2015屆高三英語 名校試題解析分項匯編（第01期）專題14 閱讀理解-科普知識（含解析）

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1、2015屆高三英語 名校試題解析分項匯編（第01期）專題14 閱讀理解-科普知識（含解析） D【河北省邯鄲市2015屆高三上學(xué)期1月份教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測】 Since Henry Ford turned it into a mass-market product a century ago, the car has delivered many benefits. It has promoted economic growth, increased social mobility and given people a lot of fun. But the car has also brou

2、ght many problems. It pollutes the air, creates traffic jams and kills people. An astonishing 1.24 million people die, and as many as 50 million are hurt, in road accidents each year. Drivers and passengers waste around 90 billion hours in traffic jams each year. In some car-choked cities as much

3、 as a third of the petrol used is burned by people looking for a space to park. Fortunately, a new technology promises to make motoring safer, less polluting and less tendency to hold-ups. “Connected cars”--which may eventually develop into driverless cars but for the foreseeable future will stil

4、l have a human at the wheel-can communicate wirelessly with each other and with traffic-management systems, avoid walkers and other vehicles and find open parking spots. Some parts of the transformation are already in place. Many new cars are already being fitted with equipment that lets them kee

5、p their distance and stay in a motorway automatically at a range of speeds. Soon, all new cars in Europe will have to be able to warn the emergency services if their on-board sensors(傳感器) discover a crash. Singapore has led the way with using variable tolls(道路通行費) to smooth traffic flows during rush

6、-hours; Britain is pioneering “smart motorways”, whose speed limits vary constantly to achieve a similar effect. Combined, these new inventions could create a much more highly?effective system in which cars and their drivers are constantly warned of dangers and showed the ways, traffic always flows

7、at the proper speed and vehicles can travel closer together, yet with less risk of crashing. In the past, more people driving meant more roads, more jams, more death and more pollution. In future, the connected car could offer mankind the pleasures of the road with rather less of the pain. 【小題1】

8、According to Paragraph 2, the problem of parking has resulted in ______. A. more time on the road B. a great waste of fuel C. even heavier traffic jams D. increased death and injuries 【小題2】What does “a similar effect” in the Paragraph 4 refer to? A. Reducing traffic jams. B. Buildi

9、ng smart motorways. C. Setting proper speed limits. D. Keeping steady traffic flows. 【小題3】What is the author’s attitude towards connected cars? A. Curious. B. Doubtful. C. Supportive. D. Disappointed. 【小題4】Which of the following can be the best title of the text? A. The Future of Cars:

10、Wireless Wheels B. The Future Traffic Management System C. The Benefits and Problems of Cars D. The Promising Future of Car Production 【答案】 【小題1】B 【小題2】D 【小題3】C 【小題4】A 【解析】 考點：科技類短文閱讀 C【江西省吉安市第一中學(xué)2015屆高三上學(xué)期第二次階段考】 Talking plants might sound like characters in a fairy tale. But re

11、cent scientific studies have shown that plants communicate with each other and with other living things in a surprising number of ways. To understand them, scientists say, we just have to learn their language. Farmers are especially interested in what plants have to say. “Plants are able to commun

12、icate with all sorts of organisms(有機(jī)體). They can communicate with giant bacteria, with other plants and with insects. They do this chemically, ”said Cahill, an Ecology Professor of the University of Alberta in Canada. Plant scientists are just beginning to understand this chemical “l(fā)anguage”. Cahi

13、ll says studies have shown, for example, that plants can evaluate conditions in their immediate environment and take appropriate actions. Plants have an ability, for example, to signal pain or discomfort caused by anything from temperature extremes to an insect attack. Jack Schultz, a professor of c

14、hemical ecology at the University of Missouri, says when a plant senses that it’s being eaten, it cannot walk away from trouble；on the contrary, it will release a chemical vapor that alerts other plants nearby. “Their language is a chemical language, and it involves chemicals that move through the

15、 air, which are easily to be changed, and most of all are smells that we are familiar with, ” Schultz explained. “All plants responded to the attack by changing their chemistry to defend themselves, ” Schultz recalled. “But we were quite surprised to find that nearby plants also changed their chem

16、istry to defend themselves, even though they were not part of the experiment. ” Studies have also shown that plants under attack release pleasant chemicals. Those chemicals attract friendly insects that attack the pests eating the plant. In the end, plants’ ability to communicate their needs－and

17、our ability to understand them－could help farmers reduce the use of poisonous chemicals, cut operating costs and limit damage to the environment. 【小題1】. The recent scientific studies have shown that plants can __________. A. communicate with other living things in a chemical way B. hardly react

18、 to any sudden change in temperature C. use a very special chemical language which is familiar to us D. respond to the attack by giving off poisonous chemicals 【小題2】. When being eaten by a pest, the plant will ___________. A. walk away from trouble B. change its chemistry to kill the insect C

19、. release a chemical vapor to “ask” other plants for help D. give off nice chemicals to attract friendly insects to a tack the pest 【小題3】. The underlined word “alerts” most probably means “___________”. A. warns B. protects C. threatens D. allows 【小題4】. Which wou

20、ld be the best title for the passage? A. Communication between Plants B. A Chemical “Language” C. Plants Can Talk D. How Plants Protect Themselves 【答案】 【小題1】A 【小題2】D 【小題3】A 【小題4】C 考點：科研類文章 B【山西省大同一中、同煤一中2015屆高三聯(lián)考】 Apparently everyone knows that gl

21、obal warming only makes climate more extreme. A hot, dry summer has caused another flood of such claims. And one of the players that benefit the most from this story is the media: the idea of “extreme” climate simply makes for more exciting news. Consider Paul Krugman writing breathlessly in T

22、he New York Times about the “rising incidence of extreme events.” He claims that global warming caused the current drought in America’s Midwest, and that supposedly record-high corn prices could cause a global food crisis(危機(jī))。 But the United Nations’s latest assessment tells us precisely the o

23、pposite—there has an overall slight tendency toward less dryness in North America. Moreover, there is no way that Krugman could have identified this drought as being caused by global warming without a time machine since climate models estimate that such detection will be possible by 2048, at the ear

24、liest. And, fortunately, this year’s drought appears unlikely to cause a food crisis, as global rice and wheat supplies are plentiful. Moreover, Krugman overlooks inflation(通貨膨脹)：Prices have increased six-fold since 1969.So, the inflation-adjusted price of corn was higher throughout most of the

25、 1970s. Finally, Krugman forgets that concerns about global warming are the main reason that corn prices have skyrocketed since 2005.Nowadays 40 percent of corn grown in the United States is used to produce ethanol(乙醇)，which raises the price of corn –at the expense of many of the world’s poorest

26、 people. Bill Mickbben similarly worries in The Guardian About the Midwest drought and corn prices.He confidently tells us that fierce wildfires from New Mexico and Colorado to Siberia are “exactly” what the early stages of global warming look like. In fact, the latest study on global wildf

27、ire suggests that fire incidence has declined over the past 70 years and is now close to its preindustrial level. When well—meaning campaigners want us to pay attention to global warming, they often end up making overstatements. And exaggerated(夸張的) claims merely fuel public distrust and unconc

28、ern. That is unfortunate, because global warming is a real problem, and we do need to address it. 【小題1】In what way do the media benefit from extreme weather? A. They can give voice to different views. B. They can make themselves better known. C. They can choose from a greater variety of to

29、pics. D. They can attract people’s attention to their reports. 【小題2】 What is the author’s comment on Krugman’s claim about the current drought in America’s Midwest? A. It will eventually get proof in 2048. B. It is based on an erroneous climate model. C. So far there is no way to prove

30、 its validity. D. A time machine is needed to tell if it is true. 【小題3】What is the chief reason for the rise in corn prices according to the author? A. Inflation rates have been skyrocketing since the 1970s. B. A considerable part of corn is used to produce green fuel. C. Climate change

31、 has caused corn supply to drop markedly. D. Demand for food has been rising in the developing countries. 【小題4】 What does the author think of the exaggerated claims in the media about global warming? A. They lead to public distrust about science. B. They create confusion about climate chan

32、ge, C. They are strategies to raise public awareness. D. They do a disservice to addressing the problem. 【答案】 【小題1】D 【小題2】C 【小題3】B 【小題4】D 考點：考查說明文閱讀 A【山東省實驗中學(xué)第三次診斷考試】 Humans aren’t the only ones getting a buzz from coffee．Caffeine can improve memory among honeybees and lead to better p

33、ollination(授粉)．According to a recent study published in the journal Science． The study was conducted by a team of researchers at Newcastle University in the United Kingdom．They found that the nectar(花蜜)of some flowers，such as those from grapefruit and lemon plants，as well as certain coffee flowers，

34、contains low doses of caffeine．To get bees to feed on these flowers，the team trained the insects to associate food with the smell of the flowers．They also trained another group of bees to feed on nectar from flowers that were sweetened with a sugar, but did not contain caffeine．After 24 hours，the be

35、es trained on caffeinated flowers returned to these plants three times as often as those trained on the sweetened flowers returned to the uncaffeinated plants． Professor Geraldine Wright led the researchers．“Remembering floral traits(花部特征)is difficult for bees to perform at a fast pace as they fly

36、from flower to flower and we found that caffeine helps the bee remember where the flowers are，”Wright said in a statement． Improved memory led to the better pollination．That’s because once bees sip the caffeine nectar, they continue to look for more coffee plants to pollinate．This also suggests

37、 that caffeine plays a role in improving the bees’ability to search for food． Researchers found that caffeine’s effect on the bee brain is similar to its effect on mammals．“The change is similar to that produced by caffeine in neurons(神經(jīng)元)associated with learning and memory in the rat brain，”Wrigh

38、t said． Bee populations have declining since 2007．The dramatic drop in the insects’numbers has serious effects for ecosystems and the farming industry．Bees are needed in the reproduction of crops and spreading wild flower species．Understanding what keeps bees buzzing could help to make sure that

39、the insects are able to remember and pollinate their favorite flowers． 【小題1】Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? A．Caffeine has no effect on the rat brain． B. Bee population has been increasing． C．The nectar of lemon plants contains caffeine． D．Bees dislike nectar from sweetened

40、 flowers． 【小題2】After reading the passage，John，who works in the farming industry, will probably feel________. A．a(chǎn)nnoyed B．a(chǎn)ngry C．nervous D．excited 【小題3】Which of the following relationship is correct according to the passage? A．improved memory—caffeine nectar—better pollination B．caffein

41、e nectar—improved memory—better pollination C．improved memory—better pollination—caffeine nectar D．caffeine nectar—better pollination—improved memory 【小題4】What section of a newspaper may this passage be taken from? A．Science B．Education C．Culture D．Sports 【答案】 【小題1】C 【小題2】D 【小題3】B

42、【小題4】A 【小題3】細(xì)節(jié)分析題。從第三段we found that caffeine helps the bee remember where the flowers are我們發(fā)現(xiàn)咖啡因可以幫助蜜蜂記得花在哪里，和第四段Improved memory led to the better pollination．提高的記憶能導(dǎo)致更好的授粉。故可知caffeine nectar與improved memory與better pollination的關(guān)系，故選B。 【小題4】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從文中第一段According to a recent study published in the j

43、ournal Science．根據(jù)最近一項發(fā)表在科學(xué)雜志上的研究。故可知這篇研究是在報紙的科學(xué)部分。 可知選A。 考點：考察科普說明類閱讀 D【山東省實驗中學(xué)第三次診斷考試】 Robots that can chat，find misplaced glasses，draw aeroplanes and play with your children are attracting thousands of visitors during an expo in Tokyo as Japan adapts to changes in society． Robots，such as the

44、 sound．sensitive Chapit，answer simple questions and even joke with people to help them fight loneliness and stay alert in old age． Japan has one of the world’s fastest-ageing societies and the government predicts that by 2050 the proportion of people over 65 will reach 40 percent．”Many older peop

45、le in Japan live alone and have no one to talk to，”said Kazuya Kitamura representative of the expo organizer．“Communication robots accompany people and don’t mind listening to the same stories over and over again．” Matsumoto’s“Personal Mobility Robot，”equipped with four cameras and a sensor to rec

46、ognize the user's centre of gravity, is designed to help elderly move around without pressing buttons．using joysticks(操縱桿)or rotating wheels as in traditional wheelchairs． The robot can also help find misplaced glasses by identifying them with a sensor． Other robots，such as the award-winning“DiGR

47、O”can support busy parents who have little time to play with their children．The robot can use the Internet to find a simple image and then draw pictures，keeping children company while parents work． While Chapit，a relatively simple robot，managed to attract a corporate partner many researchers，suc

48、h as Kiyoshi Matsumoto，a professor at the University of Tokyo，struggle to attract sponsors for more expensive projects． “We have developed a robot that can assist many people，but we still haven’t found a sponsor,”said Matsumoto，who added that the cost of the machine，if mass-produced，would be compar

49、able to that of a car．”In the current economic environment there are few companies willing to invest in such a costly project，”he said． 【小題1】It can be inferred from the text that_______． A．many children lack love from parents B．robots helpful to the old will be in great demand C．robots are the m

50、ost useful to children D．robots do better than people in healthcare 【小題2】It is difficult to find sponsors for robots because______. A．Japan is suffering economy depression B．the robots are of poor design C．the production of robots costs a lot D．the future market is worrying 【小題3】What is the a

51、uthor’s attitude towards the robots referred to? A．Unsatisfied． B．Doubtful． C.Favorable． D．Regretful． 【答案】 【小題1】B 【小題2】C 【小題3】C 【解析】 考點：考察社會科學(xué)類閱讀 D【遼寧省丹東五校協(xié)作體2015屆高三期末考試】 If the earth's population is in growth at this rate, there will not be enough resources. By the middle of the 21s

52、t century, if present trends continue, we will have used up all the oil that drives our cars, for example. Even if scientists develop new ways of feeding the human race, the crowded conditions on the earth will make it necessary for us to look for open space somewhere else. But none of the other pla

53、nets in our solar system are capable of supporting life at present. One possible solution to the problem, however, has recently been suggested by American scientist, Professor Carl Sagan. 　　Sagan believes that before the earth's resources are completely exhausted it will be possible to change the a

54、tmosphere of Venus and so create a new world almost as large as the earth itself. The difficult is that Venus is much hotter than the earth and there is only a tiny amount of water there. 　　Sagan proposes that algae organisms(海藻有機(jī)體) that can live in extremely hot or cold atmospheres and at the same

55、 time produce oxygen, should be bred in condition similar to those on Venus. As soon as this has been done, the algae will be placed in small rockets. Spaceship will then fly to Venus and fire the rockets into the atmosphere .In a fairly short time, the algae will break down the carbon dioxide into

56、oxygen and carbon. When the algae have done their work, the atmosphere will become cooler, but before man can set foot on Venus it will be necessary for the oxygen to produce rain. The surface of the planet will still be too hot for man to land on it but the rain will eventually fall and in a few y

57、ears something like earth will be reproduced on Venus. 【小題1】In the long run, the most difficult problem caused by population growth on the earth will probably be the lack of ______. A. oil B. food C. resources D. space　 【小題2】Carl Sagan believes that Venus mig

58、ht be a living place because _____ A. the days on Venus are long enough B. it might be possible to change its atmosphere C. there is a good supply of water on Venus D. its atmosphere is the same as the earth's 【小題3】Algae are plants that can____. A. live in very hot temperature 　

59、B. live in very cold temperature C. produce oxygen 　 D. all of the above 【小題4】 Man can land on Venus only when_______. A. it rains there B. there is oxygen C. the atmosphere becomes cooler D. the algae have done their work 【答案】 【小

60、題1】D 【小題2】B 【小題3】D 【小題4】A 考點：考查說明文閱讀 B【山東省濰坊市重點中學(xué)2015屆高三12月階段性教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測】 The extraordinary Eastgate Building in Harare, Zimbabwe’s capital city, is said to be the only one in the world to use the same cooling and heating principles as the termite mound(白蟻堆). Architect Mick Pearce used precisely

61、 the same strategy when designing the Eastgate Building, which has no air-conditioning and almost no heating. The building—the country’s largest commercial and shopping complex—uses less than 10% of the energy of a conventional building of its size. The Eastgate’s owners saved $3.5 million on a $36

62、million building because an air-conditioning equipment didn’t have to be imported. The complex is actually two buildings linked by bridges across a shady, glass-roofed atrium(天井) open to the air. Fans suck fresh air in from the atrium, blow it upstairs through hollow spaces under the floors and fro

63、m there into each office through baseboard vents(通風(fēng)口). As it rises and warms, it is drawn out via ceiling vents and finally exists through forty-eight brick chimneys. During summer’s cool nights, big fans blow air through the building seven times an hour to cool the empty floors. By day, smaller f

64、ans blow two changes of air an hour through the building, to circulate the air which has been in contact with the cool floors. For winter days, there are small heaters in the vents. This is all possible only because Harare is 1600 feet above sea level, has cloudless skies, little dampness and rapi

65、d temperature changes—days as warm as 31℃ commonly drop to 14℃ at night. “You couldn’t do this in New York, with its hot summers and cold winters,” Pearce said. The engineering firm of Ove Arup&Partners monitors daily temperatures. It is found that the temperature of the building has generally sta

66、yed between 23℃ and 25℃, with the exception of the annual hot period just before the summer rains in October and three days in November, when a doorkeeper accidentally switched off the fans at night. And the air is fresh—far more so than in air-conditioned buildings, where up to 30% of the air is recycled. 【小題1】Why was Eastgate cheaper to be built than a conventional building? A. No air conditioners were fixed in. B. It was designed in a smaller size. C. Its heating system was less adv