Module 6《War and Peace》Grammar學案1（外研版選修6）

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111 定語從句重、難點易錯檔案 一、語意重復。定語從句的引導詞在從句中都要充當一定的成分，所以從句里相應的句子成分不能再保留，否則就犯了語意重復的錯誤。如： The main topic people are often talking about at present is personal cars. The main topic是先行詞，關系代詞that或which在從句中作賓語，被省略了，所以做賓語的替代詞it不能再出現(xiàn)了。 二、分裂現(xiàn)象。如無特殊原因，定語從句應緊跟在先行詞之后。如： Everything that has weight and occupies space is called matter. 初學者很容易將此意表達成：Everything is called matter that has weight and occupies space. 這就是人為地造成的分裂現(xiàn)象。但是有時定語從句和先行詞之間需要插入定語、狀語或謂語時則另當別論。如： There is an expression in his eyes that I cannot understand.先行詞與定語從句之間被in his eyes隔開了。 三、主、謂不一致。當關系代詞在從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞應該和先行詞的數(shù)與格保持一致，否則就是犯了主、謂不一致的錯誤。如： God bless this ship and all that sail in her. (Bible) 本例先行詞all指的是“所有的人”，所以定語從句的謂語不能用sails。 四、關系代詞that、who直接置于介詞后。關系代詞前有介詞時，關系代詞必須用which（指物）或 whom (指人)，而且不能省略。如果把介詞放到句子的后部去，這時關系代詞可用that或who,也可以把它們省略。如： The cost at which we produce the cars has been greatly reduced. 由于關系代詞直接置于介詞at之后，所以只能用which，而且不能省略。 五、關系代詞作定語時的誤用。不管先行詞是指人還是物，關系代詞在從句中作定語時，都必須用whose；但指物時，還可以用“the + 名詞 + of which”或“which of its + 名詞”的形式表示。如： This is a new digital control machine tool whose functions are very advanced. 本例中的whose functions還可以用which of its functions或者the functions of which替換。 六、關系代詞that的誤用。先行詞是以下某種情形時，必須用that引導定語從句：（1）被形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾；（2）被every, only, any, just, right, no等詞修飾；（3）是all, few, little, much, none, some以及anything, everything, nothing （something不受此限制）等不定代詞；（4）同時為人和物；（5）為疑問代詞時。如: Everything that appears on the Internet is very appealing. 初學者由于記得不牢，此時常常誤用which引導。 七、非限制性定語從句誤用that作引導詞。引導非限制性定語從句時，不能用that，必須用which。此外可以引導非限制性定語從句的還有who，whom，where，when，as等關系代詞或關系副詞,而且不能省略。如： The Italian team defeated the German team, which some people had expected. 此時還可以將which換成as，意思是“正如有的人已經(jīng)預料到的一樣”。 八、as和which的誤用。非限制性從句前置于句首時，不能用which，而要用as來引導。如： As is well known to us all, life can’t exist without air or water. 但是如果從句后置，則兩者皆可以，只是意思略有區(qū)別（as譯作“正如”，which譯作“這一點”等）。如果定語從句是否定形式或從句謂語帶有復合賓語時，則只能用which引導。如： The Brazilian team was defeated by the French team, which we hadn’t expected. 九、the same ... that和the same ... as的誤用。注意兩者的區(qū)別：the same ... that指“同一人（物）”；而the same ... as指“同一類人（物）”。如： The people in many other Asian countries have the same custom as we Chinese have. 根據(jù)例句的含義，可知這里只能用關系代詞as，不能用that，因為表達的意思是“相似”。 十、關系副詞與關系代詞的誤用。如果引導詞在從句中作狀語應用關系副詞引導；如果引導詞在從句中作主語、賓語、表語時應用關系代詞引導。如： Hawaii is a beautiful place (which / that) all the people look forward to visiting. 定語從句中的visiting是一個及物動詞，必須帶賓語，所以不能用where作引導詞，而應用which或that引導，且可以省略。如果將visiting改成going，則應該用where引導。 走出時間、條件、讓步狀語從句八大誤區(qū) 誤區(qū)之一：混淆while與when 【誤】 She was on the point of leaving while someone knocked at the door. 【正】 She was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door. 【析】 while意為“當……時候”，從句需用持續(xù)性動詞或狀態(tài)性動詞；而when引導時間狀語從句中的動詞既可以是持續(xù)性動詞也可是非持續(xù)性動詞。 誤區(qū)之二：錯用till / until 【誤】 Until / Till yesterday evening, I received her e-mail from Shanghai. 【正】 I didn’t receive her e-mail from Shanghai until yesterday evening. 【析】 當until / till從句與肯定的主句連用時，主句謂語動詞必須是持續(xù)性動詞，而不可是非持續(xù)性動詞。 誤區(qū)之三：省略不當 【誤】 While was walking down the street I noticed a police car in front of number 88. 【正】 While walking down the street I noticed a police car in front of number 88. 【析】 時間、條件、讓步等狀語從句中，如果從句主語與主句主語一致或是it，且從句中含有動詞be的某種形式，從句主語和be可以同時省略。 誤區(qū)之四：倒裝語序誤用 【誤】 Not until the early years of the 19th century man did know what heat is. 【正】 Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 【析】 Not until位于句首時，主句謂語采用倒裝語序。 誤區(qū)之五：從句時態(tài)錯用 【誤】 I won’t know where she is until I will get a letter from her. 【正】 I won’t know where she is until I get a letter from her. 【析】 在時間或條件等狀語從句中，用現(xiàn)在時表示將來時。 誤區(qū)之六：錯用however 【誤】 However he is late, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. 【正】 However late he is, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. 【析】 however需和它修飾的詞一起放在從句前引導狀語從句。 誤區(qū)之七：混用though與although 【誤】 Much although he likes her, he does get annoyed with her sometimes. 【正】 Much though he likes her, he does get annoyed with her sometimes. 【析】 though與 although通?？梢曰ビ?，但只有though可用于倒裝句中。且though可和even 連用，表示強調(diào)。此外，though可放在句末，意為“然而”，although則不能這樣用。 誤區(qū)之八：混淆疑問詞 + ever與no matter + 疑問詞 【誤】 It is generally considered unwise to give a child no matter what he or she wants. 【正】 It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants. 【析】 “no matter + 疑問詞”在句中只能引導狀語從句；“疑問詞 + ever”在句中既可引導狀語從句，也可引導名詞性從句。 考點精練 考例回顧 1. The question is: what can we do to help them in their struggle for survival? 【考點】 struggle可以用作動詞,常與介詞for, with, against等連用；也可以用作名詞，表示“掙扎；拼搏；努力；斗爭等”。 【考例】 I realized strength and courage aren’t always measured in medals and victories, but in the ________ we overcome. (2004天津卷) A. sadness B. struggles C. diseases D. tiredness 【簡析】 根據(jù)上下文，這句話的含義應該為：我意識到力量和勇氣并不總是用獎牌和勝利來衡量的，而是用我們戰(zhàn)勝 / 克服（對手、困難或自我）過程中所付出的拼搏 / 努力來衡量的。因此選擇B。 2. There are only about three hundred of these North American mammals left, none of which are in the wild. 【考點】這里“表示數(shù)量或部分的名詞或代詞 + of which / whom”引導一個非限制性定語從句，先行詞指事物用of which，先行詞指人用of whom，說明先行詞的一部分情況。表示數(shù)量或部分的名詞或代詞（如基數(shù)詞，分數(shù)，百分數(shù), all, both, some, any, many, much, most, majority, minority, part, rest, none等）,既可以放在of which / whom的前面，也可以放在of which / whom的后面。 【考例】 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% ________ are sold abroad. (2004遼寧卷) A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that 【簡析】 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，前后兩句話用逗號隔開，應該為主從句關系，由此判斷后面是一個非限定性定語從句，由于關系代詞前面有介詞，因此只能選A項，80% of which are sold abroad修飾先行詞half a million pairs of shoes, 說明其部分情況。 3. The WWF believes that our world has a future only if people learn to conserve nature and not waste energy. As a result, it started working with governments to introduce environmental education into school. 【考點】 句子中As a result表示“因此，結(jié)果”，相當于副詞Therefore或Thus的含義和作用；還可以用于介詞短語as a result of...中表示“由于……的結(jié)果”。 【考例】 My cousin must have made an effort to get himself into shape. ________, at the point in our game when I predicted the score to be about 9 to 1 in my favor, it was instead 7 to 9—and Ed was leading. (2003全國卷 完形填空) A. After all B. As a result C. Above all D. At last 【簡析】此題考查的是各短語用法比較：after all 說明讓步關系，表示“畢竟，終究”；as a result說明因果關系，表示“因此，因而”；above all說明突出某方面的重要性，表示“最重要的是”；at last說明時間，表示“最后，最終”。根據(jù)句意可知選B。 111