2018中考英語形容詞和副詞用法總結(jié)

形容詞和副詞用法總結(jié)及練習(xí)一、形容詞：（一）概念：形容詞修飾名詞，說明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征，通常分成兩類：1. 直接說明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞。2. 敘述形容詞只能作表語，所以又稱為表語形容詞，大多數(shù)以a開頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。例如：afraid, asleep, awake, alone, alive, awake, ashamed, alike。 其他常見表語形容詞：worth, ready, sorry, well（二）形容詞在句中的位置：有的形容詞放在被修飾的名詞之前，稱為前置形容詞；少數(shù)形容詞放在被修飾的名詞之后，稱為后置形容詞。 1）當(dāng)名詞被多個(gè)前置形容詞修飾時(shí)，形容詞之間有一個(gè)先后順序問題。一般規(guī)則為： （限定詞）一般描繪性形容詞表示大小、長短、高低的形容詞表示年齡、新舊的形容詞表示國籍、地區(qū)、出處的形容詞表示物質(zhì)、材料的形容詞（名詞）。如： There is a famous fine old stone bridge near the village. 2）【重點(diǎn)】當(dāng)形容詞詞組相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句時(shí)，或形容詞用來修飾somebody, something, anything, nothing 等的時(shí)候，便會(huì)出現(xiàn)后置形容詞。如：The boy interested in music is my brother. Do you have anything interesting to tell us? 二、副詞：（一）概念：用以修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞的詞叫做副詞。例如： not（不），here（這里），now（現(xiàn)在）。不少副詞同時(shí)也可用作介詞或其它詞類。如：Have you read this book before? (副詞，作時(shí)間狀語) He will arrive before ten oclock. （介詞，before ten oclock 是介詞短語，作時(shí)間狀語）（二）副詞的種類1、時(shí)間副詞： 1）表示發(fā)生時(shí)間的副詞： Its beginning to rain now! 現(xiàn)在開始下雨了！ 2）表示頻繁程度的副詞，也稱頻度副詞：always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前: She often changes her mind. 3）還有一些其他表示時(shí)間的副詞： He has just had an operation. 他剛動(dòng)過手術(shù)。2、地點(diǎn)副詞： 1）表示地點(diǎn)的副詞： She is studying abroad. 她在國外留學(xué)。 2）以where 構(gòu)成的副詞也是地點(diǎn)副詞：Its the same everywhere. 到處都一樣。3、【重點(diǎn)】方式副詞 1）英語中有大量方式副詞，說明行為方式（回答how的問題）： How beautifully your wife dances. 2）表示情緒的副詞： She smiled gratefully. 3）還有一些以-ly結(jié)尾的副詞，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的狀況： He left the town secretly. 4、【重點(diǎn)】程度副詞和強(qiáng)調(diào)副詞1）程度副詞可修飾動(dòng)詞，表示“到某種程度”： Is she badly hurt? 她傷得重嗎？ 說明 這類副詞除修飾動(dòng)詞外，還可修飾形容詞（a）或另一副詞(b): a. fairly simple 相當(dāng)簡單 quite correct 完全正確 b. wonderfully well 好極了 do it very quickly 干得很快2）【重點(diǎn)】much 是一個(gè)特殊的程度副詞，它可以：a. 修飾形容詞等： Im not much good at singing. b. 修飾比較級(jí)： You sing much better than me. Their house is much nicer than ours. 5. 【重點(diǎn)】疑問副詞和連接副詞1）疑問副詞： 疑問副詞用來引導(dǎo)特殊問句：2）連接副詞： 連接副詞意思和詞形都和疑問副詞一樣，但都引導(dǎo)從句或與不定式連用：how: Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道這臺(tái)機(jī)器怎樣啟動(dòng)嗎？where: I dont know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪兒。（引導(dǎo)賓語從句）6. 一些其它類型的副詞，如表示方向的副詞： Lets go inside. Take two steps forward. （三）副詞的位置1. 副詞修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí)，通常可以放在句首、句中或句末。如： Usually I do my homework in the evening. (句首) I often get up at six. (句中) Please speak slowly. 2. 副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，通常放在形容詞或副詞的前面如： These flowers are quite beautiful. （在形容詞前） 這些花相當(dāng)漂亮。 He works very hard. （在副詞前）他工作很努力。 但也有例外，如：She is old enough to go to school. （在形容詞后）她已到了上學(xué)的年齡。3. 按一般規(guī)則, 既有地點(diǎn)狀語又有時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，地點(diǎn)狀語應(yīng)放在時(shí)間狀語之前。如： We had a meeting in the classroom yesterday afternoon. 我們昨天下午在教室開了一個(gè)會(huì)。 He watched TV at home last night. 他昨晚在家看電視。常見形容詞用法比較1.elder 和older elder為"年長的"，只指人，用來比較年齡長幼，尤指兄弟姐妹的長幼關(guān)系，它只能用在名詞前作定語，不能用于than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中。如： Jordan has two elder brothers and an elder and a younger sister. older為"年齡較大的，較老的，較舊的"，可指人，也可指物，作定語或表語，能用在than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中。 My elder brother is 7 years older than my younger sister. 2. good 和wellgood和well都表示"好"。通常，作定語或表語時(shí)用good，作狀語時(shí)用well；表示"身體好的"用well.Doing sports is good for us. 做運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)我們有益。（作表語）Sandy dances well and she is a good dancer. 桑迪舞跳得好，她是個(gè)出色的舞者。(well作狀語,good作定語)-How are you? -I am very well. （作表語，表示"身體好的"）3. huge, big, large,和great1) huge強(qiáng)調(diào)尺寸、體積"龐大"（指體積時(shí)，比large, great所指的體積大），容量和數(shù)量"巨大"，不強(qiáng)調(diào)重量。About ten years ago scientists from the United States found that the large object caused a huge hole in Mexico.2) big最通俗、常用，強(qiáng)調(diào)比正常程度、范圍及規(guī)模的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大，修飾人、物或數(shù)量。反義詞是little或smallMy best friend is Xiao Li, but last week in school we had a big fight. 3) large強(qiáng)調(diào)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的"大"，可指數(shù)量、容量、體積和面積，比big正式，反義詞是small.So it is proved that the large object had a close relation with the death of dinosaurs and other animals.4) great通常指抽象的事物?？杀頂?shù)量、距離和程度，修飾人時(shí)，意為"偉大的"。This is a great chance that many people do not have. 形容詞與介詞的搭配在英語中，有很多形容詞后需要加特定的介詞，構(gòu)成固定的搭配。1. 與about構(gòu)成的搭配Be anxious about be sorry aboutbe careful about be sure/ certain about be worried about 2. 與at構(gòu)成的搭配Be expert at be surprised at be angry at be good at be clever at 3. 與for構(gòu)成的搭配Be famous/ well-known for be ready for be sorry for be fit/ unfit for be good/ bad for 4.與in構(gòu)成的搭配Be interested in be weak in be poor in be different in be experienced in 5.與of構(gòu)成的搭配Be afraid of be fond of be proud of be tired of be full of be short of be ashamed of 6.與to構(gòu)成的搭配Be good/ bad to be kind to be nice to be rude to be useful to be polite to 7. 與with構(gòu)成的搭配Be angry with be careful with be busy with be satisfied with be pleased with be happy with be patient with be strict with 特別提示1. 有些形容詞后跟不同的介詞意義差別不大Be experienced at/ in具有方面的經(jīng)驗(yàn) be sure/ certain of/ about對(duì)有把握2.有些形容詞后跟不同的介詞意義不同Be good at 在方面擅長 be good to對(duì)友好 be good for 對(duì)有幫助形容詞的常用句型1. Its +形容詞+ of+ sb. +動(dòng)詞不定式 "某人（做某事）", 說明"人"的性質(zhì)或特征。常用形容詞有：good, kind, nice, polite, clever, foolish, lazy, careful, careless, right, wrong等Its very kind of you to help me. Its foolish of you to make such mistake. 2. Its +形容詞+for + sb. +動(dòng)詞不定式 "做某事對(duì)某人來說", 說明動(dòng)詞不定式的性質(zhì)、特征。常用形容詞有：difficult, easy, hard, dangerous, safe, useful, pleasant, interesting, impossible等It is impossible for a child to answer the question. 小孩子不可能回答出這個(gè)問題。It is dangerous for you to swim alone. 你自己一個(gè)人去游泳很危險(xiǎn)。3. 主語+be動(dòng)詞 +形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式 這一句型常用表示感情、情緒，以及表示能力和意志的形容詞，如: glad, pleased, sorry, sad, thankful 或ready, able, sure, certain等。Im very sorry to hear the news. Im glad to see you. Comrade Lei Feng is always ready to help others. Tom is sure/ certain to come. 比較結(jié)構(gòu)的同義轉(zhuǎn)換1. not as/ soas與lessthan的轉(zhuǎn)換The place was not as/ so crowded as it usually is yesterday.The place was less crowded than it usually is yesterday.2. morethan與lessthan, not as/ soas的轉(zhuǎn)換Your picture is more beautiful than his.=His picture is less beautiful than yours.=His picture isnt as/ so beautiful as yours.3.最高級(jí)與morethan, nomore than的轉(zhuǎn)換Math is the most difficult subject of all.=Math is more difficult than any other subject.=No subject is more difficult than math. 比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的修飾語1. 比較級(jí)的修飾語Much（得多），far（得多），even（甚至，更），still(更)，a bit（有點(diǎn)），a little（有點(diǎn)），a lot（很）， a great deal(大大地), twice(兩倍), five times(五倍), two-fifths(五分之二), a half(一半)等修飾比較級(jí)表示程度，但決不可用very修飾。e.g. Tom is a little taller than Mike. It is even colder today than yesterday. 2. 最高級(jí)的修飾語By far/ far and away 最，很 much 得多 almost 幾乎 nearly 幾乎The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 黃河是中國第二長河。This is (by) far the best book that Ive ever read. 這是我讀過的最好的書。形容詞最高級(jí)用法最高級(jí)是表示在三者或更多者中程度最高的比較方式 the+ 形容詞最高級(jí)+名詞+表示范圍的短語或從句Jack is the tallest student in his class. He is the fastest runner of the three boys. This is the most boring book Ive ever read. one of the+形容詞最高級(jí)+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+表示范圍的短語或從句China is one of the largest countries in the world. 用法比較：介詞in和of引導(dǎo)的短語說明比較的范圍如果在一定的地域空間內(nèi)進(jìn)行比較用in; 如果在同一類事物范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行比較用of.China is the largest country in Asia.China is the largest one of all the Asian countries. 運(yùn)用比較級(jí)表達(dá)最高級(jí)的概念： "比較級(jí)+than any other+名詞單數(shù)"，"比較級(jí)+than the other+名詞復(fù)數(shù)"或"比較級(jí)+than the rest of +the+名詞復(fù)數(shù)" Julia is taller than any other girl in her class.= Julia is taller than the other girls in her class. = Julia is taller than the rest of the girls in her class.形容詞比較級(jí)的用法用于兩者比較，表示"比更"："A+系動(dòng)詞+形容詞比較級(jí)+than+ B，e.g. I am two years older than my little sister."A+謂語動(dòng)詞+副詞比較級(jí)+than+ B：e.g. She gets to school earlier than the other students. "比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)"，這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示事物本身程度的逐漸增長，意為"越來越"。e.g. In spring the days are getting longer and longer. "the+比較級(jí)the+比較級(jí)"，表示一方的程度隨著另一方的程度的增長而增長，表示"越，越"。e.g. The mort you practice using English，the better youll learn it 你英語練得越多，就會(huì)學(xué)得越好。"A十動(dòng)詞十the+比較級(jí)+of短語（比較范圍）"，這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示"兩者中更的那一個(gè)"。當(dāng)比較雙方只出現(xiàn)一方（沒有than及其后面的部分），且句中含有of the two時(shí)，比較級(jí)前要加the.e.g. Penny is the taller of the two girls. The larger of the two houses belongs to Mr. Black. 表示兩者程度不同的其他方式可用more than(多于)， not more than(不多于)， less than(少于)， not less than(不少于)， less+形容詞+ than(不如)等。We havent got more than one hour left right now. It is less cold today than it was yesterday. "not+比較級(jí) +than"與"no+比較級(jí)+than" 這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)的意思完全不同:前者往往表示"一方不比另一方"，后者往往表示"前者和后者一樣都不"；修飾說明數(shù)量時(shí)，前者表示"最多，不比多"，后者表示"僅僅"，帶有感情色彩。I am not taller than you. 我不比你高。I am no taller than you. 我和你一樣高。My French is not better than yours. My French is no better than yours. She is not more than seven years old. She is no more than seven years old. 修飾比較級(jí)時(shí)常見的錯(cuò)誤1. more不可修飾比較級(jí)，但much可以用來加強(qiáng)比較級(jí)，意為"的多，更"He looks more younger than I. () He looks much younger than I. ( )2. 比較的對(duì)象或范圍出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。1）The weather of Beijing is colder than Shanghai. () （比較的對(duì)象應(yīng)該是上海的天氣，而不是上海）The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai. ()2）China is larger than any country in Asia. ()（出現(xiàn)了邏輯上的錯(cuò)誤: 中國就是亞洲國家，應(yīng)當(dāng)排除在外。）China is larger than any country in Africa. () 中國比非洲的任何國家都大。China is larger than any other country in Asia. () 中國比亞洲的任何（其他的）國家都大。特別提示Than后面接代詞時(shí)，一般要用主格，但在口語中也可使用賓格。如果than后是一個(gè)句子，則不可使用賓格。He works harder than me. He works harder than I do. 副詞的比較等級(jí)：副詞和形容詞一樣，也有原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)三個(gè)等級(jí)。其構(gòu)成方式有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種情況。規(guī)則變化的一般規(guī)律是：單音節(jié)詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)在詞尾加-er或-est; 多音節(jié)詞以及-ly結(jié)尾的副詞（early除外），前面加more 或most.。不規(guī)則的變化式只能采用“各個(gè)擊破”的辦法去記憶。1）規(guī)則變化 2）不規(guī)則變化 原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí) soon loud fast wide early happily carefully sooner louder faster wider earlier more happily more carefully soonest loudest fastest widest earliest most happily most carefully原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)wellbadlylittlemuchfarbetterworselessmorefarther（距離）further（程度）bestworstleastmostfarthestfurthest一、副詞的比較級(jí)的用法1、單獨(dú)使用: Try to do better next time. Hell come back sooner or later. Please speak more slowly. He swims better than I do. Can you do any better than that? He arrived earlier than usual. 3、比較級(jí)前可有狀語修飾：You must work much faster. Can you come over a bit more quickly? 4. asas和not soas結(jié)構(gòu)這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)也可結(jié)合副詞使用：1） asas 可用在肯定句中，表示 “像一樣”，后面的副詞要用原級(jí)：She can run as fast as a deer. 2）在否定句中，asas和soas都可以用： I dont go there as much as I used. I didnt do as(so) well as I should. 3）這種句子中也可以有一個(gè)表示程度的狀語： She can read twice as fast as he does. 二、副詞最高級(jí)的用法：副詞最高級(jí)可修飾動(dòng)詞，前面多數(shù)不帶定冠詞the:He laughs best who laughs last. (諺語) 誰笑在最后誰笑的最好。Of the four of us, I sang (the) worst. 我們四人中我唱的最差。三、副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的特殊用法：副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)還可用在一些特別結(jié)構(gòu)或短語中。1）more and more 越來越: It rained more and more heavily.She went farther and farther away. 2）the morethe more 越，越： The more I work, the more I accomplish. 3）had better 最好：Wed better not disturb him. What had we better do?