—today’s grandparents—would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier. Furthermore，studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children.The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new；nor are requests for more money to be sent from home.This phenomenon is neither good nor bad；it is a fact of college life，today and in the past.,Thanks to the advanced technology，we live in an age of bettered communication.This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college.But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.,,70．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?_________,I：Introduction P：Point Sp：Sub－point(次要點(diǎn)) C：Conclusion,B,【解析】 文章結(jié)構(gòu)題。文章第一段是introduction，介紹了“新科技帶來的一些改變常被誤認(rèn)為是態(tài)度的改變”的現(xiàn) 象。第二段提出了第一個論點(diǎn)“父母在子女生活中參與度提高的現(xiàn)象通常被誤認(rèn)為是在試圖安排孩子的生活”。第三段提出了第二個論點(diǎn) “父母更多的參與不一定表明父母對子女不放手”。第四段針對第二個論點(diǎn)提出了分論點(diǎn)一“是科技的進(jìn)步導(dǎo)致了父母對子女生活更多地參與”。第五段針對第二個論點(diǎn)提出了分論點(diǎn)二(關(guān)鍵詞Furthermore)“是子女經(jīng)濟(jì)不獨(dú)立導(dǎo)致父母對子女生活的過多參與”。最后一段得出結(jié) 論“多虧了高科技，我們能更好地交流，父母與孩子更多的溝通交流并不是想庇護(hù)孩子”。,方法點(diǎn)津 在解答此類試題時，考生應(yīng)做到：一讀，就是通讀全文；二 想，就是想一想每個自然段的主要內(nèi)容；三歸，就是把一些 內(nèi)容相同或關(guān)系密切的自然段并在一起，成為一個大段；四 查，就是再把各段段意連起來，看是否能構(gòu)成一個連貫的整 體；五選，就是選出符合文章結(jié)構(gòu)的正確答案。因此考生在 閱讀文章時要發(fā)揮自己的邏輯思維能力，把握作者的寫作思 路，這樣才能準(zhǔn)確答題。此類試題從段落組織方式上看有三 種類型：總—分—總；總—分；分—總。,2．按寫作方法理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu) 作者可采用不同的方法來組織文章，如：(1)時間順序，按時間先后順序說明某一事物的發(fā)展，或某一研究由過去至現(xiàn)在 的發(fā)展情況。(2)空間順序，按照事物的空間結(jié)構(gòu)順序(從左到右，從內(nèi)到外，從整體到局部等)進(jìn)行描寫或說明。(3)舉例論證，用所列舉的事物來論證觀點(diǎn)，通常列舉一些數(shù)據(jù)、事例 等。(4)對比或類比，通常以對比各事物之間的共同點(diǎn)或差異 為主。主要設(shè)題形式：,The passage is mainly developed by________． The second paragraph is developed by________． The author develops the passage mainly by________． How does the writer support the underlined statement in Paragraph 2?,(2015高考重慶卷，閱讀理解D，節(jié)選) There are many places to go on safari (觀賞野生動物) in Africa，but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswana’s Okavango Delta must rank as one of the world’s most exciting wildlife journeys. Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.,The morning ride，when the guides take you to beautiful，shallow lakes full of water lilies，tends to be more active.It is unlike any other riding experience.With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face，it is truly exciting.You are very likely to come across large wild animals，too.On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants，giraffes and many other animals.The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though，as does your heart rate，as you move closer to them.,In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace，with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are，rides at this time of day are still very impressive.As the sun’s rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses，the romance of Africa comes to life. Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine.Looking back on your day，you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild.,51．The author introduces the riding experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by ________． A．following space order B．following time order C．making classifications D．giving examples 【解析】 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。A項(xiàng)意為“按空間順序”，B項(xiàng)意為“按時間順序”，C項(xiàng)意為“歸類”，D項(xiàng)意為“舉例”。根據(jù)文中出現(xiàn)的The morning ride，In the evening，at this time of day和Looking back on your day可知，文章是按時間順序進(jìn)行描寫的，所以選B項(xiàng)。,B,方法點(diǎn)津 從論證方法上看，篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題一般考查全文是用什么方式展 開論述或組織起來的，或者是某一段在全文所起的作用。常 見的論述方式包括按照事情發(fā)展的順序，按照時間的先后順 序，按照人物的活動內(nèi)容，按照地點(diǎn)和空間的位置變換，通過討論、比較和描述等。段落在全文所起的作用一般有引出 話題、舉例子和下定義等。不管是哪種形式的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題， 都需要對文章深刻理解，把握文章的脈搏，特別是段與段之 間的邏輯關(guān)系，從而正確解決問題。,