開合螺母下座體加工工藝及鉆夾具設(shè)計(jì)【含CAD圖紙】

喜歡這套資料就充值下載吧。資源目錄里展示的都可在線預(yù)覽哦。下載后都有，請放心下載，文件全都包含在內(nèi)，【有疑問咨詢QQ:1304139763或 1064457796】=喜歡這套資料就充值下載吧。資源目錄里展示的都可在線預(yù)覽哦。下載后都有，請放心下載，文件全都包含在內(nèi)，【有疑問咨詢QQ:1304139763或 1064457796】= 第3章 鉆孔2-6.5夾具設(shè)計(jì)3.1研究原始質(zhì)料利用本夾具主要用來鉆孔2-6.5，因?yàn)榧庸ぞ炔桓?，故在加工中，主要目的是降低生產(chǎn)成本，減輕勞動強(qiáng)度從而來提高效率。3.2定位基準(zhǔn)的選擇要合理選擇定位基準(zhǔn)，不然會影響加工過程的質(zhì)量，進(jìn)而最終工件質(zhì)量。選擇不合適的基準(zhǔn)，故會增加加工過程或不合理工藝路線，導(dǎo)致夾具設(shè)計(jì)困難，最終達(dá)不到零件加工精度（特別位置精度）。所以我們應(yīng)該根據(jù)零件的技術(shù)要求，以保證加工精度的要求，定位基準(zhǔn)的合理選擇。以已加工好的端面作定位夾具。由零件圖可知：在鉆孔前，平面進(jìn)行了粗、精銑加工，孔鉆、擴(kuò)、鉸加工。定位、夾緊方案：為了在定位誤差范圍滿足要求，定位一面一 銷一擋塊，結(jié)構(gòu)中的定位是簡單易操作的。一邊是底平面圖的處理；在孔無位置公差要求，所以我們?yōu)槎ㄎ换鶞?zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)的底面和兩個孔鉆的模式選擇，以滿足加工要求。底部和5自由度的兩個定位孔限制工件的定位。3.3 切削力及夾緊力的計(jì)算鉆孔選用：鉆床Z525，刀具鉆頭。由文獻(xiàn)可得：切削力公式： 式中 查表得： 其中： 即：實(shí)際所需夾緊力： 有：安全系數(shù)K可按：式中：安全系數(shù) 所以 通過計(jì)算實(shí)際夾緊力不大，夾具結(jié)構(gòu)簡單操作方便，采用螺旋夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)。取，查文獻(xiàn)移動螺旋夾緊時夾緊力計(jì)算：式中參數(shù)由文獻(xiàn)查得： 螺旋夾緊力：由上述計(jì)算易得： 通過計(jì)算實(shí)際所需夾緊力不大，該夾具具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，操作方便，決定使用手動螺旋夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)。3.4誤差分析與計(jì)算該夾具以底面、中心孔定位基準(zhǔn)，該孔1次性加工即可滿足要求。由文獻(xiàn)可得：銷的定位誤差 ： 其中：， 夾緊誤差 ： 其中接觸變形位移值： 查5表1215有。 磨損造成的加工誤差：通常不超過 夾具相對刀具位置誤差：取誤差總和：從以上、所設(shè)計(jì)的夾具滿足零件加工精度要求。3.5 零、部件的設(shè)計(jì)與選用3.5.1定位銷選用本夾具用可換定位銷定位表3.1可換定位銷dHD公稱允差121816150.01122514M124 3.5.3 鉆套、襯套、鉆模板設(shè)計(jì)與選用為了減少輔助時間采用可換鉆套，以來滿足達(dá)到孔的加工的要求。 圖3.1 可換鉆套鉸工藝孔鉆套結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)如下表3.4 鉆套dHD公稱允差61212+0.018+0.007221810490.518襯套選用固定襯套其結(jié)構(gòu)如圖所示：圖3.2 固定襯套其結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)如下表3.5 固定襯套dHDC 公稱允差公稱允差12+0.034+0.0161218+0.023+0.0120.523.6 確定夾具體結(jié)構(gòu)和總體結(jié)構(gòu)對夾具體的設(shè)計(jì)的基本要求（1）應(yīng)該保持精度和穩(wěn)定性在夾具體表面重要的面，如安裝接觸位置，安裝表面的刀塊夾緊安裝特定的，足夠的精度，之間的位置精度穩(wěn)定夾具體，夾具體應(yīng)該采用鑄造，時效處理，退火等處理方式。（2）應(yīng)具有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度保證在加工過程中不因夾緊力，切削力等外力變形和振動是不允許的，夾具應(yīng)有足夠的厚度，剛度可以適當(dāng)加固。（3）結(jié)構(gòu)的方法和使用應(yīng)該不錯夾較大的工件的外觀，更復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)，之間的相互位置精度與每個表面的要求高，所以應(yīng)特別注意結(jié)構(gòu)的過程中，應(yīng)處理的工件，夾具，維修方便。再滿足功能性要求（剛度和強(qiáng)度）前提下，應(yīng)能減小體積減輕重量，結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該簡單。（4）應(yīng)便于鐵屑去除在加工過程中，該鐵屑將繼續(xù)在夾在積累，如果不及時清除，切削熱的積累會破壞夾具定位精度，鐵屑投擲可能繞組定位元件，也會破壞的定位精度，甚至發(fā)生事故。因此，在這個過程中的鐵屑不多，可適當(dāng)增加定位裝置和夾緊表面之間的距離增加的鐵屑空間：對切削過程中產(chǎn)生更多的，一般應(yīng)在夾具體上面。（5）安裝應(yīng)牢固、可靠夾具安裝在所有通過夾安裝表面和相應(yīng)的表面接觸或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的。當(dāng)夾安裝在重力的中心，夾具應(yīng)盡可能低，支撐面積應(yīng)足夠大，以安裝精度要高，以確保穩(wěn)定和可靠的安裝。夾具底部通常是中空的，識別特定的文件夾結(jié)構(gòu)，然后繪制夾具布局。圖中所示的夾具裝配。加工過程中，夾具必承受大的夾緊力切削力，產(chǎn)生沖擊和振動，夾具的形狀，取決于夾具布局和夾具和連接，在因此夾具必須有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度。在加工過程中的切屑形成的有一部分會落在夾具，積累太多會影響工件的定位與夾緊可靠，所以夾具設(shè)計(jì)，必須考慮結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)便于鐵屑。此外，夾點(diǎn)技術(shù)，經(jīng)濟(jì)的具體結(jié)構(gòu)和操作、安裝方便等特點(diǎn)，在設(shè)計(jì)中還應(yīng)考慮。在加工過程中的切屑形成的有一部分會落在夾具，切割積累太多會影響工件的定位與夾緊可靠，所以夾具設(shè)計(jì)，必須考慮結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)便排出鐵屑。3.7夾具設(shè)計(jì)及操作的簡要說明本夾具用于在鉆床上加工端面孔。在底部平面工件的定位基準(zhǔn)，中心孔，實(shí)現(xiàn)完全定位在定位環(huán)。手動螺旋夾持工件。夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)，操作簡單，夾緊可靠。如前所述，夾具設(shè)計(jì)，為了提高生產(chǎn)率，首先想到的是如何安裝，拆卸方便，本程序是鉸鏈板。鉆模的表面，所以主要的鉆削力，因?yàn)殂@削力向下，鉸鏈板壓得我們使用，減少壓力，鉆削力和夾緊力的方向是相同的，它是更容易保證工件的穩(wěn)定性，我們采用定位銷和固定銷定位，當(dāng)我們把工件旋轉(zhuǎn)，工件，使工件固定在固定腳的位置，然后用鉸鏈板，將鉆模板，可去除工件。大學(xué)課程設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題 目對合螺母座工藝及鉆夾具設(shè)計(jì)所屬系部所屬專業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與制造所屬班級學(xué) 號學(xué)生姓名指導(dǎo)教師起訖日期目 錄緒論31.1 設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)31.2 任務(wù)分析31.3 與論文有關(guān)的部分背景資料調(diào)研31.3.1 開合螺母下座體的用途31.3.2 工藝流程31.3.3 夾具4第2章 工藝部分52.1 引言52.2開合螺母下座體的結(jié)構(gòu)分析52.3工藝分析52.4制定工藝規(guī)程62.4.2 基準(zhǔn)面的選擇62.4.3 工藝路線的制定62.4.4 加工方法的選擇62.4.5加工的順序安排72.4.7 制定加工工藝路線72.5 重要工序尺寸、加工余量、精度的確定82.5.1 50孔82.5.2 2X12孔82.5.3底面的加工92.6 機(jī)床以及刀具的選擇92.6.1 機(jī)床的選擇92.6.2 刀具的選擇92.7 主要切削用量的確定9第3章 夾具設(shè)計(jì)133.1機(jī)床夾具概述133.2工件在夾具中的定位143.3被加工零件的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)及制定工序的加工要求163.4定設(shè)計(jì)方案的討論183.5 切削力及夾緊分析計(jì)算193.6夾具的夾緊裝置和定位裝置203.7誤差分析與計(jì)算223.8對刀裝置設(shè)計(jì)223.9 夾具操作步驟分析和可靠性預(yù)測233.10 編寫主要夾具非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零件的加工工藝規(guī)程23總結(jié)25參考文獻(xiàn)25緒論1.1 設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)本次設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)分為兩個部分，一是開合螺母下座體的加工工藝流程，主要包括分析任務(wù)給定工件尺寸要求，形位要求，表面粗糙度的要求，以及制定一套工藝流程使工件達(dá)到任務(wù)要求。二是設(shè)計(jì)夾具。1.2 任務(wù)分析工藝部分先要考慮加工工件的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)以及生產(chǎn)批量，并按照其結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)考慮在加工的過程中用何種手段能實(shí)現(xiàn)工件各個面、孔的加工，在提高效率的同時還要保證保證加工精度。夾具部分重點(diǎn)考慮的兩個部分一個是定位，另一個則是加緊，定位部分的設(shè)計(jì)需要保證工件在夾具上處于完全定位，即6個方向上的自由度完全被限定，加緊則需要保證工件在切削力的作用下依然能在正確位置不發(fā)生偏移，并且夾緊力的施加需要保證不能破壞工件。1.3 與論文有關(guān)的部分背景資料調(diào)研1.3.1 開合螺母下座體的用途開合螺母下座體又稱為“對合螺母”，主要由上下兩個半螺母構(gòu)成，裝在機(jī)床溜板箱體后壁的導(dǎo)軌中。開合螺母下座體的底部各有一個圓孔，圓孔與槽盤的滑槽相連接。扳動機(jī)床手柄，經(jīng)軸帶動槽盤順時針或逆時針轉(zhuǎn)動，通過銷釘?shù)淖饔门c上下兩個開合螺母下座體使其分離或者閉合，從而與開合螺母下座體中的絲杠嚙合或脫開，從而起到一個相當(dāng)于“離合器”的作用，完成機(jī)床從手動到機(jī)動的轉(zhuǎn)換1.3.2 工藝流程工藝流程指的是勞動者通過生產(chǎn)工具將各類原料、半成品，按照一定的順序進(jìn)行連續(xù)加工，最終使其成為成品的過程工藝流程的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循以下基本要求：1、能滿足產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量以及數(shù)量的指標(biāo)。2、符合經(jīng)濟(jì)性。3、具有合理性。4、環(huán)保。5、生產(chǎn)過程具有可操作性。6、生產(chǎn)過程具有可控制性。我國近年更加注重以下幾個方面：1、盡量采用先進(jìn)成熟的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備與生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。2、盡量采取機(jī)械化自動化。3、減少三廢的排放。4、保障安全生產(chǎn)。1.3.3 夾具夾具是指機(jī)械加工中用來固定加工工件使之具有正確的位置，以便于接受施工或者檢測設(shè)備。本次設(shè)計(jì)的是一種用于車床上的加工工件內(nèi)回轉(zhuǎn)面的夾具，安裝于車窗主軸上。第2章 工藝部分2.1 引言 本章主要任務(wù)是分析任務(wù)給定圖樣的技術(shù)要求，加工零件的各尺寸精度、形狀精度、位置精度和表面粗糙度達(dá)到圖紙要求。并編制零件加工工藝流程、填寫零件加工工藝卡片以及說明書。2.2開合螺母下座體的結(jié)構(gòu)分析圖1 本次任務(wù)給定的開合螺母下座體由左右兩個結(jié)構(gòu)對稱的半螺母組成，底部有55的燕尾，燕尾凸臺地面有2X12 ，孔深18，開合螺母下座體中間開50的根部留有空刀槽。 燕尾凸臺B1 B2以及C面表面質(zhì)量要求2.6，燕尾凸臺底面2個12光孔要求達(dá)到7級精度內(nèi)表面質(zhì)量要求2.6，孔間距0.05，50孔要求達(dá)到7級精度。圖22.3工藝分析 將開合螺母下座體的加工分為兩類： 1.軸類（外表面）的加工 主要加工面有長度尺寸為75.2mm的底面，兩個倒角，B1，B2，C面，開合螺母下座體圓筒部左右兩個端面，50中心線到燕尾凸臺底面330.05mm，中線到左邊端面距離49，上表面總長96，下表面總長105燕尾凸臺底面到C面距離18。 2.孔類（內(nèi)表面）的加工 主要有50以及兩個12的孔，12孔間距要求達(dá)到0.052.4制定工藝規(guī)程2.4.1 確定毛坯的型式 任務(wù)給定工件輪廓不大，大批量生產(chǎn)，加工條件較高，選擇離心鑄造毛胚。離心鑄造得來的鑄件具有緊密與微細(xì)的顆粒結(jié)構(gòu)及較好的機(jī)械性能。材料選用灰口鑄鐵HT150其鑄造性能良好，減摩性好；減震性強(qiáng)；切削加工性良好；缺口敏感性較低；價格便宜，制造方便。2.4.2 基準(zhǔn)面的選擇 基準(zhǔn)面是用來作為基準(zhǔn)以確定其他點(diǎn)、線、面尺寸之間尺寸的平面，所以選擇正確的基準(zhǔn)面可以提高生產(chǎn)效率，保證加工質(zhì)量。開合螺母下座體的加工當(dāng)以底面以及兩個直徑12的光孔為精基準(zhǔn)，而為精基準(zhǔn)的表面應(yīng)該提前加工完。粗基準(zhǔn)選擇的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)當(dāng)是如何確保加工面有足夠的余量，使得不加工面的位置尺寸符合任務(wù)給定的要求。因此依據(jù)粗基準(zhǔn)選擇原則，選取R34的大外圓為粗基準(zhǔn)來加工燕尾槽導(dǎo)軌面，然后以燕尾槽為面為基準(zhǔn)加工50的螺孔。2.4.3 工藝路線的制定 開合螺母下座體的形狀比較復(fù)雜，需要加工的表面不便于集中加工，為保障大批量生產(chǎn)的效率，需要在各個工序中選用高效率的專用機(jī)床，采取工序分散的原則擬定路線。2.4.4 加工方法的選擇 依據(jù)機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)表A-5、A-6以及零件圖精度要求查詢經(jīng)濟(jì)加工精度，選擇主要加工面的加工方法 加工面 表面質(zhì)量要求 精度 加工方法孔50 2.6 IT7 粗鏜-半精鏜-精鏜孔12 2.6 I77 鉆-擴(kuò)-粗絞-精絞 C B1 B2 2.6 無 粗刨-半精刨-精刨圓筒端面 2.6 無 粗銑-半精銑底平面 6.3 無 粗銑-半精銑2.4.5加工的順序安排 依據(jù)零件圖，質(zhì)量要求比較高，一道工序顯然不可以滿足質(zhì)量要求，所以需要多道工序逐步達(dá)到質(zhì)量要求，依照加工性質(zhì)的不同，將加工順序分為，粗加工、半精加工、精加工三個階段。粗加工：切除毛坯大部分加工余量。使毛坯大體上接近于成品半精加工：留出精加工的加工余量為精加工做好準(zhǔn)備。精加工：保證各個主要加工面達(dá)到圖紙要求。2.4.6 加工過程中應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循的原則： a.先粗后精 先安排粗加工工序，再安排精加工工序。 b.基面先行 先將底平面加工，然后以底平面和R34大圓弧為基準(zhǔn)加工孔12 c.加工過程中應(yīng)該先加工平面，后加工孔，這樣利用加工后的平面定位穩(wěn)定 可靠，而且容易加工，提高孔的加工精度。2.4.7 制定加工工藝路線工序號工序名稱工序內(nèi)容設(shè)備1鑄鑄造毛坯（兩件合一）2熱處理時效處理3刨1. 粗、半精刨燕尾槽；2. 粗、半精刨C基準(zhǔn)面牛刨4銑1. 銑兩端側(cè)面；臥式銑床5車1. 粗、精車R37面；2. 鉆、擴(kuò)55（留余量）；3. 調(diào)頭粗、精車另外一側(cè)R37面臥式銑床6鉆1. 鉆孔2-6.5锪錐孔90鉆另一孔72. 鉆、擴(kuò)、鉸2-12H7鉆床7銑切割，控制尺寸5臥式銑床8鉗去毛刺9檢檢驗(yàn)10磨磨燕尾槽（兩件合一）磨床11檢總檢12清洗、入庫2.5 重要工序尺寸、加工余量、精度的確定2.5.1 50孔 最終需要加工至尺寸50，查互換性測量技術(shù)可得7級精度查機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)需要經(jīng)過一次粗鏜，二次粗鏜，半精鏜，精鏜，可以達(dá)到要求 查表金屬機(jī)械加工表4-17查出鏜孔各工序尺寸以及工序間余量粗鏜階段，第一次粗鏜至47(IT13) 第二次粗鏜至50(IT12) 半精鏜階段，半精鏜至50.5(IT10)精鏜階段， 精鏜至 50(IT7)工序間加工余量：粗加工階段5mm 半精加工階段 2.5mm 精加工階段 0.5mm 則鏜50孔總加工余量為6mm2.5.2 2X12孔 最終需要加工尺寸至12，查互換性測量技術(shù)可得7級精度查機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)需要經(jīng)過鉆孔 擴(kuò)孔 粗絞 精絞可以達(dá)到要求其中可以將鉆孔、擴(kuò)孔視為粗加工階段 查表金屬機(jī)械加工表4-15查出絞孔各工序尺寸以及工序間余量 粗絞、精絞視為半精加工、精加工階段 鉆孔階段 鉆孔至 11（IT11） 擴(kuò)孔階段 擴(kuò)孔至 12.85（IT11） 粗絞階段 粗鉸至12.95（IT9） 精絞階段 精鉸至 12（IT7） 工序間加工余量（排除鉆孔）擴(kuò)孔0.85mm 粗絞0.1mm 精絞0.05mm 則加工12孔總余量為1mm2.5.3底面的加工 查表金屬機(jī)械加工表4-28查出平面加工工序尺寸以及工序間余量 精刨B1 B2 C面后，下底面到C面尺寸達(dá)到18.0mm，加工余量0.5mm，故此，半精刨加工時下底面到C面尺寸為17.5（IT8）。 粗銑底平面，加工余量2.5mm 則粗銑前，總高度應(yīng)為84.5（IT11）(毛坯尺寸)2.6 機(jī)床以及刀具的選擇2.6.1 機(jī)床的選擇 工序10、25、45 為銑削加工，工步少，依據(jù)工件尺寸選擇X6132立式銑床 工序20、40 為鉆孔、擴(kuò)孔、絞孔加工，依據(jù)工件尺寸選擇Z5125A立式鉆床 工序35、55 為粗鏜、精鏜、半精鏜加工，依據(jù)工件尺寸選擇C620車床 工序30、50 為粗刨、半精刨、精刨加工，依據(jù)工件尺寸選擇B6025刨床2.6.2 刀具的選擇 底面銑削選擇硬質(zhì)合金刀端面銑刀。 鉆孔12mm時，選用直柄麻花鉆。 銑削端面時選擇硬質(zhì)合金端面銑刀。 鏜孔時選用硬質(zhì)合金60內(nèi)孔車刀 刨削，粗刨時選用平面刨刀，精刨時選用圓頭精刨刀2.7 主要切削用量的確定 查詢機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)課程設(shè)計(jì)表5.15.30選擇進(jìn)給量、切削速度并計(jì)算出主軸轉(zhuǎn)速。 工序10 粗、半精刨C基準(zhǔn)面 在粗銑工序時，取加工余量為背吃刀量以提高銑削效率，所以a=2.5mm 取每齒進(jìn)給量f=0.3mm/z 取切削速度V=34.6m/min 銑床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 n=1000v/d=1000*34.6/3.14*80=137r/min 工序40 半精銑粗、半精刨C基準(zhǔn)面 半精銑時，背吃刀量取0.5mm至2mm，故背吃刀量a等于半精銑工序時的加 工余量=1mm 取每齒進(jìn)給量f=0.2mm/z 取切削速度V=40m/min 銑床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 n=1000*40/(3.14*80)=159r/min 工序25 粗銑左右兩側(cè)端面 在粗銑工序時，取加工余量為背吃刀量以提高銑削效率，所以a等于粗銑工序時的加工余量=3mm 查手冊 取每齒進(jìn)給量f=0.3mm/z 取切削速度V=34.6m/min 銑床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速n=1000*34.6/(3.14*65)=170r/min 工序50 半精銑左右兩端面 半精銑時，背吃刀量取0.5mm至2mm，背吃刀量a等于半精銑工序時的加工余量=1mm 取每齒進(jìn)給量f=0.2mm/z 取切削速度V=40m/min 銑床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 n=1000*40/(3.14*65)=196r/min 工序20 鉆孔、擴(kuò)孔 工步1 鉆孔至11 第一次鉆孔加工余量為11mm，一次行程鉆完，故選擇背吃刀量a等于鉆孔工步時的加工余量=11mm 工件材料HT150，布氏硬度180HBS，選擇進(jìn)給量f=0.45mm/r 選擇切削速度V=0.45mm/r 鉆床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速n=60000V/(d)=60000*0.45/(3.14*11)=782.7r/min 工步2 擴(kuò)孔至12 擴(kuò)孔時加工余量0.85mm，一次行程擴(kuò)完，故選擇背吃刀量a等于擴(kuò)孔工步時的加工余量=0.85mm 工件材料HT150，布氏硬度180HBS，選擇進(jìn)給量f=0.8mm/r 選擇切削速度V=0.18m/s 鉆床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速n=60000V/(d)=60000*0.18/(3.14*12.85)=290.2r/min 工步2精絞孔至12 精絞孔的加工余量為0.05mm，一次行程絞完。背吃刀量a等于精絞孔工步時的加工余量=0.05mm 選擇進(jìn)給量f=2.5mm/r 切削速度V=10m/min 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 n=1000V/(d)=1000*10/(3.14*12)=267r/min=266r/min 工序35 粗鏜50 在粗鏜工序時，取加工余量為背吃刀量以提高銑削效率，所以a=5mm 選擇進(jìn)給量為f=0.5mm/r 取削速度為V=0.5m/s 車床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速n=60000V/(d)=60000*0.5/（3.14*40）=238.8r/min 工序60 半精鏜、精鏜大孔 工步1 半精鏜 半精鏜工序時，背吃刀量通常取0.52.5mm，故取背吃刀量a等于半精鏜工序時的加工余量=2.5mm 選擇進(jìn)給量為f=0.4mm/r 切削速度為V=0.6m/s 車床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速n=60000V/(d)=60000*0.6/（3.14*40）=286.6r/min 工步2 精鏜 取背吃刀量a等于精鏜工序時的加工余量=0.5mm 選擇進(jìn)給量為f=0.3mm/r 切削速度為V=0.4m/s. 車床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速n=60000V/(d)=60000*0.4/（3.14*40）=192.1r/min14第3章 夾具設(shè)計(jì)見夾具說明書 工序號工序名稱工序內(nèi)容設(shè)備1鑄鑄造毛坯2熱處理時效處理3銑1. 銑底面2. 銑與定位鍵配合的面臥式銑床X61324銑銑上表面各個小凸臺立式銑床X50K5銑銑夾具體兩側(cè)U型槽立式銑床X50K6鉆1. 鉆M8底孔6.82. 鉆兩M6底孔53. 鉆兩M5底孔4.24. 鉆10孔5. 鉆四個5孔6. 鉆兩6銷孔鉆床7攻螺紋1. 攻兩M82. 攻兩M63. 攻兩M5鉆床8鉗去毛刺9檢檢驗(yàn)10檢總檢11清洗、入庫清洗、入庫總結(jié)通過為期一個半星期的課程設(shè)計(jì)使我加深了對機(jī)械制造基礎(chǔ)這一門課程實(shí)用性的理解，也是我明白了工廠里面工人操作流程，對于一個產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)流程，加工工藝規(guī)程，我有了一些粗層次的了解，我認(rèn)為出去以后當(dāng)我看到那一張張工序卡片，工藝卡片，我一定能看懂它，感謝有這樣一次機(jī)會！感謝我們團(tuán)體成員為這次課程設(shè)計(jì)所付出的辛勤努力，以及傅老師的指導(dǎo)。參考文獻(xiàn)1 盧秉恒.機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2007.12.2 孟少農(nóng).機(jī)械加工工藝手冊M.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1991.3 柯建宏，賓鴻贊.機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)課程設(shè)計(jì).華中科技大學(xué)出版社，2006.4鄭修本.機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)M.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1999.5 鄒青.機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)課程設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)教程.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2004.1.外文翻譯機(jī)械加工零件的工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)摘 要：本文對機(jī)械加工零件的結(jié)構(gòu)和工藝進(jìn)行了分析，確定了機(jī)械加工工藝路線，夾具在機(jī)械加工中所占的地位和重要性，以及夾具設(shè)計(jì)。隨著科學(xué)的日益發(fā)展進(jìn)步和國家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的調(diào)整,工程機(jī)械行業(yè)已成為沒有政策壁壘的完全競爭行業(yè)關(guān)鍵詞：技術(shù)背景/發(fā)展趨勢/工序/定位方案1 機(jī)械加工歷史背景及其意義機(jī)械制造業(yè)是一個古老而永遠(yuǎn)充滿生命力的行業(yè)。隨著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的發(fā)展，對機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的要求越來越高，機(jī)械制造工藝也在日新月異地發(fā)展。自新中國成立以來，我國的制造技術(shù)與制造業(yè)得到了長足發(fā)展，一個具有相當(dāng)規(guī)模和一定技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)的機(jī)械工業(yè)體系基本形成。改革開放二十多年來，我國制造業(yè)充分利用國內(nèi)國外兩方面的技術(shù)資源，有計(jì)劃地推進(jìn)企業(yè)的技術(shù)改造，引導(dǎo)企業(yè)走依靠科技進(jìn)步的道路，使制造技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和水平及經(jīng)濟(jì)效益發(fā)生了顯著變化，為推動國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展做出了很大的貢獻(xiàn)。盡管我國制造業(yè)的綜合技術(shù)水平有了大幅度提高，但與工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家相比，仍存在階段性差距。進(jìn)入二十一世紀(jì)，我國發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)仍然是制造業(yè)，特別是在我國加入世貿(mào)組織后，世界的制造中心就從發(fā)達(dá)國家遷移到了亞洲，我國有廉價的勞動力和廣大的消費(fèi)市場，因此，我國工業(yè)要想發(fā)展，就需要有相應(yīng)的技術(shù)和設(shè)備來支持。機(jī)械工業(yè)是國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的裝備工業(yè)；是科學(xué)技術(shù)物化的基礎(chǔ)；是高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)化的載體；是國防建設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)；是實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長的重要支柱；也是為提高人民生活質(zhì)量、提供消費(fèi)類機(jī)電產(chǎn)品的供應(yīng)工業(yè)。它對國民經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行的質(zhì)量和效益、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整和優(yōu)化具有極其重要的作用。2 機(jī)械行業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢隨著社會的發(fā)展，各種機(jī)械逐漸運(yùn)用到各個行業(yè)中，不管是在農(nóng)用、軍用、工用等方面，離開了機(jī)械的操作就談不上效率，因此，從某中角度上來說，一個國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力、社會地位，和機(jī)械行業(yè)的發(fā)展是密不可分的。各工業(yè)化國家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的歷程表明，沒有強(qiáng)大的裝備制造業(yè)，就不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的工業(yè)化、現(xiàn)代化和信息化3。目前裝備制造業(yè)發(fā)展滯后是制約我國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和產(chǎn)業(yè)升級的重要因素，加大結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整力度，推進(jìn)機(jī)械工業(yè)持續(xù)、健康、穩(wěn)定發(fā)展，對于轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)增長方式，提高國民經(jīng)濟(jì)整體素質(zhì)，增強(qiáng)我國經(jīng)濟(jì)的國際競爭力，保障國防安全等都具有重要而深遠(yuǎn)的意義。3 機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程制訂3.1 機(jī)械加工工藝過程的定義機(jī)械加工工藝過程是指用機(jī)械加工方法改變毛坯的形狀，尺寸，相對位置和性質(zhì)等，使其成為成品或半成品的全過程。機(jī)械加工工藝過程直接決定零件及產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和性能，對產(chǎn)品的成本、生產(chǎn)周期都有較大的影響，是整個工藝過程的重要組成部分。3.2 機(jī)械加工工藝過程的組成組成機(jī)械加工工藝過程的基本單元是工序。工序又是由安裝、工位、工步及走刀組成的。 工序是指一個或一組工人，在一個工作地對同一個或同時對幾個工件所連續(xù)完成的那一部分工藝過程。工序是制定勞動定額、配備工人及機(jī)床設(shè)備、安排作業(yè)計(jì)劃和進(jìn)行質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)的基本單元。 安裝是工件經(jīng)一次裝夾后所完成的那一部分工序。 當(dāng)應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)位（或移位）加工的機(jī)床（或夾具）進(jìn)行加工時，在一次裝夾中，工件（或刀具）相對于機(jī)床要經(jīng)過幾個位置依次進(jìn)行加工，在每一個工作位置上所完成的那一部分工序，稱為工位。采用多工位加工可以減少裝夾的次數(shù)，減少裝夾誤差，提高生產(chǎn)率。 工步是加工表面在切削刀具和切削用量（僅指主軸轉(zhuǎn)速和進(jìn)給量）都不變的情況下所完成的那一部分工藝過程。 在一個工步中，如果要切掉的金屬層很厚，可分幾次切削，每切削一次就稱為一次走刀。3.3 機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的定義規(guī)定產(chǎn)品或零部件制造過程和操作方法等的工藝文件，稱為工藝規(guī)程，它是企業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的指導(dǎo)性技術(shù)文件。3.4 機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的作用及內(nèi)容機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程是生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備工作的主要依據(jù)。根據(jù)它來組織原材料和毛坯的供應(yīng)，進(jìn)行機(jī)床調(diào)整，專用工藝裝備的設(shè)計(jì)與制造，編制生產(chǎn)作業(yè)計(jì)劃，調(diào)配勞動力，以及進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)成本核算等。機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程也是組織生產(chǎn)、進(jìn)行計(jì)劃調(diào)度的依據(jù)。有了它就可以制定生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)度計(jì)劃和相應(yīng)的調(diào)度計(jì)劃，并能做到各工序科學(xué)地銜接，使生產(chǎn)均衡、順利，實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)和低消耗。機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片和機(jī)械加工工序卡片，是兩個主要的工藝文件。機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片，是說明零件加工工藝過程的工藝文件。在單件、小批量生產(chǎn)中，以機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片指導(dǎo)生產(chǎn)，過程卡的各個項(xiàng)目編制較為詳細(xì)。機(jī)械加工工序卡片是為每個工序詳細(xì)制定的，用于直接指導(dǎo)工人進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)，多用于大批量生產(chǎn)的零件和成批生產(chǎn)中的重要零件。3.5 制訂機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的原則及步驟在一定的生產(chǎn)條件下，以最少的勞動消耗和最低的費(fèi)用，按計(jì)劃加工出符合圖紙要求的零件，是制訂機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的基本原則。制訂機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的步驟如下：根據(jù)零件的生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)決定生產(chǎn)類型；分析零件加工的工藝性；選擇毛坯的種類和制造方法；擬訂工藝過程；工序設(shè)計(jì)；編制工藝文件。4 夾具設(shè)計(jì)4.1 夾具設(shè)計(jì)的意義在機(jī)械行業(yè)中，如何去保證工件的高精度、加工的成本等實(shí)質(zhì)性問題，一直是從事于機(jī)械行業(yè)人員研究的問題，其中在設(shè)計(jì)夾具的時候就要考慮以上問題，高效的夾具是工件高精度的保證，如何讓夾具更高效、更經(jīng)濟(jì)，這是行業(yè)人急需要解決的。隨著社會的發(fā)展，科技的不斷提高，各種高科技技術(shù)逐漸滲透到各個行業(yè)，如何利用這些高科技為人類服務(wù)，如何充分利用這些高科技在機(jī)械行業(yè)中，這還需要機(jī)械行業(yè)人員不斷的努力，開拓創(chuàng)新。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，和社會市場需要，夾具的設(shè)計(jì)在逐步的超向柔性制造系統(tǒng)方向發(fā)展。迄今為止,夾具仍是機(jī)電產(chǎn)品制造中必不可缺的四大工具之一,刀具本身已高度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,用戶只需要按品種、規(guī)格選用采購。而模具和夾具則和產(chǎn)品息息相關(guān),產(chǎn)品一有變化就需重新制作,通常是屬于專用性質(zhì)的工具,模具已發(fā)展成為獨(dú)立的行業(yè);夾具在國內(nèi)外也正在逐漸形成一個依附于機(jī)床業(yè)或獨(dú)立的小行業(yè)。 組合夾具不僅具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、模塊化、組合化等當(dāng)代先進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)思想,又符合節(jié)約資源的原則,更適合綠色制造的環(huán)境保護(hù)原理。所以是今后夾具技術(shù)的一個重要發(fā)展方向單位 。機(jī)床夾具通常是指裝夾工件用的裝置:至于裝夾各種刀具用的裝置,則一般稱為“輔助工具”。輔助工具有時也廣義地包括在機(jī)床夾具的范圍內(nèi)。按照機(jī)床夾具的應(yīng)用范圍,一般可分為通用夾具,專用夾具和可調(diào)整式夾具等。通用夾具是在普通機(jī)床上一般都附有通用夾具,如車床上的卡盤,銑床上的回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺,分度頭,頂尖座等。它們都一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化了,具有一定的通用性,可以用來安裝一定形狀尺寸范圍內(nèi)的各種工件而不需要進(jìn)行特殊的調(diào)整。但是,在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中,通用夾具常常不能夠滿足各種零件加工的需要;或者因?yàn)樯a(chǎn)率低而必須把通用夾具進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)母倪M(jìn);或者由于工件的形狀,加工的要求等的不同須專門設(shè)計(jì)制造一種專用夾具,以解決生產(chǎn)實(shí)際的需要。用夾具是為了適應(yīng)某一工件的某一工序加工的要求而專門設(shè)計(jì)制造的,其功用主要有下列幾個方面:1.保證工件被加工表面主要包括加工工件所需要的機(jī)動時間和裝卸工件等所需要的輔助時間兩部分。2.采用專用夾具后,安裝工件和轉(zhuǎn)換工位的工作都可以大為簡化,不再需要畫線和找正,縮短了工序的輔助時間并且節(jié)省了畫線這個工序,從而提高了勞動生產(chǎn)率.在生產(chǎn)中由于采用了多工件平行加工的夾具,使同時加工的幾個工件的機(jī)動時間將與加工一個工件的機(jī)動時間相同。采用回轉(zhuǎn)式多工位連續(xù)加工夾具,可以在進(jìn)行切削加工某個工件的同時,進(jìn)行其它工件的裝卸工作,從而使輔助時間與機(jī)動時間相重合。總之,隨著專用夾具的采用和進(jìn)一步改善,可以有效地縮短工序時間,滿足生產(chǎn)不斷發(fā)展的需要。3.采用專用夾具還能擴(kuò)大機(jī)床的工藝范圍。例如在普通車床上附加鏜模夾具后,便可以代替鏜床工作;裝上專用夾具后可以車削成型表面等,以充分發(fā)揮通用機(jī)床的作用。4.減輕勞動強(qiáng)度,保障安全生產(chǎn)。根據(jù)生產(chǎn)需要,采用一些氣動,液壓或其它機(jī)械化,自動化程度較高的專用夾具,對于減輕工人的勞動強(qiáng)度,保障生產(chǎn)安全和產(chǎn)品的穩(wěn)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)都有很大作用。加工大型工件時,例如加工車床床身上,下兩面上的螺孔,需要把床身工件翻轉(zhuǎn)幾次進(jìn)行加工,勞動強(qiáng)度大而且不安全。采用電動回轉(zhuǎn)式鉆床家具后,就能夠達(dá)到提高生產(chǎn)效率,減輕勞動強(qiáng)度,保障生產(chǎn)安全的目的。4.2 夾具的發(fā)展趨勢工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是人類社會發(fā)展和科學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的產(chǎn)物，從英國莫里斯的“工藝美術(shù)運(yùn)動”，到德國的包豪斯設(shè)計(jì)革命以及美國的廣泛傳播與推廣，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)過了醞釀，探索，形成，發(fā)展百余年的歷史滄桑。時至今日，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)已成為一門獨(dú)立的專業(yè)學(xué)科，并且有一套完整的研究體系。1980年國際工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)協(xié)會理事會（ICSID）給工業(yè)作了明確定義：“就批量生產(chǎn)的工業(yè)產(chǎn)品而言，憑借訓(xùn)練，技術(shù)知識，經(jīng)驗(yàn)及視覺感受，而預(yù)示材料、結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造、形態(tài)、色彩、表面加工，裝飾以新的品質(zhì)和規(guī)格，叫做工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。根據(jù)當(dāng)時的具體情況，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)在上述工業(yè)產(chǎn)品全部側(cè)面或其中幾個方面進(jìn)行工作，而且需要工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師對包裝、宣傳、展示，市場開發(fā)等問題的解決付出自己的技術(shù)知識和經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及視覺評價能力時，這也屬于工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的范疇”。材料、結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝是產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的物質(zhì)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)，一方面，技術(shù)制約著設(shè)計(jì)；另一方面，技術(shù)也推動著設(shè)計(jì)。從設(shè)計(jì)美學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)看，技術(shù)不僅僅是物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)還具有其本身的“功能”作用，只要善于應(yīng)用材料的特性，予以相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和適當(dāng)?shù)募庸すに?，就能夠?chuàng)造出實(shí)用，美觀，經(jīng)濟(jì)的產(chǎn)品，即在產(chǎn)品中發(fā)揮技術(shù)潛在的“功能”。 任何設(shè)計(jì)都是時代的產(chǎn)物，它的不同的面貌，不同的特征反映著不同歷史時期的科學(xué)技術(shù)水平。技術(shù)是產(chǎn)品形態(tài)發(fā)展的先導(dǎo)，新材料，新工藝的出現(xiàn)，必然給產(chǎn)品帶來新的結(jié)構(gòu)，新的形態(tài)和新的造型風(fēng)格。材料，加工工藝，結(jié)構(gòu)，產(chǎn)品形象有機(jī)地聯(lián)系在一起的，某個環(huán)節(jié)的變革，便會引起整個機(jī)體的變化?，F(xiàn)在，機(jī)械加工工藝及夾具隨著制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展也突飛猛進(jìn)。機(jī)械加工工藝以各個工廠的具體情況不同，其加工的規(guī)程也有很大的不同。突破已往的死模式。使其隨著情況的不同具有更加合理的工藝過程。也使產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量大大提高。制定加工工藝雖可按情況合理制定，但也要滿足其基本要求：在保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的前提下，盡可能提高勞動生產(chǎn)率和降低加工成本。并在充分利用本工廠現(xiàn)有生產(chǎn)條件的基礎(chǔ)上，盡可能采用國內(nèi)、外先進(jìn)工藝技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。還應(yīng)保證操作者良好的勞動條件。但我國現(xiàn)階段還是主要依賴工藝人員的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來編制工藝，多半不規(guī)定工步和切削用量，工時定額也憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)來確定，十分粗略，缺乏科學(xué)依據(jù)，難以進(jìn)行合理的經(jīng)濟(jì)核算國際生產(chǎn)研究協(xié)會的統(tǒng)計(jì)表明，目前中、小批多品種生產(chǎn)的工件品種已占工件種類總數(shù)的85左右?，F(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)要求企業(yè)所制造的產(chǎn)品品種經(jīng)常更新?lián)Q代，以適應(yīng)市場的需求與競爭。然而，一般企業(yè)都仍習(xí)慣于大量采用傳統(tǒng)的專用夾具，一般在具有中等生產(chǎn)能力的工廠里，約擁有數(shù)千甚至近萬套專用夾具；另一方面，在多品種生產(chǎn)的企業(yè)中，每隔34年就要更新5080左右專用夾具，而夾具的實(shí)際磨損量僅為1020左右。特別是近年來，數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心、成組技術(shù)、柔性制造系統(tǒng)（FMS）等新加工技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，對機(jī)床夾具提出了如下新的要求：1）能迅速而方便地裝備新產(chǎn)品的投產(chǎn)，以縮短生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期，降低生產(chǎn)成本；2）能裝夾一組具有相似性特征的工件；3）能適用于精密加工的高精度機(jī)床夾具；4）能適用于各種現(xiàn)代化制造技術(shù)的新型機(jī)床夾具；5）采用以液壓站等為動力源的高效夾緊裝置，以進(jìn)一步減輕勞動強(qiáng)度和提高勞動生產(chǎn)率；6）提高機(jī)床夾具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度?，F(xiàn)代機(jī)床夾具的發(fā)展趨勢主要表現(xiàn)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、高效化、精密化和柔性化等四個方面。利用更好的夾具，可以提高勞動生產(chǎn)率，提高加工精度，減少廢品，可以擴(kuò)大機(jī)床的工藝范圍，改善操作的勞動條件。因此，夾具是機(jī)械制造中的一項(xiàng)重要的工藝裝備。一個好的夾具是加工出合格產(chǎn)品的首要條件，為了讓夾具有更好的發(fā)展，夾具行業(yè)應(yīng)加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)、學(xué)、研協(xié)作的力度，加快用高新技術(shù)改造和提升夾具技術(shù)水平的步伐，創(chuàng)建夾具專業(yè)技術(shù)網(wǎng)站，充分利用現(xiàn)代信息和網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)，與時俱進(jìn)地創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展夾具技術(shù)。主動與國外夾具廠商聯(lián)系，爭取合資與合作，引進(jìn)技術(shù)，這是改造和發(fā)展我國夾具行業(yè)較為行之有效的途徑。參考文獻(xiàn)1：裘愉，組合機(jī)床，北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1995.2：金振華.組合機(jī)床及其調(diào)整與使用.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1990.3：沈延山.生產(chǎn)實(shí)習(xí)與組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì).大連：大連理工大學(xué)出版社，1989.4：上海市大專院校機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)協(xié)作組編著.機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué).福建科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社，1996.5：王華坤，范元勛.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ).北京：兵器工業(yè)出版社，2000.6：馮辛安.機(jī)械制造裝備設(shè)計(jì).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1998.7：陳日曜.機(jī)械原理.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1992.8：方子良.機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ).上海：上海交通大學(xué)出版社，2004.9：劉秋生，李忠文.液壓傳動與控制.北京：宇航出版社，1994.10：陳于萍，周兆元.互換性與測量技術(shù)基礎(chǔ).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2005.11：東北重型機(jī)械學(xué)院等.機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊.上海：上?？萍技夹g(shù)出版社，1979.12：機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊聯(lián)合編寫組.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1987.13：王先逵.機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)（上下冊）.北京：清華大學(xué)出版社，1989.14：崇凱.機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)課程設(shè)計(jì)指南. 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Chen, J.W. Hutchinson, M.Y. He, A.G. Evans, Acta Mater. 51 (2003) 2017.Mechanical Parts Processing Technology and Fixture Design Pick to : the machining parts of the structure and process analysis, identified the machine- finishing craft route, fixture in the mechanical processing of the status and importance, as well as the fixture design. With the increasingly development of scientific progress and the adjustment of national industry policy, project machinery industry already became no policy barriers of perfectly competitive industry Key words: technical background / development / process / positioning scheme 1 Mechanical Processing Historical Background and Its Significance Machinery manufacturing industry is an old and eternal industry full of vitality. With the development of modern industry, the mechanical product of the increasingly high demand, machinery manufacturing technology are developing rapidly. Since the founding of new China, our countrys manufacturing technology and manufacturing industry to obtain the considerable development, a considerable size and technical basis of mechanical industry system is formed basically. Years of reform and opening up, Chinas manufacturing industry to make full use of domestic and foreign two aspects of technological resources, there are plans to promote the technical transformation of enterprises, guide enterprises to take the road to rely on progress of science and technology, manufacturing technology, product quality and level and the economic benefit produced marked change, in order to promote the development of the national economy has made great contribution. Although our country manufacturing industry comprehensive technical level has been greatly improved, but compared with developed country, still have level sex difference. Enter the twenty-first Century, the economic development of our country s leading industry still is the manufacturing industry, especially after our country joins WTO, the worlds manufacturing center is developed from migration to Asia, China has cheap labor and the general consumer market, accordingly, industry of our country wants to develop, need to have appropriate technology and equipment support. Machinery industry is the equipment industry of national economy; it is content of science and technology of foundation; is new and high technology industrialization; is the basis of national defense building; is to achieve rapid economic growth of the important pillar; is to improve peoples living quality, provide consumer electrical products supply industry. It runs to national economy, the quality and efficiency of industrial structure adjustment and optimization is a very important role. 2 The Status of Machinery Industry and Development Trend With the development of society, all kinds of machinery and gradually applied to the various industry, whether in the agricultural, military, industrial, mechanical operation, leaving no efficiency, therefore, in some sense, the strength of a countrys economy, social status, and the development of machinery industry is close separable. The industrialized countries economic development course indicated that, without a strong equipment manufacturing industry, is impossible to achieve national economy industrialization, modernization and information 3 . At present, the equipment manufacturing industry development lag is restricting Chinas economic development and industrial upgrading of the important factors, increase structural adjustment strength, promote mechanical industry lasts, healthy, steady development, to change the mode of economic growth, improve quality of national economy whole, enhance the international competitiveness of the economy, security and national defense security has important and far-reaching meaning of. 3 Of Machining Process Planning 3.1 Machining Process Definition The machining process is the use of mechanical processing method of change in rough shape, size, the relative position and the nature, make its become finished or semi-finished products of the whole process. Machining process directly determines the parts and the quality and performance of products, product cost, production period has great influence, is an important part of the whole process. 3.2 Mechanical Processes The composition of mechanical machining process of the basic unit is a process. Process and is formed by mounting, station, working steps and take the knife. The process is a group of workers, in a work of the same or simultaneously on several workpieces are completed for that part of the process. Process is the formulation of labor quota, with workers and machine tool equipment, arranging operation plan and quality testing of the basic unit. The installation is a workpiece by a fixture after the completion of the procedures. The application of switch ( or displacement) when processing machine tool ( or fixture ) processing, in a fixture, the workpiece ( or cutter ) relative to the machine tool passes through several locations in order processing, in each position is done on that part of the process, called station. The multi-station processing can reduce the times of clamping, reduce the mounting error, improve productivity. The step is processing the surface in the cutting tool and the cutting parameters ( only refers to the spindle speed and feed rate ) are the same circumstances completed part of the process. 3.3 Machining Process Definition Products or components manufacturing process and operation methods of the process, called process, it is the enterprise in the production of technical guidance document. 3.4 Machining Process Planning Function and Content Machining process is ready for production work mainly on the basis of. According to its raw material and semifinished product supply, machine tool adjustment, special process equipment design and manufacturing, production scheduling, allocation of labor force, and the production cost accounting. The machining process planning and organization of production, planning and scheduling based on. It can make production schedule and the corresponding scheduling, and can be connected to the scientific process, production is balanced, smooth, to realize high quality, high yield and low consumption. Machining process card and machining process card, are the two main process documents. Machining process card, is illustrated parts machining process technology files. In a single, small batch production, to machining process card guiding production, process card various projects in the preparation of more detailed. Machining process card for each process detailed formulation, used to direct workers, used for mass production parts and mass production of the important parts in the. 3.5 Making The Machining Process Planning Principles and Steps Under certain production conditions, with minimal consumption of labor and the lowest cost, according to plans processing parts that meet requirements of the drawings, is to develop the basic principle of machining process. Formulation of machining process steps are as follows: The under parts of the production program decision production type; The analysis of parts processing technology; The choice of blank type and manufacturing method; The technological process; The process design; The process documentation. 4 Fixture Design 4.1 Fixture Design Sense In the machinery industry, how to guarantee the high precision of workpiece, the costs of processing and other substantive issues, has been engaged in the mechanical industry research questions, which in the design of fixture when we should consider the problems above, efficient fixture is the workpiece precision guarantee, how to make the fixture more efficient, more economical, the industry is the urgent need to resolve. With the development of society, the continuous improvement of technology, various high- tech technology gradually infiltrated into all sectors, how to use these high-tech to serve mankind, how to make full use of the technology in mechanical industry, it also requires machinery industry staff continued efforts, innovation. With the development of science and technology, and social needs of the market, the fixture design in progressive super to the flexible manufacturing system development. To date, the fixture is mechanical and electrical products manufacturing in the four indispensable tools, tool itself is already highly standardized, the user only needs to press varieties, specifications selection and procurement. While the mold and fixture and related products products, there is a need to make changes, usually belong to the special properties of the tool, mould has become an independent industry; fixture at home and abroad is also gradually form a dependent or independent small industry of machine tool industry. Combined clamp not only has the standardization, modularization, modular and other contemporary advanced design ideas, and in line with resource conservation principle, more suitable for green manufacturing environment protection principle. So the next fixture technology is an important direction of development unit. Machine tool fixture is usually refers to the use of clamping workpiece clamping device: for the device with various tools, also known as tool. The auxiliary tool is sometimes generalized to include in the range of machine tool fixture. According to the application range of machine tool fixture, generally can be divided into general jig, fixture and adjustable fixture. Universal jig is on general machine tools are generally accompanied by a common fixture, such as a lathe chuck, milling machine rotary table, dividing head, top seat. They have a standardized, with certain universality, can be used to install certain shape and size within the range of the workpiece without the need for special adjustment. However, in actual production, a universal fixture often can not meet the needs of various parts processing; or because of low productivity and must have the universal fixture for proper improvement; or because the shape of the workpiece, the processing requirements to be different specialized design and manufacture of a special jig, in order to solve the actual production needs. Jig is adapted to a workpiece in a processing requirements and the design and manufacturing expertise, its function mainly has the following several aspects: 1 ensure that the surface of the workpiece being processed mainly includes processing workpieces need maneuvering time of loading and unloading workpieces need the auxiliary time of two part. 2 using a dedicated fixture, workpiece installation and conversion work work can be greatly simplified, no longer need to draw the line and to find it, to shorten the working procedure non-cutting time and save line drawing this process, thereby improving the labor productivity. In production due to the adoption of multiple parallel processing workpiece fixture, enabling the simultaneous processing several parts of the motor will time and processing time of the same motor. The rotary multi-station continuous processing fixture, can be used for machining a workpiece at the same time, other workpiece loading and unloading, thereby enabling the auxiliary time and motor time coincides. In short, with the special fixture using and further improvement, can effectively shorten the process time, production to meet the evolving needs of. 3 using a dedicated fixture can expand the scope of machine tool technology. For example in lathe boring jig attached, can replace boring work; special fixture can be installed after turning the molding surface, so as to give full play to the role of general machine tools. 4, reduce the labor intensity, and ensuring safety production. According to the demand of production, using pneumatic, hydraulic or other mechanical changes, a higher degree of automation of the special fixture, to reduce the labor intensity of workers, protection of production safety and the stability of product quality and high yield of a great role. Processing large workpieces, such as the lathe bed, the lower surfaces of the screw holes on the bed, need to flip several times for processing workpieces, high labor intensity and safety. The use of electric rotary drill furniture, can improve production efficiency, reduce labor intensity, ensure safety in production. 4.2 Fixture of The Development Trend Industrial design is the development of human society and the progress of science and technology of the product, from Maurices the arts and Crafts Movement, to the German Bauhaus design revolution and the United States of America wide dissemination and promotion, industrial design after brewing, exploration, formation, development history of more than 100 years of vicissitudes. Today, industrial design has become an independent subject, and a complete set of research system. In 1980 the International Council of societies of industrial design ( ICSID ) to the industry as a clearly defined: production of industrial products, by training, technical knowledge, experience and visual experience, and indicates the material, structure, morphology, structure, color, surface processing, decoration to the new quality and specification, called industrial design. According to the specific circumstances of the time, industrial designer in the industry products are all side or a few aspects of the work, but also the need for industrial designers of packaging, publicity, display, market development and other issues to resolve pay their own technical knowledge and experience and ability of the visual evaluation, which also belongs to the scope of industrial design. Material, structure, technology is the product design material and technical basis, on one hand, technology restrict the design; on the other hand, technology is also promoting design. From the point of view of design aesthetics, technology is not only the material basis but also has its own function action, as long as good application properties of the materials, to the corresponding structure and suitable processing technology, can create a practical, aesthetic, economic products, namely in the product technology potential function. Any design are the product of the times, its different features, different features reflect the different historical periods of level of science and technology. Technology is the product of the morphological development of the pilot, new material, new technology products, is bound to bring new structure, new forms and new style. Materials, processing technology, structure, product image organic ground is contacted together, a part of the change, it will cause the whole body changes. Now, the machining process and fixture with the development of manufacturing technology also make a spurt of progress. Machining process to the various factories in different circumstances, its processing procedures are very different. Break through the past death mode. Make it with different cases has more reasonable technological process. So that product quality greatly improved. Develop processing technology can be rational, but also to meet the basic requirements: guarantee product quality under the premise, as far as possible to improve labor productivity and reduce the processing cost. And to make full use of the existing factory production conditions, as far as possible, using domestic and foreign advanced technology and experience. Should also ensure that the good working conditions. But our country present stage still rely mainly on technology personnel experience to prepare process, often does not require step and cutting amount, man-hour quota is to be determined by experience, very rough, the lack of scientific basis, difficult to carry out reasonable economic accounting International Journal of production Research Association statistics show that, at present, small batch production of many varieties of workpiece varieties accounted for about 85% of the total number of the kind of workpiece. Modern manufacturing requirements of enterprises manufacturing products constantly upgrading, to meet the needs of the market and competition. However, the general enterprises are still accustomed to the traditional special fixture, generally in the medium having a production capacity of the plant, some have thousands or even nearly 10000 sets of special fixture; on the other hand, in the production of many varieties of the company, every 3 to 4 years to update 50 80% special jig, fixture actual wear only 10 20% or so. Especially in recent years, CNC machine tools, machining center, group technology, flexible manufacturing system ( FMS ), a new processing technology of machine tool fixture, proposed the following new requirements: 1) can rapidly and conveniently and equipment of new products put into production, so as to shorten the production cycle, reduce the production cost; 2) capable of clamping a group with similar characteristics of the workpiece; 3) can be applied to precision machining of high precision machine tool fixture; 4) can be applied to all the modern manufacturing technology of new machine tool fixture; 5) adopts the hydraulic station for power efficient clamping device, in order to further reduce the labor intensity and improve labor productivity; 6) improve the standardization degree of machine tool fixture. The development trend of modern machine tool fixture mainly for standardization, efficiency, precision and flexibility in four aspects. Use better fixture, can improve labor productivity, improve processing accuracy, reduce waste, machine tool technology can expand the scope, improve the operation of labor conditions. Therefore, the fixture machinery manufacturing is an important process equipment. A good fixture is the processing of qualified products of the first condition, in order to allow the clamp has the better development, fixture industry should strengthen the production, learning and research, collaborative efforts, accelerate the use of high technology to transform and upgrade the level of technology to create the pace of jig, fixture professional technology website, make full use of modern information and network technology, and when in keeping with the innovation and development of fixture technology. Active and foreign fixture manufacturer, for joint venture and cooperation, the introduction of technology, it is the reform and development of our country industry is more effective ways of fixture.