病理學(xué)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病PPT課件
神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病nevous system disease,神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病,具有與其它器官不同的病變特點(diǎn),病變定位與功能障礙之間關(guān)系密切,如一側(cè)大腦基底節(jié)的病變可引起對側(cè)肢體偏癱,據(jù)此臨床上可做出病變的定位診斷。性質(zhì)相同的病變發(fā)生在不同部位,其臨床表現(xiàn)和后果迥然不同,如額葉前皮質(zhì)區(qū)的小梗死灶可無癥狀,但若發(fā)生在延髓則可導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的后果,甚至危及生命。顱內(nèi)不同性質(zhì)的病變??蓪?dǎo)致相同的后果,如顱內(nèi)出血,炎癥及腫瘤均可引起顱內(nèi)壓升高除了一些共性的病變(如炎癥、腫瘤、細(xì)胞損傷等)外,常見一些其它器官所不具有的病變,如神經(jīng)元變性,髓鞘脫失,膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生等。顱內(nèi)無固有的淋巴組織,免疫活性細(xì)胞常來自血液循環(huán)。某些解剖生理特征具有雙重影響,如顱骨既有保護(hù)作用,但又是引起顱內(nèi)高壓的重要因素。其它器官的惡性腫瘤??赊D(zhuǎn)移到腦,但顱內(nèi)原發(fā)性惡性腫瘤則極少發(fā)生顱外轉(zhuǎn)移。,知識回顧:神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腦膜結(jié)構(gòu),神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腦膜結(jié)構(gòu),蛛網(wǎng)膜,蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔,軟腦膜,神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的細(xì)胞及其基本病變,神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,神經(jīng)元及神經(jīng)元基本病變,神經(jīng)元形態(tài)神經(jīng)元基本病變神經(jīng)元急性壞死(紅色神經(jīng)元)單純性神經(jīng)元萎縮中央性Nissl小體溶解和軸突反應(yīng)神經(jīng)元胞質(zhì)內(nèi)包含體形成細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白異常軟化灶形成,大腦錐體細(xì)胞,核大而圓,核仁明顯;核周胞漿有Nissl 小體,紅色神經(jīng)元和鬼影細(xì)胞 red neuron,急性缺血,缺氧,感染凝固性壞死神經(jīng)元核固縮、胞體縮小變形、胞漿紅染,單純性神經(jīng)元萎縮 simple neuronal atrophy,性質(zhì):慢性進(jìn)行性變性-死亡表現(xiàn)神經(jīng)元胞體及胞核固縮,消失,無炎癥反應(yīng)早期難以發(fā)現(xiàn),晚期出現(xiàn)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生常累及一個(gè)和多個(gè)功能相關(guān)的系統(tǒng),跨突觸變性 neuronal transsynaptic degeneration,Visual pathway,外側(cè)膝狀體神經(jīng)元,中央型尼氏小體溶解central chromatolysis,神經(jīng)元腫脹、變圓、核偏位胞質(zhì)中央尼氏小體消失,細(xì)胞周邊有殘余早期具代償意義,軸突反應(yīng),Waller degeneration軸索崩解,軸索近端再生髓鞘崩解神經(jīng)鞘細(xì)胞增生連接斷端新生軸索到達(dá)末梢髓鞘形成,包含體形成,包含體形成,脂褐素,病毒性包含體,胞質(zhì)內(nèi),核內(nèi)和胞質(zhì)內(nèi),病毒包含體(狂犬病的Negri小體),軟化灶形成,神經(jīng)原纖維纏結(jié)neurofibrillary tangles,神經(jīng)原纖維變粗在胞核周圍凝結(jié)卷曲呈纏結(jié)狀,Alzheimer disease,Lewy 小體,Alpha-共核蛋白, 泛素,Parkinsons disease,神經(jīng)元空泡變性,海綿狀腦病,神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞及基本病變,原漿性星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞大、突起多,多分布于灰質(zhì)支持、修復(fù)、參與代謝,構(gòu)成血腦屏障,鍍銀染色,纖維性星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,突起細(xì)長,多分布白質(zhì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)有大量膠質(zhì)絲-膠質(zhì)原纖維酸性蛋白(GFAP)構(gòu)成,GFAP免疫組化染色,少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,突起少,數(shù)量最多形成髓鞘,營養(yǎng)神經(jīng),小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞呈梭形或不規(guī)則形,突起細(xì)長源于血液中大單核細(xì)胞,具有吞噬功能,星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞(HE),神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的基本病變,反應(yīng)性膠質(zhì)化,損傷后的修復(fù)反應(yīng),星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的肥大和增生,肥胖形星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,核大,偏位,雙核,核仁清晰,膠質(zhì)瘢痕形成,星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生形成膠質(zhì)瘢痕,神經(jīng)元周圍衛(wèi)星現(xiàn)象,神經(jīng)元胞體被5個(gè)以上的少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞所圍繞形成衛(wèi)星樣結(jié)構(gòu),噬神經(jīng)元現(xiàn)象neuronophagia,壞死的神經(jīng)元被增生的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞或巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬,格子細(xì)胞(泡沫細(xì)胞)gitter cell,小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞或巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬神經(jīng)組織崩解產(chǎn)物后,胞體增大,胞質(zhì)中出現(xiàn)大量小脂滴,HE染色呈空泡狀,稱為格子細(xì)胞或泡沫細(xì)胞,蘇丹染色呈陽性反應(yīng)。,小膠質(zhì)結(jié)節(jié),細(xì)菌性疾病,腦膜炎的廣義概念和狹義概念腦膜炎基本類型化膿性腦膜炎淋巴細(xì)胞性腦膜炎慢性肉芽腫性腦膜炎,急性化膿性腦膜炎,致病菌,流行性腦脊髓膜炎epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis,特點(diǎn)軟腦膜的急性化膿性炎,俗稱“流腦”致病菌:腦膜炎雙球菌發(fā)病人群:散發(fā),兒童、青少年多見發(fā)病季節(jié):冬、春可流行,病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制,局部炎癥(帶菌者),菌血癥/敗血癥,侵入血流,病菌到達(dá)腦膜,腦膜炎隨腦脊液播散,腦膜炎雙球菌(鼻咽部),機(jī)體抵抗力正常,機(jī)體抵抗力低下,2%3%,呼吸道,飛沫傳播,病理變化(分期),上呼吸道感染期粘膜充血、水腫、炎性細(xì)胞浸潤敗血癥期皮膚、粘膜的淤斑腦膜炎癥期腦脊髓的化膿性炎癥,腦膜炎癥期,肉眼腦脊膜血管高度充血蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔充滿膿性滲出物不同程度腦室擴(kuò)張,CT: Ring enhancing mass,Well encapsulated abscess,From: Neuropathology Illustrated 1.0,From: Neuropathology Illustrated 1.0,腦膿腫,鏡下蛛網(wǎng)膜血管高度擴(kuò)張充血蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔增寬,大量嗜中性粒細(xì)胞、纖維蛋白滲出,少量單核細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤腦實(shí)質(zhì)一般不受累,小血管周圍炎性細(xì)胞浸潤,化膿性腦膜炎,臨床病理聯(lián)系,臨床表現(xiàn)感染性全身癥狀神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀:顱內(nèi)壓升高癥狀腦膜刺激癥狀:頸項(xiàng)強(qiáng)直、角弓反張、Kernig征陽性顱神經(jīng)麻痹:III、IV、V、VI、VII腦脊液變化,知識回顧:腦脊液循環(huán),100ml,存在于蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔、腦室、脊髓的中央管產(chǎn)生:腦室的脈絡(luò)叢、毛細(xì)血管、室管膜上皮滲出的細(xì)胞外液功能:保護(hù)、排泄,腦脊液循環(huán)路徑,脊髓神經(jīng)根受壓,角弓反張,腦脊液檢查,腦脊液渾濁,含大量膿細(xì)胞,蛋白增多,糖減少,可找到病原體,結(jié)局及并發(fā)癥,暴發(fā)性腦膜炎球菌敗血癥,機(jī)制和病變,Septicemia 敗血癥 Shock 循環(huán)衰竭DIC Hemorrhage in skinAdrenal hemorrhage & necrosis,Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome 沃-弗綜合征,沃-弗綜合征腎上腺病變,腎上腺出血,皮膚紫癜,病毒性疾病,特點(diǎn)絕對細(xì)胞內(nèi)寄生,有選擇性病毒感染的細(xì)胞病變神經(jīng)元溶解小膠質(zhì)結(jié)節(jié)病毒包含體浸潤的炎性細(xì)胞袖套現(xiàn)象,選擇性感染,皰疹病毒,乙型腦炎病毒,乳多空病毒,顳葉、頂葉眶部神經(jīng)元,大腦皮質(zhì)、基底節(jié)、視丘神經(jīng)元,少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,脊髓前角灰質(zhì)炎,運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元,流行性乙型腦炎epidemic encephalitis B,特點(diǎn)乙型腦炎病毒(蟲媒病毒)所致變質(zhì)性炎,簡稱乙腦,“日本夏季腦炎”發(fā)病人群:兒童好發(fā)發(fā)病季節(jié):夏秋流行起病急、病情重、死亡率高,病因與發(fā)病機(jī)制,病理變化,肉眼廣泛累及整個(gè)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)灰質(zhì),部位越低病變越輕。腦膜充血,腦水腫明顯,腦回變寬,腦溝變窄。切面可見軟化灶:半透明、粟粒大小、境界清楚、彌散或成群分布。,光鏡變化,腦血管變化和炎癥反應(yīng)血管擴(kuò)張充血,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷脫落間隙增寬,炎性細(xì)胞浸潤,形成血管周圍淋巴套,神經(jīng)細(xì)胞變性、壞死:神經(jīng)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星現(xiàn)象噬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞現(xiàn)象,軟化灶形成灶狀神經(jīng)組織壞死、液化分布廣泛,灰白交界處常見鏤空篩網(wǎng)狀,邊界清楚,膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞形成小膠質(zhì)結(jié)節(jié)、格子細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生星性膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生形成膠質(zhì)瘢痕,臨床病理聯(lián)系,Whats this?,狂犬病 rabies,病毒性疾病潛伏期時(shí)間長短不等臨床表現(xiàn):激惹,恐水,喉痙攣,昏迷,呼吸 循環(huán)衰竭,病因與發(fā)病機(jī)制,狂犬病毒:彈狀病毒科,單鏈RNA病毒傳染源:狗,貓及其他動(dòng)物感染過程,病理變化,肉眼觀:無明顯病變鏡下觀:腦炎改變軟腦膜和血管周圍淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤噬神經(jīng)現(xiàn)象大腦,小腦和腦干:神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞Negri小體出現(xiàn),中央性尼氏小體溶解,神經(jīng)元腫脹變圓,核偏位,核周尼氏小體崩解消失,Pathologic change,Histopathology of rabies, brain. Characteristic Negri bodies are present within a Purkinje cell of the cerebellum in this patient who died of rabies.,Negri bodies,臨床病理聯(lián)系,前驅(qū)癥狀:3-5天,頭痛,全身不適,惡心嘔吐狂躁型狂犬病表現(xiàn):70-80%,煩躁,侵襲行為,喉痙攣(恐水癥) 麻痹型狂犬病:20%,肢體麻痹,感覺異常晚期:心肺功能紊亂,Rabies viral antigens can be demonstrated in infected cells by means of fluorescent antibody technique.Antigens can be shown to be present in cells in the absence of Negri bodies, and hence this technique is much more sensitive than the search of sections of brain for the pathognomonic cytoplasmic inclusions.,脊髓灰質(zhì)炎 poliomyelitis,特點(diǎn)脊髓灰質(zhì)炎病毒所致,少數(shù)累及脊髓前角的運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元,引起肢體癱瘓,“小兒麻痹癥”發(fā)病人群:1-6歲兒童多見最易累及脊髓腰膨大,其次頸膨大,病變越往上越輕,病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制,The unique stages of infection and pathogenesis of poliomyelitis.,Poliovirus, an “Enterovirus” has an icosahedral capsid shell that protects it from digestion.,GI Tract Blood Cord CNS Paralysis of motor neurons,病理變化,肉眼觀早期脊膜和脊髓前角充血嚴(yán)重則出血、壞死晚期前角和前根萎縮癱瘓的肌肉萎縮,光鏡,脊膜充血,炎性細(xì)胞浸潤脊髓前角充血、水腫 運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元變性、壞死:中央性尼氏小體溶解、鬼影細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)元脫失炎性細(xì)胞浸潤、小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生形成膠質(zhì)瘢痕,脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的神經(jīng)元病變,神經(jīng)元脫失和膠質(zhì)增生,臨床病理聯(lián)系,脊髓腰膨大受損,下肢癱瘓頸膨大受損,上肢癱瘓腦干的運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)核受累,顱神經(jīng)麻痹延髓的呼吸、血管運(yùn)動(dòng)中樞受損,致死,Knee deformities,海綿狀腦病,一組慢性蛋白感染性疾病克雅?。–JD) 枯顱病(kuru)致死性家族性失眠癥(FFI) GerstmannStraüssler綜合征(GSS)動(dòng)物瘋牛病、貓抓病、羊搔癢癥朊蛋白(prionprotein,PrP)-螺旋構(gòu)型變成-折疊構(gòu)型,不能被降解且具有傳染性。多由于PRNP基因突變所致,朊毒瘋牛病與人類瘋牛病,Prion是1982年被發(fā)現(xiàn)的病原體,它與以往人們所認(rèn)為的傳統(tǒng)病原體不同,是一種分子量很小的糖蛋白質(zhì)。在正常動(dòng)物和人的腦細(xì)胞及其它細(xì)胞表面也存在一種Prion蛋白,在正常狀態(tài)下這種蛋白為螺旋結(jié)構(gòu),沒有感染性,可被蛋白酶K消化降解,稱其為正常的PrP(Prion Protein),以PrPc表示 。,在病變狀態(tài)下,PrP轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)?片層結(jié)構(gòu),而成為致病性的蛋白,具感染性,以PrPsc表示,它不能被蛋白酶K消化降解,從而大量凝集在一起,沉積在大腦中,引發(fā)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞退行性病變。這一類疾病表現(xiàn)為神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞空泡變性、淀粉樣斑塊形成和腦組織呈海綿狀為特征,PrPsc的特點(diǎn):1.抵抗性強(qiáng)常規(guī)、熱、輻射和酸堿,eg.134-138度1小時(shí) 土壤中20年2.有組織選擇性腦>脊髓>淋巴結(jié)、心等3.有種屬差異4.可傳染,可復(fù)制種屬屏障,結(jié)合誘導(dǎo),瘋牛病的來源,18世紀(jì)中葉羊瘙癢病飼料牛1980年飼料加工中取消了消毒過程 逐漸流行1988年停止使用含致病因子的飼料,并屠殺病牛1992年瘋牛病蔓延得以控制1996年歐盟禁止英國出口任何加工飼料,2000年瘋牛病發(fā)病數(shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)告,人類瘋牛?。ㄐ伦儺愋涂搜攀喜。?1996年英國發(fā)現(xiàn)了10例與瘋牛病病原體相同又有傳播關(guān)系的一種人海綿狀腦病新變異型克雅氏病出現(xiàn)在瘋牛病流行后10年,集中在英國多發(fā)生在年輕人,以精神異常為主要癥狀,表現(xiàn)為焦慮、抑郁、孤僻和其它異常行為,后期出現(xiàn)出現(xiàn)癡呆,Pathogenesis of prion disease. -Helical PrPc may spontaneously shift to the -sheet PrPsc conformation, an event that occurs at a much higher rate in familial disease associated with germ line PrP mutations. PrPsc may also be from exogenous sources, such as contaminatedfood, medical instrumentation, or medicines. Once present,PrPsc converts additional molecules of PrPc into PrPsc through physical interaction, eventually leading to the formation of pathogenic PrPscaggregates.,海綿狀腦病病理特點(diǎn),大腦萎縮神經(jīng)元及神經(jīng)氈出現(xiàn)大量空泡,呈海綿狀不同程度神經(jīng)元死亡、缺失,反應(yīng)性膠質(zhì)化,無炎癥反應(yīng)PrPsc蛋白沉積于神經(jīng)突觸,在細(xì)胞間質(zhì)大量沉積形成kuru斑病變主要累及大腦皮質(zhì)、深部灰質(zhì),呈灶狀分布,海綿狀腦病,海綿狀、神經(jīng)元死亡、 kuru斑,防治措施,停止使用動(dòng)物骨粉喂養(yǎng)牲畜防止血液、器官捐獻(xiàn)導(dǎo)致的傳播積極監(jiān)控,神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)變性疾病,是一組原因不明的累及CNS的疾病選擇性地累及1-2個(gè)功能系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞引起受累部位特定的臨床表現(xiàn)大腦皮質(zhì)-癡呆基底核-運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙小腦-共濟(jì)失調(diào)共同病理特點(diǎn)是病變部位的神經(jīng)元的萎縮、死亡和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的增生,神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)變性疾病,阿爾茨海默病 Alzheimer disease,又稱老年性癡呆,起病>50歲臨床表現(xiàn)為進(jìn)行性精神狀態(tài)衰變病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制不明,Figure 2224 A peptide genesis and consequences in Alzheimer disease. Amyloid precursor protein cleavage by -secretase and -secretase produces a harmless soluble peptide, whereas amyloid precursor protein cleavage by -amyloidconverting enzyme (BACE) and -secretase releases A peptides, which form pathogenic aggregates and contribute to the characteristic plaques and tangles of Alzheimer disease.,病理變化,肉眼:腦萎縮明顯,以額、頂、顳葉最明顯,鏡下觀1.老年斑 內(nèi)嗅區(qū)皮質(zhì)、海馬區(qū),老年斑,2.神經(jīng)原纖維纏節(jié) 海馬,杏仁核,顳葉內(nèi)側(cè)3.顆??张葑冃?海馬錐體細(xì)胞4.Hirano小體 海馬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞樹突近端棒狀包含體,Hirano body,噬酸性棒狀肌動(dòng)蛋白,Alzheimer's disease is usually diagnosed clinically from the patient history, collateral history from relatives, and clinical observations, based on the presence of characteristic neurological and neuropsychological features and the absence of alternative conditions. Advanced medical imaging with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and with single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) can be used to help exclude other cerebral pathology or subtypes of dementia.The diagnosis can be confirmed with very high accuracy post-mortem when brain material is available and can be examined histologically.,Diagnosis of Alzheimers Disease,Treatments available for AD,Clinical trials of multiple cholinergic agents have shown enough efficacy to be FDA-approved, but none is dramatically effectiveAnti-amyloid therapies are in Phase 3 trialsAnti-tau therapies are in earlier trialsGene therapy with NGF is also under way targeting the cholinergic system,帕金森病,又稱震顫性麻痹,50-80歲多發(fā)臨床表現(xiàn)為震顫、運(yùn)動(dòng)減少、姿勢和步態(tài)的異常紋狀體黑質(zhì)多巴胺系統(tǒng)的損害(特發(fā)),多巴胺,乙酰膽堿,平衡失調(diào),+,病理變化,肉眼:黑質(zhì)和藍(lán)斑脫色,鏡下:神經(jīng)黑色素細(xì)胞喪失,Lewy小體形成,Parkinson disease. A, Normal substantia nigra. B, Depigmented substantia nigra in idiopathic Parkinson disease. C, Lewy body in a neuron from the substantia nigra stains pink.,108,腫 瘤,多為顱內(nèi)腫瘤,膠質(zhì)瘤最多見;兒童發(fā)病率高,僅次于白血病,膠質(zhì)瘤、髓母細(xì)胞瘤較常見。臨床病理聯(lián)系: 局部神經(jīng)癥狀 可引起顱內(nèi)壓增高癥狀,109,神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)常見腫瘤分類,中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腫瘤 膠質(zhì)瘤 脈絡(luò)叢乳頭狀瘤 原始神經(jīng)上皮源性腫瘤髓母細(xì)胞瘤 腦膜瘤 松果體瘤 垂體腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤,周圍神經(jīng)腫瘤 神經(jīng)鞘膜腫瘤 神經(jīng)鞘瘤 神經(jīng)纖維瘤 神經(jīng)細(xì)胞源性腫瘤 神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤 節(jié)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)瘤,膠質(zhì)瘤生物特性,1.良惡相對性 無論 分化程度高低都成浸潤性生長2.局部浸潤 累及血管周圍間隙、軟腦膜、室管膜等3.轉(zhuǎn)移 通過腦脊液播散,顱外轉(zhuǎn)移少見,膠質(zhì)瘤分類,星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤室管膜瘤,112,分類,星型細(xì)胞瘤(WHO-級) 室管膜瘤(WHO-級) 少突膠質(zhì)瘤(WHO-級) 神經(jīng)元星型細(xì)胞瘤分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1)瘤細(xì)胞非典型性;2)核分裂:3)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增生; 4)壞死。,星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤,肉眼觀:大小不一、境界不清,瘤體灰白色,分化較低的常有 繼發(fā)改變,Astrocytoma,115,多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤,出血,2018/3/14,腦干區(qū)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,2018/3/14,多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤(眼觀),出血與壞死明顯,是區(qū)別間變型的特征,2018/3/14,間變型(惡性)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤,膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤,鏡下觀1.毛細(xì)胞型( WHO 級)2.室管膜下巨細(xì)胞星型( WHO 級)3.多形性黃色( WHO 級)4.間變性( WHO 級)5.膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤( WHO級),121,星形細(xì)胞瘤-,2018/3/14,多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤(鏡下觀),間變性膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤,(二)少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤 (oligodendrocytoma) 成人多,好發(fā)于大腦皮質(zhì)淺層,源于少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞。生長緩慢,病程可達(dá)十多年,部分可惡變。膠質(zhì)瘤中唯一對化療敏感的腫瘤。 大體:灰白灰紅,半透明,境界較清, 可見出血、囊性變、鈣化 鏡下:瘤細(xì)胞大小形態(tài)一致,核周空暈, 有環(huán)繞神經(jīng)元排列傾向,小的枝 芽狀血管豐富,可見砂粒體,(三)室管膜瘤(ependymoma) 源于室管膜細(xì)胞,第四腦室最多見,兒童、青年居多,生長緩慢,可存活8-10年,易致腦積水、顱內(nèi)高壓。 大體:灰白,界清,球形或分葉狀,可有出血、囊性變、鈣化;可發(fā)生于腦室任何部位,第四腦室最常見。 鏡下:1、圍血管排列長胞突與血管 壁相連-假菊形團(tuán) 2、腺管狀排列-菊形團(tuán),髓母細(xì)胞瘤(medulloblastoma) 原始神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤,細(xì)胞原始、未 分化,兒童多見,惡性度高,預(yù)后差 部位:多位于小腦蚓部 發(fā)生:小腦蚓部的原始神經(jīng)上皮細(xì)胞或小 腦皮質(zhì)的胚胎性外顆粒層細(xì)胞 大體:灰紅色,魚肉狀 鏡下:細(xì)胞小,大小一致,圓或卵圓形, 胞質(zhì)少,核深染,細(xì)胞密集排列, 形成菊形團(tuán),小腦髓母細(xì)胞瘤,medulloblastoma,髓母細(xì)胞瘤(鏡下),菊型團(tuán),133,五、轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤,可累及腦、脊髓,腦較多見;原發(fā)瘤:最多為支氣管肺癌,其次乳腺癌;腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤部位:多位于皮質(zhì)白質(zhì)交界處。,復(fù)習(xí)思考題:名詞解釋流行性腦脊髓膜炎與流行性乙型腦炎病變特點(diǎn)有何不同?簡述膠質(zhì)瘤的一般生物學(xué)特性?流行性腦脊髓膜炎和流行性乙型腦炎都可以出現(xiàn)顱內(nèi)壓升高的癥狀,其發(fā)生機(jī)理有何不同?,