基于人機(jī)工程學(xué)的家用轎車駕駛員座椅設(shè)計(jì)
基于人機(jī)工程學(xué)的家用轎車駕駛員座椅設(shè)計(jì),基于,人機(jī),工程學(xué),家用轎車,駕駛員座椅,設(shè)計(jì)
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)任 務(wù) 書
設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目:基于人機(jī)工程學(xué)的家用轎車駕駛員座椅設(shè)計(jì)
學(xué)生姓名:
任務(wù)書填寫要求
1.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書由指導(dǎo)教師根據(jù)各課題的具體情況填寫,經(jīng)學(xué)生所在專業(yè)的負(fù)責(zé)人審查、系
(院)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽字后生效。此任務(wù)書應(yīng)在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開始前一周內(nèi)填好并發(fā)給學(xué)生。
2.任務(wù)書內(nèi)容必須用黑墨水筆工整書寫,不得涂改或潦草書寫;或者按教務(wù)處統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的電子文檔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式
(可從教務(wù)處網(wǎng)頁上下載)打印,要求正文小4號(hào)宋體,1.5倍行距,禁 打印在 上 。
3.任務(wù)書內(nèi)填寫的內(nèi)容,必須 學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 的情況 一 , ,應(yīng) 經(jīng) 所在專業(yè)
系(院) 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)審 后 可 填寫。
4.任務(wù)書內(nèi) 學(xué)院 、 專業(yè) 名 的填寫,應(yīng)寫 文 ,不 寫 字?¢。學(xué)生的 學(xué)號(hào) 要寫
號(hào),不 £寫?后2¥或1¥ 字。
5.任務(wù)書內(nèi) 要?§文currency1 的填寫,應(yīng)按'“???fi學(xué)院fl?畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 寫–??的要求書寫。
6. · ? ??的填寫,應(yīng) 按'?標(biāo)GB/T 7408—94“ 據(jù)? ”?格式、…‰”?、?? ?
`′?–?的要求,一?用ˉ?˙ 字書寫?!?2002·4 2? 或 2002-04-02”。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)任 務(wù) 書
1.fl畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題應(yīng) ?的目的:
? ??用所學(xué)的基ˇ—論、專業(yè) 基flfi 題,具 ?學(xué) 的 。 ?
行 查 , ??一? 的 a文currency1 行 ?。具 ?? ? ??的o 論 的 。
人 ?生? 的?求? ?,?車座椅?經(jīng)? ? ?人 的 , 適、適應(yīng)面廣的座椅可
以 便駕駛?cè)说牟僮?,?駕駛?cè)说钠?,減輕車禍 駕駛員 ?的傷害。應(yīng)用人機(jī)工程學(xué) 、從人-座
椅-環(huán)境的 向 指導(dǎo),并以此為依據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)家用轎車的座椅, ? 適、 、便捷駕駛的目的。
2.fl畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題任務(wù)的內(nèi)容 要求(包括原始 據(jù)、fi術(shù)要求、工作要求 ):
人機(jī)工程學(xué)指導(dǎo)的座椅,以人-座椅-環(huán)境系統(tǒng)為 ?象,以 ?駕駛?cè)笋{乘 、 適?以 座椅的廣
泛適應(yīng)?為 向,以駕乘人的 適、便捷、 為目的,使座椅符?大部 人的身材,并延長(zhǎng)駕駛?cè)似?
的 ?。利用CATIA 的人機(jī)工程模塊 建 ?人體模型, 指導(dǎo)轎車座椅基fl? 的設(shè)計(jì)、評(píng)價(jià)以 優(yōu)化,
例¨座椅的坐?、深度、靠背傾角,材 ,頭枕的 節(jié) ,使設(shè)計(jì)出的 車 加適? ?人的駕乘, ?駕乘
的 適?、 ?、適應(yīng)?以 操作便捷?。 要內(nèi)容 要求: 1、以 ? ·人為目標(biāo)駕駛員群體,
?人體尺寸模型。 2、?人體 行坐姿 , 導(dǎo) 駕駛員疲勞的原因,并想。 3、 現(xiàn) 的家用轎車
座椅的 情況,找出 存在的 題。 4、根據(jù)人機(jī)工程學(xué) 行家用轎車座椅的 設(shè)計(jì),確?座椅各項(xiàng)? ,
滿足 ? 適?要求。 5、基于以上設(shè)計(jì)的心得 未 的展望。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)任 務(wù) 書
3.?fl畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題 果的要求〔包括圖 、 物 硬件要求〕:
1、 ?人的身體特征,建 應(yīng)的人體模型,并以此 行計(jì)算。 2、 得???—的坐姿。 3、
現(xiàn) 的家用轎車座椅設(shè)計(jì)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。 4、基于以上 , 家用轎車 適座椅的設(shè)計(jì), 效消除駕駛疲勞。
5、利用CATIA軟件?涉 ?果 行校核。 6、按要求 寫論文,并繪制座椅效果圖。
4. 要?§文currency1:
[1] GB10000-88. ? ·人人體尺寸[S]. 華人民共 ??家標(biāo)準(zhǔn) [2] GB/T 15759-1995.人體模板
設(shè)計(jì) 使用要求[S]. 華人民共 ??家標(biāo)準(zhǔn) [3] 李恭?.論人機(jī)工程學(xué) 人體模型的建 [D].福州:福
州開發(fā)區(qū)職業(yè) 專學(xué)校,2009 [4] 毛恩榮,張紅.車輛人機(jī)工程學(xué)[M]. 北京:北京—工大學(xué)出版社,2007
[5] 張?華.??車座椅設(shè)計(jì)的探討[J]. ?車fi術(shù),2000(6) [6] 谷正氣.轎車車身[M].人民”通出版
社,2002 [7] 李莉.座¥作業(yè)腰背痛生物 學(xué) 機(jī)工效學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)[D].北京醫(yī)?大學(xué),1993 [8] 汪加麗.
座椅傾斜 向 角度?人體生— 心— 應(yīng)的 [D].? 大學(xué),2003 [9] 周一 .車輛人機(jī)工程學(xué)
[M].北京—工大學(xué)出版社,1999 [10] , 發(fā),張書 .人體 學(xué)[M]. 6版.長(zhǎng) : ?學(xué)
fi術(shù)出版社,2001 [11] 民.人體 學(xué)標(biāo)fl 圖 [M].廣州:廣 ?fi出版社,1998 [12]
.?車人體工程學(xué)[M].長(zhǎng) : ?fi出版社,1987 [13] .現(xiàn)?轎車車身設(shè)計(jì)[M].上 ?學(xué)fi術(shù)
出版社, [14] ? .人機(jī)工程在?車駕駛 設(shè)計(jì) 的應(yīng)用 [J].?車fi術(shù),1989 [15] ?¢.工業(yè)
£ ?型設(shè)計(jì)[M].機(jī)¥工業(yè)出版社,2004 [16] ?§currency1.生物 學(xué)的原— 應(yīng)用[M].上 :'“大學(xué)出版
社,1991
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)任 務(wù) 書
5.fl畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題工作 度計(jì)?:
2015.12.05-2015.12.22 確??題,填寫審題 ;指導(dǎo)教師下發(fā)任務(wù)書,學(xué)生查 課題 ?§文currency1、
?fi, 寫開題fl 。 2015.12.23-2016.01.22 ”開題fl 、a文?§?fi –文、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論
文)大?;開始畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)。 2016.01.23-2016.04.15 具體設(shè)計(jì)或 ? ·, ”畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
(論文)草 ,填寫 ? 查 。 2016.04.16-2016.05.04 論文或設(shè)計(jì)??書、圖 材fi, ”
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)? ,指導(dǎo)?師審核。 2016.05.05-2016.05.09 ”畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 文檔,學(xué)生準(zhǔn)?”
?;評(píng) 教師評(píng) 學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)。 2016.05.10-2016.05.16 根據(jù)學(xué)院統(tǒng)一 …, 行畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
(論文)”?。
所在專業(yè)審查‰ :
通
負(fù)責(zé)人: 2016 · 1 10 ?
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設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目:基于人機(jī)工程學(xué)的家用轎車駕駛員座椅設(shè)計(jì)
學(xué)生姓名:
開題報(bào)告填寫要求
1.開題報(bào)告(含“文獻(xiàn)綜述”)作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)答辯委員會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。此
報(bào)告應(yīng)在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下,由學(xué)生在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作前期內(nèi)完成,經(jīng)指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見及所在專業(yè)審查
后生效;
2.開題報(bào)告內(nèi)容必須用黑墨水筆工整書寫或按教務(wù)處統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的電子文檔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式打印,禁止打印在其它紙
上后剪貼,完成后應(yīng)及時(shí)交給指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見;
3.“文獻(xiàn)綜述”應(yīng)按論文的框架成文,并直 書寫(或打?。┰?開題報(bào)告 一 目?jī)?nèi),學(xué)生寫文獻(xiàn)綜述的
文獻(xiàn)應(yīng) 于15 ( );
4. 期的填寫,應(yīng) 按 標(biāo)GB/T 7408—94 據(jù) 交 格式 交 期 時(shí) ?
¢£?¥?的要求,一§用currency1'“ ?書寫。?“2004 4 26 ”或“2004-04-26”。
5 開題報(bào)告(文獻(xiàn)綜述)??fi按fl? –?書寫,? ·1.5 。
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1.??畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)?題?”,?據(jù)所查…的文獻(xiàn)資料,‰人 寫 于1000?? 的文獻(xiàn)綜述:
`′??ˉ?的 ˙¨ ?及經(jīng)?的 ˙ ?,人?生ˇ— 的 ˙ , 的生ˇ 車的 用
。 為工作的 要 駕 ? ,人?在車上的時(shí) 在a 。 車座椅作為 車 要的 成
?,?‰?駕駛?cè)?o 車 的 ?,座椅的設(shè)計(jì)??? ? ???直 ? 駕駛?cè)?
o 的 , 其?駕駛?cè)说? ?直 ? 到?駛的? 。 此,? ? 的座椅設(shè)計(jì)?至
要的[1]。通過大 研究指出人?o坐 車時(shí)的坐姿 大大? 了o坐的 性,駕駛?cè)俗谧紊?,其主?
力 ?為坐墊 靠背 ?,李莉在其論文[7]中指出坐墊 靠背應(yīng)該貼?人?的曲線, 樣才能減輕駕駛?cè)?
的疲勞 ,同時(shí)坐墊還要保證駕駛?cè)?出?? 晃動(dòng)的?”, 此?何正確的o坐 ? 要 慮的,通過設(shè)計(jì)
來可?引導(dǎo)駕o坐人?一種正確的坐姿o坐,從而 效的緩解o坐人的疲勞,延長(zhǎng)駕駛時(shí) , 駕駛 度。
同時(shí)研究 ?座椅傾斜方向 角度的細(xì)微變化 會(huì)對(duì)駕駛?cè)说纳? 心 產(chǎn)生一?的? ,所??據(jù) 同的人
?模型,座椅 要 同程度的對(duì)傾斜方向 角度做出調(diào)整,例?2007 汪 麗在其論文[8]中 到?果坐墊
度向后傾斜,則可? 駕駛?cè)嗽谥苿?dòng)時(shí) 至于身?前移 。 車座椅的?構(gòu) `′ 車設(shè)計(jì)的 ?產(chǎn)生的巨
大的變化, 車座椅的?構(gòu)從 初的整?式逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楹?jiǎn)單?塊式 更為先¨的復(fù)雜?塊式,?塊式的座椅設(shè)
計(jì)能夠更好的符?各種駕駛?cè)说膐坐,能 o坐人更 穩(wěn)? ,同時(shí)?塊式的座椅設(shè)計(jì)能夠更好的修改
改¨[9]。 車座椅除了o坐的 求之外,?在還 入一?其他的很 功能, 此座椅的周圍 了許 的操作
機(jī)構(gòu),吳壓良在專著[13]中指出對(duì) ?操作機(jī)構(gòu)的? 布置 ?座椅設(shè)計(jì)的一? 要的 驟,要?所 的設(shè)
置機(jī)構(gòu)?放置在人 伸及界面內(nèi)并且操作起來必須簡(jiǎn)單省力。此外,人?除了對(duì)于 ?座椅的要求,座椅的外
觀 ?面材料 越來越 到人?的 注,外觀上要求能夠做到經(jīng) 尊貴 品味,座椅的顏色要 車整?
外觀 內(nèi) 的基調(diào) 符?;而?面材料 從 初的機(jī) ,到?在的 , 至 工 制的坐墊
, 之人?越來越 求 ?性化[15]。 觀 ? , 來的座椅主要 向 ?方向 ?:電動(dòng)
架 輕 ?及? 。電動(dòng)座椅?電機(jī) 動(dòng) ?了?來的 ,可?對(duì)座椅¨? 省力的設(shè)置; 架
座椅能更好的緩解車身 動(dòng), o坐更 , 為 用 研究?及?統(tǒng)動(dòng)力學(xué) 論?¢ 研究了
£? ¥式座椅 ?通座椅, ?§用 ¥式座椅能更好currency1緩解駕駛?cè)说钠诔潭龋? 座椅能?據(jù)o坐人的
同來改變座椅的'性,更好的“? 同駕駛?cè)说?要, 減 了??調(diào) 的fifl;輕 座椅 于
–?經(jīng)?性,其? 性 ?于·統(tǒng)座椅;? 座椅則?在 車時(shí) 成員`座椅做主動(dòng)?動(dòng),從而保?o員?
?”或減 ?”。 來的座椅操作 ?來??更 向于人性化 …能化 ? 化 輕‰化。 車座椅?
車上 可 的 要 ?,它? 車 人?動(dòng)的基 。? 的座椅設(shè)計(jì) 能 駕駛?cè)说牟僮?` ,減
來 車身 動(dòng)對(duì)駕駛?cè)说? , 效緩解駕駛?cè)说钠?,延長(zhǎng)駕駛?cè)说鸟{駛時(shí) ,從而保證了駕駛的? 性。
此,研究 設(shè)計(jì)? ? 的座椅?至 要的。 文獻(xiàn): [1] GB10000-88.中 成 人人?
′?[S].中?人 ˉ 家標(biāo)準(zhǔn) [2] GB/T 15759-1995.人?模?設(shè)計(jì) 用要求[S].中?人 ˉ
家標(biāo)準(zhǔn) [3] 李˙ .論人機(jī)工程學(xué)中人?模型的¨ [D].??:??開 ?業(yè)中專學(xué)?,2009 [4]
ˇ— , .車 人機(jī)工程學(xué)[M]. : 工大學(xué)出 ,2007 [5] ?.對(duì) 車座椅設(shè)計(jì)的
[J]. 車ˉ?,2000(6) [6] 正?.轎車車身[M].人 交通出 ,2002 [7] 李莉.座 作業(yè)
背 生 力學(xué)?¢機(jī)工效學(xué) [D]. ? 大學(xué),1993 [8] 汪 麗.座椅傾斜方向 角度對(duì)人?生
心 a應(yīng)的? [D]. 成功大學(xué),2003 [9] 周一 .車 人機(jī)工程學(xué)[M]. 工大學(xué)出 ,1999
[10] ,?? , 書?.人?解o學(xué)[M]. 6 .長(zhǎng) : 學(xué)ˉ?出 ,2001 [11] .
人?解o學(xué)標(biāo) ?色 [M]. ?: ? ˉ出 ,1998 [12] ?. 車人?工程學(xué)[M].長(zhǎng) :
ˉ出 ,1987 [13] 吳?良.??轎車車身設(shè)計(jì)[M].上? 學(xué)ˉ?出 ,1993 [14] ? .人機(jī)
工程在 車駕駛 設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用研究[J]. 車ˉ?,1989 [15] 邦.工業(yè)產(chǎn)品造型設(shè)計(jì)[M].機(jī)械工業(yè)
出 ,2004 [16] 刁穎敏.生 力學(xué)的? 應(yīng)用[M].上?:同?大學(xué)出 ,1991
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論文) 開 題 報(bào) 告
2. ?題要研究或解決的問題 擬§用的研究 段(途徑):
?題要研究或解決的問題: ?題主要研究的對(duì)象?家用轎車的座椅設(shè)計(jì),?在市面上的 車座椅設(shè)計(jì)主要
的 對(duì)象? 外的人?模型,應(yīng)該面向中 的駕駛員的人?'征¨?針對(duì)化設(shè)計(jì),同時(shí)由于坐姿對(duì)駕駛?cè)说?
很大? ,所?對(duì)駕駛?cè)俗说?力?”¨?研究,?¢出能夠 效緩解駕駛?cè)似诘淖?,?
此為 設(shè)計(jì)座椅,并在座椅設(shè)計(jì)的過程中? ?配座椅所 的操作機(jī)構(gòu),并在設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)過程中 慮到?
‰捷 減 各方面的要求。擬§用的研究 段(途徑):主要ˉ?路線?:1. 用 據(jù)庫¨ 中
駕駛?cè)说娜?模型;2.對(duì)坐姿¨?研究, 出 ? 的坐姿;3.?據(jù) ? 的坐姿指導(dǎo)座椅的設(shè)計(jì);4.?據(jù)
設(shè)計(jì)?果 用CATIA繪制制設(shè)計(jì)完成的座椅 并?核。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論文) 開 題 報(bào) 告
指導(dǎo)教師意見:
1.對(duì)“文獻(xiàn)綜述”的 語:
錢勤同學(xué)對(duì) 車座椅設(shè)計(jì)的 要性 注意事項(xiàng)¨?了綜述, ′對(duì) 車座椅設(shè)計(jì)的研究?狀 研究?jī)?nèi)容 ¨?
了綜?闡述,并列舉了 的研究實(shí)例。 后 ?了? ¨?座椅設(shè)計(jì)的 要性。文獻(xiàn)綜述寫作符?要求。
2.對(duì) ?題的深度 度及工作 的意見 對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)?果的預(yù)測(cè):
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)選題符?所學(xué)專業(yè)方向 專業(yè)要求,設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容符? 會(huì)經(jīng)? ?實(shí)際,設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)劃切實(shí)可?。 ?題深
度 度 中,工作 飽“,預(yù)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)?果能夠完成。同意開題。
3.??同意開題:√ 同意 □ 同意
指導(dǎo)教師:
2016 02 13
所在專業(yè)審查意見:
同意
負(fù)責(zé)人:
2016 04 07
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文
譯文題目: The Strategic Transformation of
Automobile Industry in China
中國汽車工業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型
學(xué)生姓名:
?! I(yè):
所在學(xué)院:
指導(dǎo)教師:
職 稱:
The Strategic Transformation of Automobile Industry in China
Abstract
In the past few years, the global automobile industry is developing difficultly because of the influence from the financial crisis. In contrast, China's automobile production and sales are still having a blowout type growth, and jumped into the world's largest automobile production and sales market. At the same time, Chinese automobile companies continue to deepen and join with international brand cooperation; independent research and development of the independent brand production, and their technical also get greatly strengthened. Similarly, in the tide of industrial upgrading and international acquisitions, strategic transformation era of Chinese automobile industry has gradually started. This paper based on the world economic crisis brought both challenge and opportunity to the automobile industry in China, comprehensively analysis China's automobile industry development present situation and development trend in the transformation era, with case analysis of China's automobile companies, and then gives some suggestions on China's automobile industry strategy adjustment in transformation.
Keywords: Strategic transformation, Automobile industry, China automobile development
1. Introduction
Changing is the eternal theme of enterprise development. The strategic change is not only the result of environmental changes of the product, but also the outcome of the enterprise internal development pressure. Automobile enterprise is an organization of the high technology industrialization and commercialization and its purpose is to make profit. The globalization of economic and high diversity means of new technology enterprise competition, the market competition became more intense, and the enterprise metabolism speed up, which makes high technology and new technology enterprise face an increasing survival pressure in the market. The market is the foundation of the enterprise’s survival; the enterprise strategy must comply with the needs of the market. The present market is changing fast, the automobile industry enterprise will undoubtedly need to pay more attention than ever to the strategic management, when the current strategy can not follow the change of environment, then they need to change it in time, to make a strategic transformation and adjustment. Therefore, the success or failure of the strategic transformation involves what factors, and which is the key factor have become the enterprise decision makers highly concerned problems, the purpose of this study is to find the influential key factors of automobile industry strategic change, and analyzes the effect factors of its importance, and then puts forward some guidance strategic change for other enterprise to make strategic decisions.
2. The Strategic Transformation and Its Influencing Factors
2.1 The Connotation of Enterprise Strategic Transformation and Its Literature Review
The transformation strategy is refers to a process, in which the enterprise according to its external environment, the enterprise internal resources and capacity situation to overcome the difficulties. The enterprise faces in the original management pattern and access to a new competitive environment and design enterprise's future goals. The ways achieve them, and then form the new technology, new product and new market. The strategic transformation is the
highest form of strategy and the adjustment of transformation. It is the results of enterprise external forces, and the internal forces promote the enterprise strategic adjustment and reformation. Its main manifestation is the key technology of the enterprise, product structure, and target market of business model to do adjustment and make decision. The essence of the strategy transformation of the enterprise is to achieve sustainable development and sustainable management goal and an exhaustive change. For, the enterprise it is a new life, it is the positive change for the enterprise.
Through the research of the enterprise strategic transformation, it is better to provide guidance for the enterprise's growth. Strategic transformation is the business enterprise’s growth process that every enterprise has to meet in the process of making strategic choice, and it occupies a very important position. Once the enterprise growth meet some frustration, it is necessary to do strategic transition. The study of strategic transformation for enterprise can provide corresponding guidelines to its practical operation. An enterprise may also through the process of implementing the strategic transformation to reduce the blind behavior and invalid trial and error, reduce strategy transformation cost and improve the efficiency of the transformation, so as to improve the success rate of strategic transformation. Enterprise can get sustainable competitive advantages through the successful strategy transformation. In order to prevent the risk that the product or the decline of the industry may bring to the enterprise, the enterprise must be accurately and timely implement strategy transformation, so as to decline the loss on products or industry that the enterprise resources may bring to the enterprise.
So far, there is no special book written about enterprise strategic transformation, however, many strategists are aware of the strategic transformation is a profound enterprise reform. The scope of the enterprise reformation can be divided into the following categories: for the purpose of improve process performance process, to redesign the process of the existing innovation as the foundation, abandon the existing process of reengineering from scratch with the whole enterprise restructuring of the strategic transformation. Organizational change experts, Kurt Lewin, put forward the reform trilogy: Defrost, Mobile, and Freeze. Richard Pascale and Tonyathos put forward the basic frame structure transformation 7S mode, point out that in order to understand the mechanism of organizational transformation and make the performance improvement target, an organization should achieve consistently and balance in seven aspects. These seven aspects are Strategy, Skills, Values, Structures, Systems, Staff, and Style. Strategy, Structure and System are considered to be the essential "hardware” elements of enterprise’s success, and Style, Staff, Skills and Values are considered to be the "software" elements of the enterprise with a successful management. "Software" elements and the "hardware" elements are equally important. John Kotter put forward the eight steps mode of the transformation in the article "the leadership change" set up the sense of urgency, the formation of the powerful guiding power, vision and strategy formulated, vision to communicate and fully empowered to achieve our vision of employees, harvest short-term results, consolidating achievement and create further reform, and make new method institutionalization. Kotter researched more than 100 companies and found that the basic goals of the enterprise reform is to fundamentally change the enterprise’s management practices, help the enterprise to adapt to a more challenging new market environment. Jack T. put forward the ten commandments in the article "implementing the change ", and points out that the organizational transformation should also focused on two aspects, the organization for change “Readiness” and the ability of change “Capability”. The preparation for transformation depends on whether there is enough motivation and whether it can get in benefits from the transformation. The ability to transformation depends on whether there is enough support, conditions and skills to complete the change. PWC company put forward 15 guiding principles in this paper "Better Change: Best Practices for Transforming Your Organization" in 1995. This 15 guiding principles are: face the reality, focus on strategic issues, make strong call on, set range wisely, establish strong change atmosphere, let customers drive the change, get knowledge about the stakeholders, do continuous communication, reconstruction assessment index, make full use of all change means, with a view of the long term, consider about the diversity, establishing the integration of skill, plans and the action. The Boston consulting group’s vice president Jeanie Daniel Duck in the article "The Management Transformation" put forward: managers should not divide change down into sporadic clips, and should think about transformation on the point of supervision system changes.
David pointed in a book "the strategic management" about there are three strategic transformation methods: forced change strategies, education reform strategy, rational make the change of strategy. Jack Duncan thinks that rational change strategy that should be includes the following four steps: the first step, invite employees to participate in the change and specific process of transformation. The second step, in order to promote reform, some incentive is needed; self-interest is one of the most important incentives. The third step, for making people to understand the purpose of transformation, we need to spread and communication. The fourth step, send and receive feedback, everyone is pleased to know how things are going on, and made what progress they have. They have all emphasized to overcome change resistance, think that the most important factor of the failure is resistance.
To sum up, we can see that so far all of the literature about the enterprise strategic transformation are on some varying degree emphasize on the enterprise strategic management and its control, thus made clear strategy transformation as basic steps to make a comprehensive system of change. However, there is hardly any research about the factors of the impact the transformation strategy, if the enterprise wants to get a successful implementation of strategic transformation, must analyze the influence factors of its success or failure first, and then start from these aspects.
2.2 The Analysis of Transformation Strategy Influence Factors
Strategic transformation is a complex multi-objective decision making, which is jointed by many subjective and objective factors; it is decided not only by the enterprise internal resources and ability, but also by the outside environment. Thus, this paper will concrete analysis the internal and external influence factors of automobile enterprise strategic transformation, in order to make the operator can fully consider about their importance. Only if the enterprise can recognize these the specific factors that influence the strategy transformation, clear all the advantages and disadvantages that the enterprise has, then they can lay the foundation for strategic transformation. It is considered that, the major factors that influence automobile enterprise strategic transformation are as follows: national/industry environment, strategic management, operation management, technology management, human resources. Every factor has its assessment criteria:
National/industry environment assessment criteria: the government encourages and preferential policy, industrial competitive situation, national macroeconomic conditions, association of industry competition situation, the industrial policy and regulation, industrial potential competitors.
Strategy management assessment criteria: enterprise idea/vision/target communication, enterprise social capital and the interpersonal network, the business's strategic vision, enterprise scale and international status, enterprise strategic alliance.
The management assessment criteria: management team’s quality and ability, enterprise’s information collection and report, organization and operation mechanism, the internal control mechanism.
Technical management assessment criteria: technology innovation ability, input intensity of the research and development, technology absorption/using ability, the core technology level, inventions and patents.
Human resources assessment criteria: human resources quality, interpersonal cooperation and exchange, performance management, executive officers/employee training, employee’s loyalty.
Today's era is the strategy wins era, in order to participate in the competition and won a competition, it is important for an organization to make their strategy and tactics. The right strategy can make the organization improve their environment strain capacity, development and strengthen capacity; conversely, the wrong strategy will make the organization lost competitive advantage in the competition, and even fall or bankruptcy. Therefore, the strategic management as a new management concept has been at the core position of modern management. Based on the above analysis, we put forward assumption 1: strategic management has great impact on the automobile enterprise strategic transformation.
Some scholars believe that in the strategic transformation of a enterprise, the operators’ decisions play a decisive role of the strategy to make the success or failure of the strategic transition, so they think the enterprise management strategies have the biggest influence on enterprise strategy transformation. But it is also considered that, enterprise social capital, the interpersonal network and the quality and strategic vision of operators are the key factors. Then we put forward hypothesis 2: in the strategic management assessment criteria, enterprise social capital and the interpersonal network and the strategic vision of the operators are the most important factors of the enterprise strategic transformation.
Talents are the most important resource of an enterprise; it is the basic power of the enterprise in the market competition and the development. Therefore, we put forward assumption 3: among the factors which have influence in enterprise strategic transformation, human resources management is more important than technology.
中國汽車工業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型
背景
在過去的幾年中,全球汽車工業(yè)正因金融危機(jī)的影響而發(fā)展困難。相比之下,中國的汽車生產(chǎn)和銷售仍在井噴式增長(zhǎng),并一躍成為全球最大的汽車生產(chǎn)和銷售市場(chǎng)。同時(shí),中國汽車公司繼續(xù)深化與國際品牌合作加盟、自主品牌自主研發(fā)生產(chǎn),其技術(shù)技術(shù)也得到極大的加強(qiáng)。同樣,在產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)和國際并購的大潮中,中國汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)代已逐步開始。本文基于世界經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)帶來的挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇,在中國的汽車產(chǎn)業(yè),全面分析我國汽車工業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀在轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì),隨著我國汽車公司的案例分析,并提出了對(duì)我國汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)戰(zhàn)略調(diào)整轉(zhuǎn)型的幾點(diǎn)建議信息。
關(guān)鍵詞:戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型,汽車工業(yè),中國汽車發(fā)展
1、簡(jiǎn)介
變革是企業(yè)發(fā)展的永恒主題。戰(zhàn)略改變的不僅是產(chǎn)品的環(huán)境變化的結(jié)果,也是企業(yè)內(nèi)部發(fā)展壓力的結(jié)果。汽車企業(yè)是高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)化和商業(yè)化的組織,其目的是實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤(rùn)。經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化與高多元化的新途徑科技企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)使市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)更加激烈,而企業(yè)的新陳代謝加快,使高新技術(shù)企業(yè)面臨越來越大的市場(chǎng)生存壓力。市場(chǎng)是企業(yè)生存的基礎(chǔ),企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略必須順應(yīng)市場(chǎng)的需要。目前的市場(chǎng)正在快速變化,汽車行業(yè)企業(yè)無疑要比以往任何時(shí)候都更加注重戰(zhàn)略管理,當(dāng)目前的戰(zhàn)略不能遵循環(huán)境的變化,那么他們需要及時(shí)的改變,做出戰(zhàn)略性的轉(zhuǎn)型和調(diào)整。因此,戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型的成敗就涉及到哪些因素,而這也是關(guān)鍵因素已經(jīng)成為企業(yè)決策者高度關(guān)注的問題,本研究目的主要是找出影響汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)變的關(guān)鍵因素,并分析其影響因素,進(jìn)而提出一些指導(dǎo)性戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)變其他企業(yè)做出戰(zhàn)略決策。
2、戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型及其影響因素
2.1企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型的內(nèi)涵及其文獻(xiàn)綜述
轉(zhuǎn)型戰(zhàn)略是指企業(yè)根據(jù)其外部環(huán)境、企業(yè)內(nèi)部資源和能力狀況來克服困難的過程。企業(yè)在原有的管理模式下,面對(duì)新的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境來設(shè)計(jì)企業(yè)的未來目標(biāo)。戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型是戰(zhàn)略的最高形式和轉(zhuǎn)型的調(diào)整。它是企業(yè)外部力量的結(jié)果,是推動(dòng)企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略調(diào)整和改革的內(nèi)在力量。其主要表現(xiàn)形式是企業(yè)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)和業(yè)務(wù)模式的目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)做調(diào)整和決策。企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型的實(shí)質(zhì)是實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展和可持續(xù)管理的目標(biāo)和徹底的變革。對(duì)于企業(yè)它是一個(gè)新的生命,它是對(duì)企業(yè)的積極變化。通過對(duì)企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型的研究,更好的為企業(yè)的成長(zhǎng)提供指導(dǎo)。戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型是每一個(gè)企業(yè)在做出戰(zhàn)略選擇的過程中都要遇到一個(gè)很重要的企業(yè)成長(zhǎng)過程,它就占據(jù)了非常重要的地位。一旦企業(yè)成長(zhǎng)遇到一些挫折,就要做戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型。對(duì)企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型的研究可以為企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型提供相應(yīng)的指導(dǎo)。企業(yè)還可以通過在實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型的過程中,減少盲目行為和無效的嘗試和錯(cuò)誤,降低戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型成本,提高效率轉(zhuǎn)換的效率,從而提高企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型的成功率。通過成功的戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型,企業(yè)可以獲得持續(xù)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。為了防止產(chǎn)品或行業(yè)的下降可能帶給企業(yè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)企業(yè),企業(yè)必須及時(shí)準(zhǔn)確地實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型,從而降低產(chǎn)品或產(chǎn)業(yè)或者 企業(yè)的資源可能給企業(yè)帶來的損失。
通過成功的戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型,企業(yè)可以獲得持續(xù)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。為了防止產(chǎn)品或行業(yè)的下降可能帶給企業(yè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)企業(yè),企業(yè)必須及時(shí)準(zhǔn)確地實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型,從而降低產(chǎn)品或產(chǎn)業(yè),企業(yè)的資源可能給企業(yè)帶來的損失。企業(yè)改革的范圍可以分為以下幾類:為了提高過程績(jī)效的目的,重新設(shè)計(jì)以現(xiàn)有為創(chuàng)新基礎(chǔ)的過程,放棄現(xiàn)有流程再造與企業(yè)重組的戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型。組織變革專家,庫爾特勒溫,提出改革三部曲:解凍、移動(dòng)和凍結(jié)。李察?帕斯卡爾和托尼亞斯提出基本框架結(jié)構(gòu)改造7S模式,指出為了了解組織變革的機(jī)制,并制定績(jī)效改進(jìn)的目標(biāo),一個(gè)組織要在七個(gè)方面達(dá)到一致和平衡。這七個(gè)方面是策略、技能、價(jià)值觀、結(jié)構(gòu)、系統(tǒng)、員工和風(fēng)格。戰(zhàn)略、結(jié)構(gòu)和制度被認(rèn)為是企業(yè)成功的基本“硬件”要素,其風(fēng)格、員工、技能和價(jià)值觀都被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)企業(yè)成功管理的“軟件”要素?!败浖痹睾汀坝布痹赝瑯又匾?。約翰科特在文章“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)變革”提出轉(zhuǎn)型的八步模式,樹立緊迫感、強(qiáng)大的引導(dǎo)力的形成、愿景和戰(zhàn)略制定、愿景的溝通和充分授權(quán)以實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的員工愿景、收獲短期結(jié)果、鞏固成果、深化改革、并使新方法制度化??铺氐难芯砍^100家企業(yè),發(fā)現(xiàn)企業(yè)改革的基本目標(biāo)是要從根本上改變企業(yè)的管理實(shí)踐,幫助企業(yè)適應(yīng)更具挑戰(zhàn)性的新的市場(chǎng)環(huán)境。杰克T在文章中提出“實(shí)施變革”十條戒律,指出組織變革也主要集中在兩個(gè)方面,常組織“準(zhǔn)備”和“能力”的能力。轉(zhuǎn)換的準(zhǔn)備取決于是否有足夠的動(dòng)機(jī)和是否可以從轉(zhuǎn)換中獲得好處。轉(zhuǎn)化的能力取決于是否有足夠的支持,完成變更條件和技能。普華永道公司于1995年在“更好的改變:轉(zhuǎn)變組織的最佳實(shí)踐”提出了15項(xiàng)指導(dǎo)原則。這15個(gè)指導(dǎo)原則是:面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí),注重戰(zhàn)略問題,做強(qiáng)號(hào)召,合理設(shè)置范圍,樹立強(qiáng)大的變革氛圍,讓客戶推動(dòng)變革,獲得有關(guān)利益相關(guān)者的知識(shí),做持續(xù)溝通,重建評(píng)估指標(biāo),充分利用一切手段,用長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的觀點(diǎn),考慮多樣性,建立技能、計(jì)劃和行動(dòng)的整合。波士頓咨詢集團(tuán)的副總裁珍妮丹尼爾鴨在文章“管理轉(zhuǎn)型”提出:管理者不應(yīng)將變更分為零星的片斷,并且要考慮到監(jiān)督制度變遷的角度進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)變。
戴維在《戰(zhàn)略管理》一書中指出,有三種戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)變方法:強(qiáng)行轉(zhuǎn)變戰(zhàn)略、教育改革戰(zhàn)略、理性化戰(zhàn)略的轉(zhuǎn)變。杰克鄧肯認(rèn)為理性改變策略應(yīng)該包括以下四個(gè)步驟:第一步,邀請(qǐng)員工參與和具體轉(zhuǎn)型過程中的變化。第二步,為了推動(dòng)改革,一些激勵(lì)是必要的;自我利益是最重要的誘因之一。第三步,讓人們了解轉(zhuǎn)變的目的,我們需要傳播和溝通。第四步,發(fā)送和接收反饋,大家都很高興知道事情的發(fā)生是怎樣的和他們有什么進(jìn)步。他們都強(qiáng)調(diào)要克服阻力,認(rèn)為失敗最重要的因素是阻力。
總之,我們可以看到,迄今為止,企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型的所有文獻(xiàn)都在不同程度上強(qiáng)調(diào)企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略管理及其控制,從而明確了戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型作為一個(gè)全面系統(tǒng)的基本步驟。然而,目前還沒有對(duì)影響企業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型戰(zhàn)略的因素進(jìn)行研究,如果企業(yè)要獲得成功實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型,首先必須進(jìn)行分析其成功或失敗的影響因素,然后從這些方面開始。
2.2轉(zhuǎn)型戰(zhàn)略影響因素分析
戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的多目標(biāo)決策,這是由許多主客觀因素的結(jié)合;它不僅取決于企業(yè)內(nèi)部的資源和能力而且還受到外界環(huán)境的影響。因此,本文將具體分析內(nèi)部和外部的汽車企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型的影響因素,為了使運(yùn)營商可以充分考慮他們的重要性。只有企業(yè)才能認(rèn)識(shí)到影響企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型的具體因素,明確企業(yè)所擁有的優(yōu)勢(shì)和劣勢(shì),才能奠定企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略的基礎(chǔ)戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型的基礎(chǔ)。我認(rèn)為影響汽車企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型的主要因素有:國家/行業(yè)環(huán)境、戰(zhàn)略管理、運(yùn)營管理、技術(shù)學(xué)管理,人力資源。每一個(gè)因素都有其評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
國家/行業(yè)環(huán)境評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):政府鼓勵(lì)和優(yōu)惠政策,產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)形勢(shì),國家的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)狀況、產(chǎn)業(yè)政策法規(guī)、產(chǎn)業(yè)潛在的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。
戰(zhàn)略管理評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn):企業(yè)理念/愿景/目標(biāo)溝通、企業(yè)社會(huì)資本和人際網(wǎng)絡(luò),企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略愿景、企業(yè)規(guī)模與國際地位,企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟。
管理評(píng)審標(biāo)準(zhǔn):管理團(tuán)隊(duì)的質(zhì)量和能力,企業(yè)的信息收集和報(bào)告,組織和運(yùn)行機(jī)制,內(nèi)部控制機(jī)制。
技術(shù)管理評(píng)審標(biāo)準(zhǔn):技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力、研發(fā)投入強(qiáng)度、技術(shù)吸收、利用能力、核心技術(shù)水平、發(fā)明和專利。
人力資源評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):人力資源素質(zhì)、人際合作與交流、績(jī)效管理、執(zhí)行人員、員工培訓(xùn)、員工忠誠度。
當(dāng)今的時(shí)代是戰(zhàn)略的時(shí)代,為了參與競(jìng)爭(zhēng),贏得競(jìng)爭(zhēng),重要的是組織制定自己的戰(zhàn)略和策略。正確的戰(zhàn)略可以使組織提高自身的環(huán)境應(yīng)變能力,發(fā)展和增強(qiáng)能力;反之,錯(cuò)誤的戰(zhàn)略將使組織失去競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力優(yōu)勢(shì)在競(jìng)爭(zhēng),甚至下降或破產(chǎn)。因此,戰(zhàn)略管理作為一種新的管理理念,一直處于現(xiàn)代管理的核心地位。基于上述分析,我們提出了假設(shè)1:戰(zhàn)略管理偉大的汽車企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型的影響。
有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,在企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型的過程中,經(jīng)營者的決策起著決定性的作用,是戰(zhàn)略的成功或失敗的戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型,因此他們認(rèn)為企業(yè)經(jīng)營戰(zhàn)略對(duì)企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型的影響最大。但也有人認(rèn)為,企業(yè)社會(huì)資本、人際網(wǎng)絡(luò)而運(yùn)營商的質(zhì)量和戰(zhàn)略愿景是關(guān)鍵因素。然后,我們提出假設(shè)2:在戰(zhàn)略管理中的評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn),企業(yè)社會(huì)資本與人際關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)與經(jīng)營者的戰(zhàn)略愿景是企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型的最重要因素。
人才是企業(yè)最重要的資源,是企業(yè)在市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和發(fā)展中的基本力量。因此,我們提出了假設(shè)3:在事實(shí)上影響企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型的關(guān)鍵因素中,人力資源管理更為重要。
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