非謂語動詞用法詳解【學(xué)校材料】
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1、 非謂語動詞用法詳解 動詞的非謂語形式有三種:不定式、動名詞和分詞 (一)不定式 不定式由“ to十動詞原形”構(gòu)成,其否定形式是“ not to do”.不定式可以帶賓語或狀語構(gòu)成不定式短語,沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化.不定式可作主語、賓語、狀語、表語和定語,但不能單獨作謂語.不定式的邏輯主語有時用“ for十名詞或代詞賓格”構(gòu)成. 1.不定式的用法: l)作主語.不定式短語作主語時,往往放在謂語之后,用 it作形式主語.例如: To see is to believe. It is right t
2、o give up smoking. 2)作賓語.不定式短語作賓語時,如果還帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語。往往把不定式賓語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后,而用 it作形式賓語.例如: He wanted to go. I find it interesting to study work with him. 3)作賓語補(bǔ)足語.例如: He asked me to do the work with him. 注意 :在 feel,hear,listen to,look at,notice, observe,see,watch,have
3、, let,make等詞后的補(bǔ)足語中,不定式不帶 to.但是這些句子如果變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)時,就必須帶 to.例如 I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song. 注意:不定式動詞在介詞 but,except,besides后面時,如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞 do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后的不定式不帶 to,否則要帶 to.如: She could do nothing but cry. What do you like to do
4、besides swim? I have no choice but to go. 動詞help之后,帶to或不帶to都可以。 Will you please help me (to) take this suitcase?? 請你幫我提一下這個衣箱好嗎? She often helps her mother (to) clean their house. 她經(jīng)常幫助她媽媽打掃房子。 4)作定語.例如: I have some books for you to read. 注①作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞,或者不定式
5、所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等,不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞.例如: He is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about. Please give me a knife to cut with. 但是,不定式所修飾的名詞如果是 time,place或 way,不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上要省去.例如: He had no money and no place to live. 注②當(dāng)作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式
6、動作的承受者時,不定式既可以用主動語態(tài),也可用被動語態(tài),但其含義有所不同.試比較: A) Have you anything to send? 你有什么東西要寄嗎? (不定式 to send的動作執(zhí)行者是 you) B) Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎? (不定式 to be sent的動作執(zhí)行者是已被省略的 me或 難點 someone else) 5)
7、作狀語,表示目的、原因、結(jié)果或條件.例如: I came here to see you.(目的) We were very excited to hear the news.(原因) He hurried to the school to find nobody there.(結(jié)果) so + adj. / adv. + as to do such + adj. + n. +as to do… adj. / adv.+ enough + to do too + adv. / adj. +to do:太...而不能....;非常...
8、 He was so foolish as to believe it. = He was such a fool as to believe it. = He was foolish enough to believe it. The ice is too thin to skate on. =The ice is not thick enough to skate on. He was too happy(情感adj.) to see his father. You can never too careful to cross the roa
9、d.再...都不為過 To look at him, you would like him.(條件) 目的狀語還可以用 in order to或 so as to來表示.如: In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard. We ran all the way so as not to be late. 不定式也可在作表語用的形容詞后面作狀語.例如: I am very glad to hear it. The question is diffi
10、cult to answer. “ too十形容詞或副詞十不定式”作狀語.例如: He is too old to do that. 另外句子中有 enough這個詞時,常用不定式作狀語.例如: The room is big enough to hold us. 6)作表語.例如: My job is to help the patient. 7)作獨立成分.例如: To tell the truth, I don’t agree with you. 8)不定
11、式與疑問詞 who,which,when,where,how,what等連用,在句中起名詞作用,可充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語,賓補(bǔ)等.例如: He didn’t know what to say.(賓語) How to solve the problem is very important.(主語) My question is when to start. (表語) She often teaches me how to read and write.(作賓語補(bǔ)足語) 她常教我如何讀書寫字。 注意:在與
12、 why連用時,只用于 why或 why not開頭的簡短疑問句中,后面緊跟的動詞不定式不帶 to. 例如: Why not have a rest? 9)不定式在句中用主動式還是被動式。多數(shù)情況下是容易判別的,但有時的確比較復(fù)雜,請注意以下幾點: A)不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時,不定式往往用主動形式. Have you got a key to unlock the door? (A key unlocks the door.)
13、 B)不定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,又和該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時,不定式常用主動形式. I have got a letter to write.( I write letter.) He needs a room to live in.( He lives in a room.) I know what to do.( I do what.) 但這句如改為下列形式,不定式就得用被動形式: I know what is to be done. 這是因
14、為 what is to be done是賓語從句,從句中的主語 what是動詞 do的動作對象 C)不定式作表語形容詞的狀語,和句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時,不定式多用主動形式,這是因為人們往往認(rèn)為形容詞后省去了 for one或 for people.例如: He is hard to talk to.( to talk to him.) The book is difficult to understand. ( to understand the book.) 但如果強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的受事者時,亦可用不定式被動
15、式,例如: The handwriting is very difficult to be read.(是隱形主語,非顯性主語) The box is too heavy to be lifted. D)在 “there十be” 的結(jié)構(gòu)中,當(dāng)說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時,不定式用主動形式,如果說話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事情本身必須完成,則用被動形式. There is a lot of work to do. ( Somebody has to do the work.) There
16、 is a lot of work to be done. ( The work has to be done.) 請注意下面兩個句子的含義是不同的: There is nothing to do. 意為無事可做,感到十分乏味. There is nothing to be done.意為某東西壞了,無法使之恢復(fù)正常. 2.不定式的時態(tài) l)不定式的一般形式所表示的動作,通常與謂語的動作(狀態(tài))同時(或幾乎同時)發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生.例如: I saw him go out.
17、 2)如果謂語表示的動作(情況)發(fā)生時,不定式表示的動作正在進(jìn)行,這時不定式就要用進(jìn)行式.例如: I am very glad to be working with you. 3)如果不定式的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前,就要用完成式.例如: I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. 3.不定式的語態(tài) 當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被動形式。例如: He asked to be sent to work in the co
18、untryside. It is possible for our hopes to be realized. (二)動名詞 1.動名詞由動詞 + ing構(gòu)成;具有動詞和名詞的性質(zhì);在句中起名詞作用,可作主語、賓語、表語和定語. 1)作主語.例如: Seeing is believing. Laying eggs is the ant queen’s full- time job. It is no use arguing with him. 注意:動名詞和不定式都可以
19、作主語,動名詞作主語表示一般或抽象的多次性行為,不定式作主語往往表示具體的或一次性的動作.例如:要找出例證 Playing with fire is dangerous.(泛指玩火) To play with fire will be dangerous.(指一具體動作) 但在 It is no use/ good,not any use/ good,useless等后必需用動名詞。 2)作表語.例如: Her job is teaching. 3)作賓語.例如: He is
20、fond of playing football. I like swimming. 注① admit,appreciate,avoid,consider, delay, dislike,enjoy,escape, excuse,face,feel. like,finish,forgive,give up, imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,put off,resist, risk,suggest,can’t help,can’t stand(無法忍受)等動詞后可以用動名詞作賓語,但不能用不定式
21、. 注② forget,go on,like,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等動詞可帶動名詞或不定式作賓語,但意義上有區(qū)別。 I remember doing the exercise. (我記得做過練習(xí).) I must remember to do it. (我必須記著做這事.) I tried not to go there.(我沒法不去那里.) I tried doing it again. (我試著又干了一次.) Stop speaking
22、. (不要講話。) He stopped to talk. (他停下來講話.) I mean to come early today. (我打算今早些來.) Missing the train means waiting for another hour.(誤了這趟火車意味著再等一個小時.) 注③在 allow,advise,forbid,permit等動詞后直接跟動詞作賓語時,要用動名詞形式,如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語,然后再跟動詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時,其賓語補(bǔ)足語用帶 to的不定式.例如: We
23、don’t allow smoking here. We don' t allow students to smoke. 注④動詞 need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟動詞作它的賓語時,必須用動名詞,或不定式的被動式.這時,動名詞的主動式表示被動意義.例如: The window needs( requires,wants) cleaning( to be cleaned) 注⑤在短語 devote to,look forward to,stick to,to be used to,object to,t
24、hank you for,excuse me for,be( kept) busy,be worth,have difficulty/ trouble/ problem (in),have a good/ wonderful/ hard time(in),there’s no use/good/ need,feel/ look/seem/ like/get down to ? 等后的動詞也必須用動名詞形式.例如: I look forward to hearing from you soon. 注⑥在 love,hate,prefer等動詞后用動名詞或不
25、定式無多大區(qū)別。但說話人有所指的時候,通常用不定式。? 注⑦start,begin,continue在書面語中多后接動名詞,在口語中多后接不定式。 注⑧在 should(would) like/ love等后須用不定式。 4)作定語.例如: He has a reading room. 2.動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由形容詞性的物主代詞或人稱代詞的賓格,名詞所有格或普通格加動名詞構(gòu)成.在句子開頭必須用名詞所有格或形容詞性的物主代詞.例如: His coming made me ver
26、y happy. Mary’s crying annoyed him. She didn’t mind his crying. Is there any hope of Xiao Wang’s winning. 3.動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài). l)動名詞的時態(tài) 動名詞的時態(tài)分一般式和完成式兩種,如果動名詞的動作沒有明確地表示出時間是與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生或在謂語動作以前發(fā)生,用動名詞的一般式.例如: We are interested in playing chess.
27、His coming will be of great help to us. 如果動名詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前,通常用動名詞的完成時態(tài)。例如: I’m sorry for not having kept my promise. 但是在某些動詞或詞組后,常用動名詞的一般形式,盡管其動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的.舉例 例如:主語是這個動名詞表示的動作的對象時,動名詞用被動語態(tài).被動語態(tài)由“ being十過去分詞”或“ having been十過去分詞”構(gòu)成。后一種一般避免使用.例如: He likes bein
28、g helped. He was afraid of being left at home. 注:在 to be worth doing句型中,動名詞 doing表示的是被動意義.例如: The book is worth reading. (三)分詞 1.分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài) l)分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞?,F(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式.一般式表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生的行為;完成式(having十過去分詞)表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的動作.例如: Being a student
29、,he was interested in books. Having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the way very well. 2)現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式,且有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài),當(dāng)句子的主語是分詞動作的承受者時,分詞用被動語態(tài),如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的動作先于謂語動作,就用分詞完成式的被動形式.例如: The question being discussed is important: Having been criticized by the
30、teacher,Li Ming gave up smoking. 過去分詞表示在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生的動作,本身有被動的含義,所以只有一般式?jīng)]有完成式. 2.分詞的用法 l)作定語 分詞短語做定語時,放在被修飾的名詞之后;單個分詞做定語時,放在被修飾的名詞之前.例如: The man standing by the window is our teacher. The excited people rushed into the building. 注意:現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時,它表示的動作是正在進(jìn)行或
31、與謂語動詞所表示的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生,如果兩個動作有先有后,一般不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,而要用定語從句。例如: The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的差異: 現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作定語時,不僅存在前置與后置的區(qū)別,而且存在狀態(tài)、時間與形式上的差異。為了幫助大家分清這些差異,更好地掌握現(xiàn)在分詞的用法,現(xiàn)在分別論述如下。 一、狀態(tài)差異 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語明顯存在狀態(tài)差異。一般來講,前置的現(xiàn)在分詞靜感強(qiáng)。而后置現(xiàn)在分詞動感強(qiáng)。學(xué)習(xí)時要注意體會
32、這一點。 例1:The labouring people are the wisest. 例2:The farmers labouring here are not afraid of snakes. 能前置的現(xiàn)在分詞為數(shù)不太多,常見的大都是已被形容詞化了的現(xiàn)在分詞。這一點主要表現(xiàn)在有些現(xiàn)在分詞前常有程度副詞,有些現(xiàn)在分詞甚至還有比較等級。 例3: I have brought very exciting news to you. 例4:This is the most exciting story that I
33、 have ever read. 二、時間差異 時間差異指現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作發(fā)生的時間差異。有些現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時表示正在進(jìn)行的動作。這些現(xiàn)在分詞若改為定語從句宜用進(jìn)行時態(tài)。 例5:Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise? Did you tell the children who were playing there not to make any noise? 例6:The American president visiting C
34、hina now will return on Saturday. The American president who is visiting China now will return on Saturday. 有些現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時則表示經(jīng)常性動作或現(xiàn)在(或當(dāng)時)的狀態(tài)。此類現(xiàn)在分詞若改為定語從句宜用一般時態(tài),而不宜用進(jìn)行時態(tài)。若譯成漢語也應(yīng)注意體現(xiàn)這一點。 例7:They stayed at a hotel standing by the lake. 例8:The temple standing on top o
35、f the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty. 三、形式差異 從形式來看,前置現(xiàn)在分詞多為單個分詞,而后置現(xiàn)在分詞多為短語。換句話說,若用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,單個分詞要前置,分詞短語要后置。但也不能絕對如此,要視情況而定。要是強(qiáng)調(diào)動感,即使是單個分詞也應(yīng)后置。 例9:Look! The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary.重點記憶 從內(nèi)容來講,前置現(xiàn)在分詞多為不及物動詞,沒有自己的賓語或狀語。后置現(xiàn)在分詞可帶賓語或狀語。有時前置現(xiàn)在分詞也可有
36、自己的賓語或狀語,不過要置于分詞前,且中間要有連詞符號。當(dāng)然,帶比較級時除外。 例10:Barking dogs seldom bite. 例 11:The person translating the songs can speak seven languages. 例 12:England and America are English-speaking countries. 值得說明的是,現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式與被動式一般都不能用作前置定語,只能作后置定語,使用時應(yīng)慎重。 例 13:We must keep
37、 a secret of the things being discussed here. 2)作狀語舉例不詳細(xì) 分詞或分詞短語作狀語時,可以表示時間、原因、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。例如: Being a student, I must study hard.(原因) While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.(時間) The teacher stood there surrounded by the student
38、s.(方式) 注:①分詞短語作狀語時,其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致. 注:②表示時間關(guān)系的分詞短語有時可由連接詞 while或 when引出. 注:③有時“with( without)十名詞(或代詞賓格)十分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu),表示伴隨狀況.例如: He lay half dead,with all his ribs broken. 注:④當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主
39、語與主句的主語不同時:分詞必須有自己的主語.例如: Time permitting, I will finish another lesson. 3)作表語.例如: The news is inspiring. The glass is broken. 4)作賓語補(bǔ)足語.例如: We saw the teacher making the experiment.
40、注意:在 see,hear,watch,feel,observe,have,listen to,notice等動詞后,既可以用現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語,也可以用不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語,但兩者的含義是有差別的,用現(xiàn)在分詞,表示動作正在發(fā)生,(即處于發(fā)生的過程中,還沒有結(jié)束),用不定式表示動作發(fā)生了,(即動作全過程結(jié)束了)。例如: I saw the girl getting on the tractor. I saw the girl get on the tractor and drive off. He had hi
41、s clothes washed. (他叫別人洗了衣服) We had the fire burning all day.(我們使火燃燒了一整天)。 注意:“ have十賓語十現(xiàn)在分詞”表示主體使客體處于某狀態(tài)或干什么事;“ have十賓語十過去分詞”表示動作是別人做的或與主體意志無關(guān). 現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作賓語補(bǔ)足語,這時現(xiàn)在分詞和前面的賓語有邏輯上的“主表”關(guān)系或“主謂”關(guān)系.例如:? We all found his equipment interesting. (主表關(guān)系)? I saw Mary going upstairs then. (主謂關(guān)系)? 8 普通教學(xué)
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