15T橋式起重機(jī)起升機(jī)構(gòu)和小車(chē)運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)及其部件設(shè)計(jì)
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英文翻譯Traffic safety technical requirementsA hook1, should be checked regularly, at least semiannually, and clean lubrication.2, new and put into use the hook to recognize that the hook on the mark, the technical documentation of the manufacturing units and factory certification.3, before put into use by means of marking load test, allows the use of qualified before confirmation.4, are not allowed to use the casting hook. The hook should be fixed firmly rotating parts should be flexible, leptospirosis smooth surface, no cracks, spalling and any damage wire rope defects.5, leptospirosis defects shall not welding. To prevent spreader to decoupling, the hook should be set to prevent accidental decoupling safety devices.6, one of the following conditions occurs, the hook should be scrapped:(1) Surface cracks.(2) the amount of wear of the dangerous section: hook manufactured in use by industry standards, should not be greater than 10% of the original size; manufactured by GB10051.2 hook should be less than 5% of the original height.(3) the degree of opening than the original size increased by 15%.(4) The torsional deformation of more than 10 .(5) the dangerous section or hook neck plastically deformed.(6) The board hook bushing wear up to 50% of the original size, should be scrapped bushing; the board hook mandrel wear up to 5% of the original size, should be scrapped mandrel. The panel hook caulking can not be loose, the gap between the boards can not be greater than 0.30mm.Second, the spreader1, hinge parts should be checked before use leverage deformation, cracks.2, the axis of the rotating parts, off the regular inspection and lubrication. In case of large loose, wear, deformation, etc., should be timely repair and replacement.3, new and put into use the spreader should load test, after passing inspection in order to allow the use of.Third, the wheel1, check all parts of the wheel, the tread of the wheel rim and spokes cracks are found, replace the wheel.2, when the wheel rim wear amount more than 50% of the original thickness, or rim bending deformation of up to 20% of the original thickness, the wheels should be scrapped.3, runout tolerance should not be greater than the diameter of the wheel tread.Wheel tread allows repair in the following situations:(1) a cylindrical the difference the two capstan tread diameter:Wheel diameter 250-500mm and no more than 0.125 mm;The wheel diameter 600-900mm and no more than 0.30mm.(2) Poor: the two passive wheel diameter cylindrical treadWheel diameter 250-500mm, is not greater than 0.60mm;The wheel diameter 600-900mm and no more than 0.90mm.(3) conical tread diameter deviation is greater than the nominal diameter of 1/1000, should be re-processed for repair.During use, the tread strip, the scratch area is greater than 2cm2, when the depth is greater than 3mm, allowing Repair, or should be scrapped.Wheel tread thickness loss of 15% of the thickness due to wear or re-machining due to other defects, repair, when the wheel is scrapped.(4) assembly of wheels, wheel basis nose will swing shall not be greater than 0.1 mm, the wall thickness of the rim and the wheel diameter deviation should not be greater than 3 mm, the wheel assembly group should be able to hand the flexibility to rotate.Fourth, trackCheck rail, bolts, fish plates for cracks, loose and corrosion. Found that the cracks should be replaced if any other defects should be promptly repaired.2, the adjustment of the track: track joints can be made directly to the head, also can be made into a 45 inclined joint general joint gap for 1-2mm in the cold winter construction or installation should consider the temperature gap is generally 4-6mm . Joints, two rail top surface of the difference in height shall not be greater than 1 mm, side straightness is not greater than 2 mm.The same cross-section of the two rail height difference shall not be greater than 10 mm. Each track along the length 2m measuring length shall not be greater than 2 mm, total length must not exceed 15mm.Fifth, pulley block1, good lubrication of the pulley block, flexible rotation; pulley lateral pendulum shall not exceed one-thousandth of the nominal size of the pulley.2, pulley cover and other parts shall not prevent the wire rope run. Should prevent the rope to jump out of the wheel groove guards.3 pulley one of the following conditions should be scrapped:(1) there is a crack or damage the rim.(2) round slot uneven wear up to 3mm.(3) The wall thickness of the wheel groove wear up to 20% of the original wall thickness.(4) wheel groove bottom diameter of the wear volume of 50% of the rope diameter.4, the pulley has a smooth surface smooth, there should be no damage to wire rope defects.Six rolls1, the fetching means when the upper limit position, the the rope whole volume in the helical slot; extract means when the lower limit position, the end of each fixed should have safety 1.5-2 ring fixed rope groove and ring grooves.2, you should regularly check the operation status of the group of the roll.(1) Check the roll and shaft may crack, cracks were found to be scrapped update in a timely manner.(2) reel wall wear to 20% of the original wall thickness roll scrap, should be replaced immediately.(3) the reel hub without cracks, roll links should be solid, not loose.(4) fixed the end of the wire rope should be reliable, fixtures should be locking or self-tightening performance.3, roll around the skew angle of the rope for single-layer winding-up mechanism should not be greater than 3.5 for the multilayer winding institutions should not be greater than 2 .4, multi-layer winding roll ends should be flange. Flange should be higher than the outermost layer of wire rope or chain 2 times the rope diameter or width of the chain. The monolayer wound single joint roll should also meet the above requirements., An integral part of the roll group, rotating flexible roll, shall not block abnormal sound.Seven reducer1, always check the anchor bolts, shall not be loose, fall off and break.2 a day, check the gear unit housing, bearing at fever can not exceed the allowable temperature rise. When the temperature exceeds a room temperature of 40 C, the bearings should be checked for damage, improper installation or lack of grease, the load time is too long, running or without catching phenomenon.3, check the lubrication. Reducer during the initial period, should be replaced every three months the oil and clean the cabinet, remove the metal shavings, replaced every six months to a year later. The lubricating oil will not leak, the oil should be moderate.4, listening to the police gear meshing sound. Excessive noise or abnormal percussion, out of the box to check the shafts and gears for damage.5, with a magnetic or ultrasonic flaw detection gear unit housing and shaft cracks should be replaced.6, the housing shall not deformation, cracking defect.7, reducer parts of the following circumstances should be scrapped:(1) the gear cracks and broken teeth.(2) damage to the tooth surface pitting of the engagement surface 30% or 10% of the depth up to the original tooth thickness.(3) Hoisting mechanism at every level gear to wear up 10% of the original tooth thickness, the other engages level up to the original tooth thickness of 20% should be scrapped: other institutions meshing gear tooth thickness wear up to 15%, the tooth thickness wear of the original tooth thickness of the engagement level of 25% should be scrapped; open gear drive gear tooth thickness wear of the original tooth thickness of 30% of the gear scrapped.(4) the reducer housing severe deformation, cracks and fix the value of the end-of-life.Eight coupling1, the rotating coupling runout or face runout is beyond the limit.2, the bond between the coupling and connector availability of loose, deformed, or out of the slot; keyway for cracks and deformation, with or without scroll keys. Connected to the coupling with the order of the shear bolt, the bolt of the availability of loose, fall off and break, when the above situation, stop the treatment.3, a lubricating device coupling sealing device should be intact.4, gear couplings for cracks, broken teeth or from the lifting mechanism and the non-equilibrium luffing mechanism gear tooth thickness wear volume of the original tooth thickness of 15% and 20% of other agencies gear tooth thickness wear volume of the original tooth thickness associated The axis is no longer available.The use of lifting mechanism brake wheel coupling, heat pad should be added.Nine, brakeBrake frame hinge point by the wear and tear caused Songkuang, resulting backlash over tic drive 10% of the working stroke of the device, the response to the hinge point for repair.2, the hinge pin having a diameter exceeding 5% of the original diameter of more than 0.5mm or ovality, shall replace the pin. The replacement pin hole should be trimmed to restore the roundness, and then the preparation of a new pin according to the aperture. Shaft hole diameter wear more than 5% of the original diameter, should be re-trimmed shaft hole, the preparation of a new pin.(3) on the brake pad lining wear more than 50% of the original thickness, defects and cracks should be scrapped, the replacement of the friction plate. Replacement, a rivet embedded in the brake lining attempt should be more than 1/2 of the original thickness.4, the parts of the braking device cracks should be scrapped.5 should be replaced, the brake spring plastic deformation occurs.6, from the lifting mechanism and luffing mechanism brake wheel, when the wear of the rim thickness up to 40% of the original thickness, should be scrapped. Other bodies of the brake wheel, the wear of the rim thickness up to 50% of the original thickness, should be scrapped.7, brake wheel shaft hole with the drive shaft connected to key loose, replace the tic wheel and drive shaft.8, the brake wheel uneven degrees of 1.5mm, allowing Repair. Flange thickness shall comply with the requirements of section 6 of the repair can continue to use, or should be scrapped.中文翻譯行車(chē)安全技術(shù)要求一、吊鉤1、應(yīng)定期檢查,至少每半年檢查一次,并進(jìn)行清洗潤(rùn)滑。2、新投入使用的吊鉤要認(rèn)明鉤件上的標(biāo)記、制造單位的技術(shù)文件和出廠(chǎng)合格證。3、投入正式使用前應(yīng)根據(jù)標(biāo)記進(jìn)行負(fù)荷試驗(yàn),確認(rèn)合格后才允許使用。4、不準(zhǔn)使用鑄造吊鉤。吊鉤應(yīng)固定牢靠,轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)部位應(yīng)靈活,鉤體表面光潔,無(wú)裂紋、剝裂及任何有損傷鋼絲繩的缺陷。5、鉤體上的缺陷不得補(bǔ)焊。為防止吊具自行脫鉤,吊鉤上應(yīng)設(shè)置防止意外脫鉤的安全裝置。6、出現(xiàn)下述情況之一時(shí),吊鉤應(yīng)報(bào)廢:(1)表面有裂紋。(2)危險(xiǎn)斷面磨損量:按行業(yè)沿用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制造的吊鉤,應(yīng)不大于原尺寸的10%;按GB10051.2制造的吊鉤,應(yīng)不大于原高度的5%。(3)開(kāi)口度比原尺寸增加15%。(4)扭轉(zhuǎn)變形超過(guò)10。(5)危險(xiǎn)斷面或吊鉤頸部產(chǎn)生塑性變形。(6)板鉤襯套磨損達(dá)原尺寸的50%時(shí),應(yīng)報(bào)廢襯套;板鉤芯軸磨損達(dá)原尺寸的5%時(shí),應(yīng)報(bào)廢芯軸。板鉤的鉚接不得松動(dòng),板間的間隙不得大于0.30mm。二、吊具1、使用前應(yīng)檢查鉸接部位的杠桿有無(wú)變形、裂紋。2、對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)部位的軸、銷(xiāo)進(jìn)行定期檢查和潤(rùn)滑。如有較大的松動(dòng)、磨損、變形等,應(yīng)及時(shí)予以修理和更換。3、新投入使用的吊具應(yīng)進(jìn)行負(fù)載試驗(yàn),經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)合格后才能允許使用。三、車(chē)輪1、檢查車(chē)輪各個(gè)部位,車(chē)輪的踏面、輪緣和輪輻發(fā)現(xiàn)裂紋時(shí),應(yīng)更換車(chē)輪。2、車(chē)輪輪緣磨損量超過(guò)原厚度的50%時(shí),或輪緣彎曲變形達(dá)原厚度的20%時(shí),車(chē)輪應(yīng)報(bào)廢。3、車(chē)輪踏面的徑向跳動(dòng)不應(yīng)大于直徑的公差。車(chē)輪踏面在下列情況時(shí)允許修理:(1)圓柱形踏面的兩主動(dòng)輪的直徑差:車(chē)輪直徑250500mm時(shí),不大于0.125mm;車(chē)輪直徑600900mm時(shí),不大于0.30mm。(2)圓柱形踏面的兩被動(dòng)輪的直徑差:車(chē)輪直徑250500mm時(shí),不大于0.60mm;車(chē)輪直徑600900mm時(shí),不大于0.90mm。(3)圓錐形踏面直徑偏差大于名義直徑的1/1000時(shí),應(yīng)重新加工修理。在使用過(guò)程中,踏面剝離、擦傷的面積大于2cm2,深度大于3mm時(shí),允許修理,否則應(yīng)報(bào)廢。車(chē)輪由于磨損或因其他缺陷,重新加工修理,踏面厚度損失達(dá)厚度的15%時(shí),車(chē)輪報(bào)廢。(4)裝配后的車(chē)輪組,車(chē)輪基準(zhǔn)端面擺輻不得大于0.1mm,輪緣及輪徑的壁厚偏差不應(yīng)大于3mm,裝配后的車(chē)輪組,應(yīng)能用手靈活地轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。四、軌道1、檢查鋼軌、螺栓,魚(yú)尾板有無(wú)裂紋,松脫和腐蝕。發(fā)現(xiàn)裂紋應(yīng)及時(shí)更換,如有其他缺陷應(yīng)及時(shí)修理。2、軌道的調(diào)整:軌道的接頭可做成直接頭,也可以做成45斜接頭,一般接頭的縫隙為12mm,在寒冷地區(qū)冬季施工或安裝時(shí)應(yīng)考慮溫度縫隙一般為46mm。接頭處,兩軌頂面高度差不得大于1mm,側(cè)面直線(xiàn)度不大于2mm。兩軌道同一截面高度差不得大于10mm。每根軌道沿長(zhǎng)度方向,每2m測(cè)量長(zhǎng)度不得大于2mm,全長(zhǎng)上不得超過(guò)15mm。五、滑輪組1、滑輪組潤(rùn)滑良好,轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)靈活;滑輪側(cè)向擺不得超過(guò)滑輪名義尺寸的千分之一。2、滑輪罩及其他零部件不得妨礙鋼絲繩運(yùn)行。應(yīng)有防止鋼絲繩跳出輪槽的防護(hù)裝置。3、滑輪有以下情況之一時(shí),應(yīng)報(bào)廢:(1)有裂紋或輪緣破損。(2)輪槽不均勻磨損達(dá)3mm時(shí)。(3)輪槽壁厚磨損達(dá)原壁厚的20%時(shí)。(4)輪槽底部直徑磨損量達(dá)鋼絲繩直徑的50%時(shí)。4、滑輪輪槽表面光潔平滑,不應(yīng)有損傷鋼絲繩的缺陷。六、卷筒1、取物裝置在上極限位置時(shí),鋼絲繩全卷在螺旋槽中;取物裝置在下極限位置時(shí),每端固定處都應(yīng)有1.52圈固定鋼絲繩用槽和2圈以上的安全槽。2、應(yīng)定期檢查卷筒組的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)狀態(tài)。(1)檢查卷筒和軸不得有裂紋,如發(fā)現(xiàn)裂紋要及時(shí)報(bào)廢更新。(2)卷筒壁磨損至原壁厚的20%時(shí)卷筒報(bào)廢,應(yīng)立即更換。(3)卷筒轂上不得有裂紋,與卷筒聯(lián)結(jié)就應(yīng)堅(jiān)固,不得松動(dòng)。(4)鋼絲繩尾端的固定應(yīng)可靠,固定裝置應(yīng)有防松或自緊性能。3、卷筒與繞出的鋼絲繩的偏斜角對(duì)于單層纏繞機(jī)構(gòu)不應(yīng)大于3.5,對(duì)于多層纏繞機(jī)構(gòu)不應(yīng)大于2。4、多層纏繞的卷筒,端部應(yīng)有凸緣。凸緣應(yīng)比最外層鋼絲繩或鏈條高出2倍的鋼絲繩直徑或鏈條的寬度。單層纏繞的單聯(lián)卷筒也應(yīng)滿(mǎn)足上述要求。5、組成卷筒組的零件齊全,卷筒轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)靈活,不得有阻滯現(xiàn)象及異常聲響。七、減速器1、經(jīng)常檢查地腳螺栓,不得有松動(dòng)、脫落和折斷。2、每天檢查減速器箱體,軸承處的發(fā)熱不能超過(guò)允許溫度升高值。當(dāng)溫度超過(guò)室溫40時(shí),應(yīng)檢查軸承是否損壞,是否安裝不當(dāng)或缺少潤(rùn)滑油脂,負(fù)荷時(shí)間是否過(guò)長(zhǎng),運(yùn)行有無(wú)卡滯現(xiàn)象等。3、檢查潤(rùn)滑部位。減速器使用初期,應(yīng)每三個(gè)月更換一次潤(rùn)滑油,并清洗箱體,去除金屬屑,以后半年至一年更換一次。潤(rùn)滑油不得泄漏,同時(shí)油量要適中。4、聽(tīng)察齒輪嚙合聲響。噪聲過(guò)高或有異常撞擊聲時(shí),要開(kāi)箱檢查軸和齒輪有無(wú)損壞。5、用磁力或超聲波探傷檢查減速器箱體和軸,發(fā)現(xiàn)裂紋應(yīng)及時(shí)更換。6、殼體不得有變形、開(kāi)裂缺損現(xiàn)象。7、減速器零件中有下列情形之一時(shí),應(yīng)予以報(bào)廢:(1)齒輪有裂紋和斷齒。(2)齒面點(diǎn)蝕損壞達(dá)嚙合面30%或深度達(dá)原齒厚的10%時(shí)。(3)起升機(jī)構(gòu)每一級(jí)嚙合齒輪磨損達(dá)原齒厚的10%,其他嚙合級(jí)達(dá)原齒厚的20%時(shí)應(yīng)報(bào)廢:其他機(jī)構(gòu)第一級(jí)嚙合齒輪原齒厚磨損達(dá)15%,其他嚙合級(jí)齒厚磨損達(dá)原齒厚的25%時(shí)應(yīng)報(bào)廢;開(kāi)式齒輪傳動(dòng)中的齒輪齒厚磨損達(dá)原齒厚的30%時(shí),該齒輪報(bào)廢。(4)減速器殼體嚴(yán)重變形、裂紋,且無(wú)修復(fù)價(jià)值時(shí),該件報(bào)廢。八、聯(lián)軸器1、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)中的聯(lián)軸器徑向跳動(dòng)或端面跳動(dòng)是否超出極限。2、聯(lián)軸器與被連接件間的鍵有無(wú)松動(dòng)、變形或出槽;鍵槽有無(wú)裂痕和變形,有無(wú)滾鍵。用承剪螺栓連接的聯(lián)軸器,其螺栓有無(wú)松動(dòng)、脫落和折斷,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)上述情況時(shí),應(yīng)停機(jī)處理。3、帶有潤(rùn)滑裝置的聯(lián)軸器的密封裝置應(yīng)完好。4、齒輪聯(lián)軸器有裂痕、斷齒或起升機(jī)構(gòu)和非平衡變幅機(jī)構(gòu)齒輪齒厚磨損量達(dá)原齒厚的15%,其他機(jī)構(gòu)齒輪齒厚磨損量達(dá)原齒厚的20%,聯(lián)軸器不能再使用。5、起升機(jī)構(gòu)使用的制動(dòng)輪聯(lián)軸器,應(yīng)加設(shè)隔熱墊。九、制動(dòng)器1、制動(dòng)器架各鉸接點(diǎn)經(jīng)磨損造成松曠,導(dǎo)致無(wú)效行程超過(guò)抽動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置工作行程的10%時(shí),應(yīng)對(duì)各鉸接點(diǎn)進(jìn)行修理。2、各鉸鏈處的銷(xiāo)軸,其直徑超過(guò)原直徑的5%或橢圓度超過(guò)0.5mm時(shí),均應(yīng)更換銷(xiāo)軸。更換時(shí),應(yīng)修整銷(xiāo)軸孔,恢復(fù)圓度,然后根據(jù)孔徑配制新的銷(xiāo)軸。軸孔直徑磨損超過(guò)原直徑5%時(shí),也應(yīng)重新修整軸孔,配制新的銷(xiāo)軸。3、制動(dòng)瓦塊上摩擦片的磨損超過(guò)原厚度的50%,或有缺損和裂紋時(shí),應(yīng)報(bào)廢更換新的摩擦片。更換時(shí),鉚釘埋入制動(dòng)摩擦片的嘗試應(yīng)超過(guò)原厚度的1/2。4、制動(dòng)裝置的零件出現(xiàn)裂紋時(shí)應(yīng)報(bào)廢。5、制動(dòng)彈簧出現(xiàn)塑性變形時(shí)應(yīng)更換。6、起升機(jī)構(gòu)和變幅機(jī)構(gòu)的制動(dòng)輪,當(dāng)輪緣厚度磨損達(dá)原厚度的40%時(shí),應(yīng)報(bào)廢。其他機(jī)構(gòu)的制動(dòng)輪,輪緣厚度磨損達(dá)原厚度的50%時(shí),應(yīng)報(bào)廢。7、制動(dòng)輪的軸孔與傳動(dòng)軸連接的鍵出現(xiàn)松動(dòng)時(shí),應(yīng)更換抽動(dòng)輪和傳動(dòng)軸。8、制動(dòng)輪凹凸不平度達(dá)1.5mm時(shí),允許修理。修復(fù)后輪緣厚度應(yīng)符合上述第6條的要求時(shí)可繼續(xù)使用,否則應(yīng)報(bào)廢。 湖 南 科 技 大 學(xué)英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯學(xué) 生 姓 名: 學(xué) 院: 專(zhuān)業(yè)及班級(jí): 學(xué) 號(hào): 指導(dǎo)教師: 年 月 日湖 南 科 技 大 學(xué)畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)任 務(wù) 書(shū) 機(jī) 電 工 程 學(xué)院 機(jī) 械 設(shè) 計(jì) 制 造 及 其 自 動(dòng) 化 系系主任: (簽名) 2015 年 3 月 8 日學(xué)生姓名: 杜澤昊 學(xué)號(hào): 1103010521 專(zhuān)業(yè): 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 1 設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目及專(zhuān)題: 15t橋式起重機(jī)起升機(jī)構(gòu)和小車(chē)運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)及其部件設(shè)計(jì) 2 學(xué)生正式設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間:自 2015 年 3 月 8 日開(kāi)始至 2014 年 5 月 20 日止3 設(shè)計(jì)(論文)所用資源和參考資料:1)圖書(shū)館查閱有關(guān)橋式起重機(jī)方面的書(shū)籍及科技期刊; 2)參閱機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)、機(jī)械圖冊(cè)及在網(wǎng)上查閱與課題有關(guān)最新資料; 3)到機(jī)械制造單位參觀(guān)并收集有關(guān)圖片及圖紙資料。 4 設(shè)計(jì)(論文)應(yīng)完成的主要內(nèi)容:1)橋式起重機(jī)的簡(jiǎn)介和發(fā)展概況,及其基本的工作原理; 2)橋式起重機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)分析,吊鉤、滑輪組結(jié)構(gòu)方案選擇設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明; 3)起升機(jī)構(gòu)傳動(dòng)方案及其參數(shù)設(shè)計(jì); 4)小車(chē)運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)及其重要結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說(shuō)明; 5 提交設(shè)計(jì)(論文)形式(設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明與圖紙或論文等)及要求:1)本橋式起重機(jī)總裝配圖、零部件圖等共折合A0不少于2.5張; 2)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說(shuō)明書(shū)一份(小四號(hào)字打印不少于40頁(yè),文中可插自畫(huà)圖和表格,規(guī)范見(jiàn)校文件);6 發(fā)題時(shí)間: 2015 年 03 月 08 日指導(dǎo)教師: (簽名) 學(xué) 生: (簽名) 湖 南 科 技 大 學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)指導(dǎo)人評(píng)語(yǔ)指導(dǎo)人: (簽名)年 月 日 指導(dǎo)人評(píng)定成績(jī): 湖 南 科 技 大 學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)評(píng)閱人評(píng)語(yǔ)評(píng)閱人: (簽名)年 月 日 評(píng)閱人評(píng)定成績(jī): 湖 南 科 技 大 學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)答辯記錄日期: 學(xué)生: 學(xué)號(hào): 班級(jí): 題目: 提交畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)答辯委員會(huì)下列材料:1 設(shè)計(jì)(論文)說(shuō)明書(shū)共頁(yè)2 設(shè)計(jì)(論文)圖 紙共頁(yè)3 指導(dǎo)人、評(píng)閱人評(píng)語(yǔ)共頁(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)答辯委員會(huì)評(píng)語(yǔ):答辯委員會(huì)主任: (簽名)委員: (簽名)(簽名)(簽名)(簽名) 答辯成績(jī): 總評(píng)成績(jī): IV湖 南 科 技 大 學(xué)畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)( 論 文 )題目15t橋式起重機(jī)起升機(jī)構(gòu)和小車(chē)運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)及其部件設(shè)計(jì)作者杜澤昊學(xué)院機(jī)電工程學(xué)院專(zhuān)業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化學(xué)號(hào)1103010521指導(dǎo)教師蔡志華二一五 年 五 月 三十 日湖南科技大學(xué) 2011 屆畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開(kāi)題報(bào)告題 目15t橋式起重機(jī)起升機(jī)構(gòu)和小車(chē)運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)及其部件設(shè)計(jì)作者姓名杜澤昊學(xué)號(hào)1103010521所學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化1、 研究的意義,同類(lèi)研究工作國(guó)內(nèi)外現(xiàn)狀、存在問(wèn)題(列出主要參考文獻(xiàn))一、設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)及研究意義:起重機(jī)是現(xiàn)代工業(yè)在實(shí)現(xiàn)出產(chǎn)過(guò)程機(jī)械化、自己主動(dòng)化,改善物料搬運(yùn)前提,提高勞動(dòng)出產(chǎn)率必不可少的重要機(jī)械設(shè)備。它對(duì)于發(fā)展國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì),改善人們的事物、文化生活的需要都起著重要的作用。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的迅速發(fā)展,機(jī)械化、自己主動(dòng)化程度也在不停提高,與此相適應(yīng)的起重機(jī)技能也在高速發(fā)展,產(chǎn)物種類(lèi)不停增加,使用規(guī)模越來(lái)越廣。一些企業(yè)由于沒(méi)有起重機(jī)械,不僅工作效率低,勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大,甚至難以工作。高層建筑的施工,上萬(wàn)噸級(jí)或幾十萬(wàn)噸級(jí)的大型船只的建造,火箭和導(dǎo)彈的發(fā)射,大型電站的施工和安裝,大重件的裝卸與搬運(yùn)等,都離不開(kāi)起重機(jī)的作業(yè)。起重機(jī)不僅可以作為輔助的出產(chǎn)設(shè)備,完成原料、半成品、產(chǎn)物的裝卸、搬運(yùn),進(jìn)行機(jī)電設(shè)備、船體分段的吊運(yùn)與安裝,而且也是一些出產(chǎn)過(guò)程及工藝操作中的必需的裝備。再如冶煉金屬工業(yè)出產(chǎn)中的爐料籌辦、加料、鋼水澆鑄成錠、脫模取錠等,必需依靠起重機(jī)進(jìn)行出產(chǎn)作業(yè)。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),在國(guó)內(nèi)的冶煉金屬、煤炭部門(mén)的機(jī)械設(shè)備總數(shù)量或總自重中,起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械約占45%。起重機(jī)是機(jī)械化作業(yè)的重要的事物基礎(chǔ),是一些工業(yè)企業(yè)中主要的固定資產(chǎn)。對(duì)于工礦企業(yè)、港口碼頭、車(chē)站庫(kù)場(chǎng)、建筑施工工地,和海洋開(kāi)發(fā)、宇宙航行等部門(mén),起重機(jī)已成為主要的出產(chǎn)力要素,在出產(chǎn)中進(jìn)行著高效的工作,組成合理社團(tuán)批量出產(chǎn)和機(jī)械化流水作業(yè)的基礎(chǔ),是現(xiàn)代化出產(chǎn)的重要標(biāo)志之一。橋式起重機(jī)作為物料搬運(yùn)機(jī)械中的最主要的一種,在各行各業(yè)中得到廣泛的應(yīng)用,龍門(mén)起重機(jī)起重范圍可以從幾噸到幾十噸甚至幾百?lài)?,在機(jī)械制造、冶金、鋼鐵、碼頭集裝箱裝運(yùn)等行業(yè)都必須有龍門(mén)起重機(jī)。而起升機(jī)構(gòu)更是起重機(jī)的咽喉設(shè)備,因此對(duì)其進(jìn)行研究,改進(jìn)其結(jié)構(gòu)使其更加合理,使用更加方便,成本更加低廉,具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。二、國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀:在工程機(jī)械行業(yè)中的子行業(yè)-起重機(jī)行業(yè)近期評(píng)出的全球十強(qiáng)的企業(yè)名單中,中國(guó)占據(jù)了四席,其中全國(guó)最大的工程機(jī)械企業(yè)徐工集團(tuán)位列第三,中聯(lián)重科、三一集團(tuán)、撫挖重工分列第五、第七和第十位。盡管中國(guó)目前已經(jīng)成為全球最大的起重機(jī)市場(chǎng),最大的小噸位起重機(jī)產(chǎn)品出口國(guó),但是超大噸位的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力仍然不足,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、液壓件以及電控系統(tǒng)仍是發(fā)展阻礙。有關(guān)超大噸位的技術(shù)突破更多寄望于技術(shù)實(shí)力雄厚的國(guó)內(nèi)大型企業(yè),因?yàn)榇髧嵨坏漠a(chǎn)品是技術(shù)導(dǎo)向,中小型企業(yè)恐缺乏技術(shù)沉淀與資金支持。近年來(lái),隨著電子計(jì)算機(jī)的廣泛應(yīng)用,許多國(guó)外起重機(jī)制造商從應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)(CAD),提高到應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行起重機(jī)的模塊化設(shè)計(jì),不僅是一種設(shè)計(jì)方法的改革,而且將影響整個(gè)起重機(jī)行業(yè)的技術(shù)、生產(chǎn)和管理水平,老產(chǎn)品的更新?lián)Q代、新產(chǎn)品的研制速度都將大大加快。另外,由于鋼鐵工業(yè)新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,鋼材質(zhì)量得以提高,如瑞典的SSAB薄鋼板公司,其生產(chǎn)的DOMEX系列高強(qiáng)度及超高強(qiáng)度鋼材,在設(shè)計(jì)起重機(jī)主梁強(qiáng)度時(shí),可使用較高的許用應(yīng)力,而不需要很高的安全系數(shù),以便減少起重機(jī)材料用量,從而降低設(shè)備的重量和價(jià)格。參考文獻(xiàn):1 GB3811-83. 起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范M. 北京: 中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社,1984.2 陳道南,盛漢中.起重機(jī)課程設(shè)計(jì)M.北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社,1983.3 張質(zhì)文. 起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)M. 北京: 中國(guó)鐵道出版社,1998.4 起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)編寫(xiě)組. 起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)M. 北京: 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1980.5 Purdum.T. Machine DesignM. Journal of Science & Engineering,1998.6 揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)葵. 起重機(jī)械M. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1982.7 祝慈壽.中國(guó)工業(yè)技術(shù)史M.重慶:重慶出版社,1995.8 胡宗武,顧迪民.起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算M.北京:北京科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1989.2、 研究目標(biāo)、內(nèi)容和擬解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題(根據(jù)任務(wù)要求進(jìn)一步具體化)起升機(jī)構(gòu)包括了吊具,卷筒,減速器,制動(dòng)器,電機(jī)等多方面,在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),可能難以處理的問(wèn)題有下面幾個(gè)方面:1.減速器和電機(jī),卷筒在起重機(jī)上的布局因?yàn)槿咧g距離的改變會(huì)影響到聯(lián)軸器選用和制動(dòng)器選用。2.卷筒設(shè)計(jì)我認(rèn)為卷筒設(shè)計(jì)是起升機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),卷筒的壁厚取決于最大起升重量,卷筒的長(zhǎng)度由鋼絲繩的直徑和卷筒節(jié)距確定。只有卷筒的選擇符合設(shè)計(jì)要求,才能根據(jù)所給的起升速度確定減速器輸出端轉(zhuǎn)速和電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇,再由所選電機(jī)的輸出轉(zhuǎn)速和減速器輸出轉(zhuǎn)速確定減速器的傳動(dòng)比,選擇合適型號(hào)的減速器。3.制動(dòng)器的選擇制動(dòng)器必須能在重物上升時(shí)及時(shí)使電機(jī)輸出停止,在重物水平移動(dòng)時(shí)保持起升機(jī)構(gòu)的停止,還要在卸貨時(shí)及時(shí)停車(chē),防止貨物受損。所以制動(dòng)器是起升機(jī)構(gòu)里重要的安全保障裝置,選擇是要謹(jǐn)慎。4.鋼絲繩,卷筒等強(qiáng)度載荷的校核。3、 特色與創(chuàng)新之處開(kāi)展對(duì)起重機(jī)傳動(dòng)型式創(chuàng)新、結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)造創(chuàng)新和功能原理創(chuàng)新等方面理論及技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)研究,為此著重研究新材料、新工藝、新的傳動(dòng)裝置,從而通過(guò)對(duì)不同設(shè)計(jì)方案的優(yōu)選、分解和組合來(lái)產(chǎn)生新的設(shè)計(jì)方案,不斷推出創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)成果。4、 擬采取的研究方法、步驟、技術(shù)路線(xiàn)1.吊具選擇采用單吊鉤形式,吊鉤根據(jù)起重量CP=40t,機(jī)構(gòu)工作級(jí)別M5選用吊鉤M32。根據(jù)吊鉤號(hào),選擇下滑輪組,預(yù)估下滑輪組質(zhì)量932KG。2.鋼絲繩選擇鋼絲繩是有很細(xì)的強(qiáng)度很高的鋼絲,按一定的螺距繞成股,再由股繞成繩。鋼絲繩根據(jù)其芯材料不同,分為(1)鋼絲。鋼絲繩起到承受載荷的作用,其性能主要由鋼絲決定。鋼絲是碳素鋼或合金鋼通過(guò)冷拉或冷軋而成的圓形(或異形)絲材,具有很高的強(qiáng)度和韌性,并根據(jù)使用環(huán)境條件不同對(duì)鋼絲進(jìn)行表面處理。(2)纖維芯。它是用來(lái)增加鋼絲繩彈性和韌性、潤(rùn)滑銅絲、減輕摩擦,提高使用壽命的。常用繩芯有機(jī)纖維(如麻、棉)、合成纖維、石棉芯(高溫條件)或軟金屬等材料。在作為中小型起重機(jī)起升機(jī)構(gòu)使用時(shí),纖維芯鋼絲繩在抗拉強(qiáng)度和破斷力方面可以滿(mǎn)足使用需求,并且起重機(jī)在運(yùn)送物料時(shí)需要卷繞,因此選用纖維芯鋼絲繩,以增加使用壽命,減少更換次數(shù)。3.卷筒選擇起升機(jī)構(gòu)的卷筒是用來(lái)卷繞并儲(chǔ)存起升繩的。在批量生產(chǎn)的通用中小型起重機(jī)中多用鑄鐵制造的卷筒,一般采用單層卷繞。單層卷繞卷筒表面切有弧形斷面的螺旋槽,以增大鋼絲繩與筒體的接觸面積,并使鋼絲繩在卷筒上纏繞的位置固定,以避免相鄰鋼絲繩互相摩擦影響壽命。根據(jù)任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)要求采用單層卷繞式的鋼絲繩鑄造卷筒。4.電動(dòng)機(jī)選擇我國(guó)起重機(jī)采用專(zhuān)用的直流和交流電動(dòng)機(jī)。直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是調(diào)速范圍大、過(guò)載能力強(qiáng)、平滑的調(diào)速特性和較大的起動(dòng)、制動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩。工作電壓為220V和440V。但存在設(shè)備費(fèi)用高、體積大和需要專(zhuān)用的供電電源等缺點(diǎn),少數(shù)冶金起重機(jī)和要求在較大范圍內(nèi)平穩(wěn)調(diào)速的傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)采用直流電機(jī)。電動(dòng)機(jī)機(jī)械部分的強(qiáng)度和剛度設(shè)計(jì)的足夠大,所以電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇主要是電動(dòng)機(jī)熱容量的選擇。因?yàn)槠鹕龣C(jī)構(gòu)屬于斷續(xù)周期工作,起升機(jī)構(gòu)電機(jī)可認(rèn)為是S3工作制。在起重機(jī)械中,一般采用三相交流感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)和錐形轉(zhuǎn)子電動(dòng)機(jī),其工作電壓為220V/380V和500V。根據(jù)機(jī)構(gòu)工作級(jí)別,一般選擇JZR2、YZR、JZRH型3相交流電機(jī)。籠式感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是構(gòu)造簡(jiǎn)單,操縱方便,有較高的轉(zhuǎn)差率,適用于直接啟動(dòng),價(jià)格也便宜,缺點(diǎn)是啟動(dòng)電流大(達(dá)額定電流的46倍)和不能承受較多的起動(dòng)次數(shù)。作為起升機(jī)構(gòu)用電機(jī),需要頻繁起動(dòng),因此籠式電機(jī)不適合選用。繞線(xiàn)式感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)使用的最多。因?yàn)檫@種電動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)子電路可以外接起動(dòng)電阻實(shí)現(xiàn)起動(dòng)調(diào)速,起動(dòng)平穩(wěn)、起動(dòng)電流通常不超過(guò)額定電流的2215倍,且有較高的過(guò)載能力。所以這次選用這種電動(dòng)機(jī)。5.減速器選擇減速器是原動(dòng)機(jī)和工作機(jī)之間的獨(dú)立的閉式傳動(dòng)裝置,用來(lái)降低轉(zhuǎn)速和增大轉(zhuǎn)矩,以滿(mǎn)足工作需要。在機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)中,應(yīng)盡可能選擇由減速器制造廠(chǎng)供貨的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)減速器,起重機(jī)減速器分為ZQA型和QJ型兩大類(lèi),其中QJ型又分為帶底座型和三支點(diǎn)支承型(下圖)兩種。QJ系列減速器減速比范圍寬,機(jī)械傳動(dòng)效率高,運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)平穩(wěn),噪音低,使用壽命長(zhǎng),承載能力高,易于拆檢,易于安裝。這里選用QJ系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)減速器。6.制動(dòng)器選擇制動(dòng)器是起升機(jī)構(gòu)不可缺少的安全裝置,而且要安裝在高速軸與卷筒剛性聯(lián)系的位置。一般起重機(jī)常用的減速器有盤(pán)式和瓦塊式兩種。因?yàn)楸P(pán)式制動(dòng)器是以平面的摩擦塊雙向壓到制動(dòng)盤(pán)上產(chǎn)生制動(dòng)力,制動(dòng)摩擦力合摩擦受損均勻,更換也方便,所以這里選用盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器。7.聯(lián)軸器選擇聯(lián)軸器是將兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的傳動(dòng)部件聯(lián)系起來(lái),如電動(dòng)機(jī)輸出軸和減速器輸入軸的連接,減速器輸出軸與卷筒軸的連接等。對(duì)這些聯(lián)軸器的要求,除了能有足夠的傳遞轉(zhuǎn)矩能力外,還有兩個(gè)重要的附加要求:一是安裝方便,要求不挪動(dòng)設(shè)備的情況下可以拆卸;二是有一定的徑向、軸向和角度向的補(bǔ)償能力,因?yàn)闄C(jī)構(gòu)的底座制造有誤差,或發(fā)生了變形,使的這種補(bǔ)償非常必要。在電動(dòng)機(jī)輸出軸與減速器高速軸之間,選用梅花形彈性聯(lián)軸器,因?yàn)殡姍C(jī)輸出轉(zhuǎn)速高,具有沖擊和振動(dòng),這種類(lèi)型的聯(lián)軸器有緩沖減振的作用,另外還有轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量小,補(bǔ)償能力好的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。減速器低速軸有卷筒間有較大的轉(zhuǎn)矩,如使用普通齒輪聯(lián)軸器,尺寸會(huì)很大,因此,可以選用近年來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)的卷筒專(zhuān)用齒形聯(lián)軸器。5、 擬使用的主要設(shè)計(jì)、分析軟件及儀器設(shè)備SolidWorks2014 AutoCAD 6、參考文獻(xiàn)1 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)編委會(huì)主編,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械零部件、操作件和小五金.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2007,32 嚴(yán)大考、鄭蘭霞主編,起重機(jī)械.鄭州:鄭州大學(xué)出版社,2003,93 余維張主編,起重機(jī)械檢修手冊(cè).北京:中國(guó)電力出版社,1998,114 楊長(zhǎng)睽,傅東明主編,起重機(jī)械(第2版).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1992,55 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)編委會(huì)主編,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)聯(lián)軸器、離合器與制動(dòng)器.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2007,26 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)編委會(huì)主編,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)減速器和變速器.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2007,27 羅宗澤,羅圣國(guó)主編,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(第3版).北京:高等教育出版社,20068 張瑩主編,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1997,79 何焯主編,設(shè)備起重吊裝工程便攜手冊(cè)(第2版).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2005,210 黃大巍,李風(fēng),毛文杰等主編,現(xiàn)代起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械.北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2006,311 北京科技大學(xué),東北大學(xué)主編,工程力學(xué)(靜力學(xué)).北京:高等教育出版社,199712 北京科技大學(xué),東北大學(xué)主編,工程力學(xué)(材料力學(xué)).北京:高等教育出版社,199713 余雷聲主編,電氣控制與PLC應(yīng)用.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1998,1014 熊幸明主編,工廠(chǎng)電氣控制技術(shù).北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,2005,1015 張質(zhì)文等主編,起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).北京:中國(guó)鐵道出版社,199716 趙秉衡主編,工廠(chǎng)電氣控制設(shè)備.北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社,2001,817 苑尚尊,程岷沙主編,電工與電子技術(shù).東營(yíng):石油大學(xué)出版社,2004,618 田復(fù)興等主編,起重機(jī)械事故案例分析與預(yù)防.北京:中國(guó)水利水電出版社,200519 李錚主編,起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械.北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社,1989,1020 陳敢澤主編,現(xiàn)代起重機(jī)管理與實(shí)用技術(shù).北京:科學(xué)出版社,200021 孫桂林主編,起重與機(jī)械安全工程學(xué).北京:北京經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院出版社,1991,9注:1、開(kāi)題報(bào)告是本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的一個(gè)重要組成部分。學(xué)生應(yīng)根據(jù)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書(shū)的要求和文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研結(jié)果,在開(kāi)始撰寫(xiě)論文之前寫(xiě)出開(kāi)題報(bào)告。2、參考文獻(xiàn)按下列格式(A為期刊,B為專(zhuān)著)A:序號(hào)、作者(外文姓前名后,名縮寫(xiě),不加縮寫(xiě)點(diǎn),3人以上作者只寫(xiě)前3人,后用“等”代替。)、題名、期刊名(外文可縮寫(xiě),不加縮寫(xiě)點(diǎn))年份、卷號(hào)(期號(hào)):起止頁(yè)碼。B:序號(hào)、作者、書(shū)名、版次、(初版不寫(xiě))、出版地、出版單位、出版時(shí)間、頁(yè)碼。3、表中各項(xiàng)可加附頁(yè)。4
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