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（論文）任務
論文題目
盤角齒輪鉆孔夾具設計
1、課題基本內容目標： （包括原始數據、資料、技術參數、工作要求等）
根據零件圖的要求及年產量為5000件的生產規(guī)模，設計鉆孔夾具一套。要求如下：
1） 查閱相關資料，分析所給題目的零件結構工藝性，，編制零件的加工工藝規(guī)程，填寫零件的加工工藝卡片。繪制鉆孔工序零件圖；
2） 設計鉆孔夾具一套，包括總裝配圖、零件圖；
3） 提交設計說明書及精度分析等相關設計分析結果。
2、課題成果的基本要求： （包括畢業(yè)設計（論文）、圖表、實物樣品等）
1）產品零件的加工工藝規(guī)程卡一套；
2）總裝配圖一張（A1圖紙），零件圖全套（A1圖紙二份，其余不限）；
3）編寫夾具的設計說明書，字數在12000字以上。
4）翻譯有關機械制造方面10000個字符以上的外文資料，字數不得少于三千。
3、學生完成課題具備的條件：
具備《金屬切削機床》、《金屬切削原理與刀具》、《機械加工工藝與夾具》
《工程材料》等方面的專業(yè)知識。
4、主要參考文獻、資料和參考書
① 機械加工工藝人員手冊；
② 夾具設計手冊；
③ 機械設計手冊。
④ 機床夾具圖冊。
5、畢業(yè)設計（論文）工作進度計劃
序號
起止日期
設計各階段名稱或工作內容
1
08.12.8至08.12.14
學生選課題,指導教師與學生見面,指導教師填寫“畢業(yè)設計任務書”,（一題一份）發(fā)給學生。
2
08.12.15至08.12.31
指導學生撰寫開題報告（包括資料收集、外文獻翻譯、文獻綜述寫作、撰寫開題報告等）。
3
09.1.4至09.1.12
以專業(yè)小組為單位，對開題報告進行交流評審，確定是否同意開題。
4
09.2.27
上交開題報告。
5
09.3.1至09.5.10
學生完成畢業(yè)論文（設計）的撰寫，并交指導教師。
6
09.5.11至09.5.17
指導教師對畢業(yè)論文寫出有針對性的評語，給出評分，并建議提交答辯。
7
09.5.18至09.5.27
畢業(yè)論文答辯
8
09.6.4至09.6.12
畢業(yè)論文文擋整理上交教務處對畢業(yè)論文進行復評。
學生開始執(zhí)行任務書日期:2008年12月12日 教研室主任:
學生送交畢業(yè)設計（論文）日期:2009年5月10日 系主任:
注: 此畢業(yè)論文（設計）任務書由指導教師負責填寫,系主任審核后下發(fā)學生執(zhí)行.
2
盤角齒輪加工工藝及鉆孔夾具設計
（外文翻譯）
1.Machining Technology Handbook, Volume 1 [M]. Muong for Machinery Industry Press, 1991
Work piece in the clamping fixture
In the machining process, the work piece by the cutting force, centrifugal force, inertia force, such as the role of, in order to ensure that these external force, the work piece can remain in the fixture by the positioning of the processing to determine the location of components, and should be no vibration or displacement, fixture structure should be set up reliable work piece clamping device folder will be in prison.
First, the composition of clamping devices
Many different types of clamping devices, but their structures are composed of two parts.
1. Power plant
The source of clamping force, one human; second is generated by a power device. The device can generate power as the power unit fixture. Commonly used in power plant are: pneumatic devices, hydraulic devices, electrical devices, electromagnetic devices, gas - liquid interaction devices and vacuum devices. Fixture as a result of manual clamping force from the human, so it does not power plants.
2. Clamping part
Receive and impart into the original clamping force to clamp the task force and part of the implementation of the general composition of the following agencies:
1) to accept the original force of bodies. Such as handles, nuts, and used to connect the institutions, such as cylinder piston rod.
2) Force the middle of delivery. Such as hinges, levers and so on.
3)Clamping components. Such as plate, such as screws.
Force delivery of them in the middle of the original transmission of force to the process of clamping devices can play, such as changes in the direction of force to change the size of forces, as well as the role of self-locking and so on.
Second, the basic requirements for clamping device
Without damaging the work piece positioning accuracy, and quality assurance process under the premise of clamping devices should be enabled to:
1. The size of the appropriate clamping force. It is necessary to ensure that the work piece in the whole process of its stable position, vibration small, but also so that the work piece does not produce excessive clamping deformation.
2. Technology is good. The complexity of the clamping device should be suited to the production of the Program, to ensure production efficiency, its structure should be kept simple, easy to manufacture and maintenance.
3. Good use. The operation of clamping device should be convenient, safe and labor-saving.
Third, the basic Clamp
The original force into a clamping force through the clamping body to achieve. Among the many institutions in the clamping wedge oblique, spiral, and by their eccentric combination of the most common application of clamping.
(A) Wedge Clamp
Wedge used as components or transmission of the clamping device clamping body known as the Wedge Clamp.
Wedge clamping directly, the oblique wedge of the self-locking conditions are: Wedge angle smaller than the work piece Wedge, Wedge and folders between the concrete and the friction angle.
Namely: a ￡ f1 + f2
In order to ensure a reliable self-locking, manual clamping generally take a = 6 ° ~ 8 °. Using pneumatic or hydraulic device drivers do not need the self-locking oblique wedge, it is desirable to a = 15 ° ~ 35 °.
Wedge clamp is simple in structure, than by large, self-locking features such as performance, it is widely available.
(B) Helical Clamp
Used as intermediate screw transmission components are collectively referred to as the clamping screw clamping body organs. Because of its simple structure, reliable clamping, common good, and as a result of the small helix angle, spiral of self-locking clamping body good, clamping force and the clamping itinerary are larger fixture on manual with the most a clamping body.
1. Simple screw clamp body
The simplest spiral as a result of the direct use of clamping bodies pressed work piece screw head, so easy to damage the surface of the work piece under pressure, or driven rotating work piece. So often in the head with swinging Press. Press with the work piece as a result of friction between the Press and the torque is greater than the friction between the screw torque, screw together with the Press will not rotate.
Clamping action slow, time-consuming loading and unloading the work piece is a single spiral Another drawback of the Clamp. To overcome this shortcoming, the rapid clamping bodies can be.
2. Clamp screw plate
Institutions in the clamping, the use of spiral plate is very common, common structure of the spiral structure of a typical plate size has been standardized, the designer can refer to the relevant national standards and fixture design manual design.
(C) Eccentric Clamp
With eccentric pieces, directly or indirectly, the work piece clamping body, known as the eccentric clamping body. There are two types of eccentric pieces, that is, and the curve of eccentricity eccentric circle, which, due to a round eccentric structure is simple and easy to manufacture and is widely used.
Eccentric clamping processing is easy to operate, rapid clamp, the disadvantage of clamping force and clamping trip are small. Not generally used in cutting force, vibration small, there is no centrifugal force of the impact of the processing.
1. Round the working principle of eccentric
2. Eccentric clamping round trip and paragraph
3. Eccentric self-locking condition of amax ￡ j1 + j2
Was derived: f1 3 2e / D
When f = 0.1 hours, e / D 3 20, when f = 0.15 pm, e / D 3 14
Fourth, institutions centering clamping
When the work piece is processed by the central element of surface (axis, the center plane, etc.) for the base process, in order to enable the base to reduce the positioning error of coincidence, to be used centering clamping body.
Centering centering clamping body and clamping the two functions, such as horizontal self-centering three-jaw lathe chuck is a classic example of the most commonly used.
Centering centering clamping the role of institutions according to their principle, there are two types, one is relying on the transmission mechanism so that mobile speed centering clamping device in order to achieve centering clamping, such as spiral, leveraged, institutions such as wedge ; the other is the use of thin-walled elastic element force even after the elastic deformation (contraction or expansion), to achieve centering clamping, such as a spring clip drum, diaphragm chuck, bellows units, such as liquid plastic.
1. Centering clamping body spiral
Rotary screw thread at both ends to the contrary, the same pitch. When it spins, the two V-shaped gag against the constant movement in order to achieve the centering of the work piece clamping or release. V-shaped work pieces of different shapes can shut up the replacement.
Centering clamping bodies such features are: simple structure, the work trip, and general good, but the centering accuracy is not high, mainly suitable for rough or semi-finished tour of the needs of large and less demanding precision centering occasions.
2. Leveraged institutions centering clamping
Three-jaw self-centering leveraged trading cards, sleeve for axial movement, the circle are three fabric hook lever will rotate around the axis, the three struck the slider along the radial movement of the cards in order to promote its claws the work piece centering and clamping or release.
This centering clamping rigid body, and move fast, by force multiplier, and the work trip is also characterized by relatively large, but its relatively low precision centering. Generally about ?0.1mm, it is mainly used for rough work. Since the body can not self-locking lever, so that organizations rely on self-locking air pressure or other agencies.
3. Centering clamping wedge bodies
Wedge mobile folder automatically centering body claw, when the work piece surface within the hole and left the position in the fixture after the six-cylinder through the rod so that the left claw clip, due to the role of ontology on the slope, while the left claw folder to the opened outside the bulge will be centering the work piece clamping; the other hand, claw shifted to right folder, in the role of spring circle card folder under收攏claw to release the work piece.
Centering clamping bodies such compact structure, usually ranging from precision centering ?0.02mm ~ ?0.07mm, compared with the hole for the work piece surface for positioning the base of the semi-finishing processes.
4. Clip-on spring-centering clamping cylinder body
This centering clamping sleeve body type commonly used in the installation of the work piece.
Elastic centering clamping simple structure, small size, easy to operate quickly, so a wide range of applications. Centering accuracy of its stability in between ?0.04mm ~ ?0.010mm. In addition to the above described centering clamping bodies, are commonly used diaphragm chuck body, corrugated centering clamping sets of institutions, as well as fluid bodies, such as plastic clamping。
1. 機械加工工藝手冊第1卷[M] .孟少龍編 機械工業(yè)出版社，1991
工件在夾具中的夾緊
在機械加工過程中，工件受到切削力、離心力、慣性力等的作用，為了保證在這些外力作用下，工件仍能在夾具中保持已由定位元件確定的加工位置，而不致發(fā)生振動或位移、夾具結構中應設置夾緊裝置將工件可靠夾牢。
一、夾緊裝置的組成
夾緊裝置的種類很多，但其結構均由兩部分組成。
1．動力裝置
夾緊力的來源，一是人力；二是某種裝置所產生的力。能產生力的裝置稱為夾具的動力裝置。常用的動力裝置有：氣動裝置、液壓裝置、電動裝置、電磁裝置、氣—液聯(lián)動裝置和真空裝置等。由于手動夾具的夾緊力來自人力，所以它沒有動力裝置。
2．夾緊部分
接受和傳遞原始作用力使之變?yōu)閵A緊力并執(zhí)行夾緊任務的部分，一般由下列機構組成：
1）接受原始作用力的機構。如手柄、螺母及用來連接氣缸活塞桿的機構等。
2）中間遞力機構。如鉸鏈、杠桿等。
3）夾緊元件。如各種螺釘壓板等。
其中中間遞力機構在傳遞原始作用力至夾緊元件的過程中可以起到諸如改變作用力的方向、改變作用力的大小以及自鎖等作用。
二、夾緊裝置的基本要求
在不破壞工件定位精度，并保證加工質量的前提下，應盡量使夾緊裝置做到：
1．夾緊力的大小適當。既要保證工件在整個加工過程中其位置穩(wěn)定不變、振動小，又要使工件不產生過大的夾緊變形。
2．工藝性好。夾緊裝置的復雜程度應與生產綱領相適應，在保證生產效率的前提下，其結構應力求簡單，便于制造和維修。
3．使用性好。夾緊裝置的操作應當方便、安全、省力。
三、基本夾緊機構
原始作用力轉化為夾緊力是通過夾緊機構來實現(xiàn)的。在眾多的夾緊機構中以斜楔、螺旋、偏心以及由它們組合而成的夾緊機構應用最為普遍。
?
（一）斜楔夾緊機構
采用斜楔作為傳力元件或夾緊元件的夾緊機構稱為斜楔夾緊機構。
直接采用斜楔夾緊時，斜楔的自鎖條件是：斜楔的升角小于斜楔與工件、斜楔與夾具體之間的摩擦角之和。
即： a ￡ f1 + f2
為保證自鎖可靠，手動夾緊機構一般取a=6°~8°。用氣壓或液壓裝置驅動的斜楔不需要自鎖，可取a =15°~35°。
斜楔夾緊具有結構簡單，增力比大，自鎖性能好等特點，因此獲得廣泛應用。
（二）螺旋夾緊機構
采用螺桿作中間傳力元件的夾緊機構統(tǒng)稱為螺旋夾緊機構。由于它結構簡單、夾緊可靠、通用性好，而且由于螺旋升角小，螺旋夾緊機構的自鎖性能好，夾緊力和夾緊行程都較大，是手動夾具上用得最多的一種夾緊機構。
1．簡單螺旋夾緊機構
最簡單的螺旋夾緊機構由于直接用螺釘頭部壓緊工件，易使工件受壓表面損傷，或帶動工件旋轉。因此常在頭部裝有擺動的壓塊。由于壓塊與工件間的摩擦力矩大于壓塊與螺釘間的摩擦力矩，壓塊不會隨螺釘一起轉動。
夾緊動作慢、工件裝卸費時是單個螺旋夾緊機構的另一個缺點。為克服這一缺點，可采用快速夾緊機構。
2．螺旋壓板夾緊機構
在夾緊機構中，螺旋壓板的使用非常普遍，常見的螺旋壓板典型結構其結構尺寸均已標準化，設計者可參考有關國家標準和夾具設計手冊進行設計。
（三）偏心夾緊機構
用偏心件直接或間接夾緊工件的機構，稱為偏心夾緊機構。偏心件有兩種形式，即圓偏心和曲線偏心，其中，圓偏心機構因結構簡單、制造容易而得到廣泛應用。
偏心夾緊加工操作方便、夾緊迅速，缺點是夾緊力和夾緊行程都小。一般用于切削力不大、振動小、沒有離心力影響的加工中。
1．圓偏心輪的工作原理
2．圓偏心輪的夾緊行程及工作段
3．偏心輪的自鎖條件 amax ￡ j1 + j2
推導得： f1 3 2e／D
當f = 0.1時，e／D 3 20當f = 0.15時，e／D 3 14
四、定心夾緊機構
當工件被加工面以中心要素（軸線、中心平面等）為工序基準時，為使基準重合以減少定位誤差，需采用定心夾緊機構。
定心夾緊機構具有定心和夾緊兩種功能，如臥式車床的三爪自定心卡盤即為最常用的典型實例。
定心夾緊機構按其定心作用原理有兩種類型，一種是依靠傳動機構使定心夾緊元件等速移動，從而實現(xiàn)定心夾緊，如螺旋式、杠桿式、楔式機構等；另一種是利用薄壁彈性元件受力后產生均勻的彈性變形（收縮或擴張），來實現(xiàn)定心夾緊，如彈簧筒夾、膜片卡盤、波紋套、液性塑料等。
1．螺旋式定心夾緊機構
螺桿兩端的螺紋旋向相反，螺距相同。當其旋轉時，使兩個V形鉗口作對向等速移動，從而實現(xiàn)對工件的定心夾緊或松開。V形鉗口可按工件不同形狀進行更換。
這種定心夾緊機構的特點是：結構簡單、工作行程大、通用性好，但定心精度不高，主要適用于粗加工或半精加工中需要行程大而定心精度要求不高的場合。
2．杠桿式定心夾緊機構
杠桿式三爪自定心卡盤中，滑套作軸向移動時，圓周均布的三個鉤形杠桿便繞軸轉動，撥動三個滑塊沿徑向移動，從而帶動其上卡爪將工件定心并夾緊或松開。
這種定心夾緊機構具有剛性大、動作快、增力倍數大、工作行程也比較大等特點，但其定心精度較低。一般為?0.1mm左右，它主要用于工件的粗加工。由于杠桿機構不能自鎖，所以這種機構自鎖要靠氣壓或其它機構。
3．楔式定心夾緊機構
機動的楔式夾爪自動定心機構中，當工件以內孔及左端面在夾具上定位后，汽缸通過拉桿使六個夾爪左移，由于本體上斜面的作用，夾爪左移的同時向外脹開，將工件定心夾緊；反之，夾爪右移時，在彈簧卡圈的作用下使夾爪收攏，將工件松開。
這種定心夾緊機構的結構緊湊，定心精度一般可達?0.02mm~?0.07mm，比較適用于工件內孔作定位基面的半精加工工序。
4．彈簧筒夾式定心夾緊機構
這種定心夾緊機構常用于安裝軸套類工件。
彈性定心夾緊機構的結構簡單、體積小、操作方便迅速，因而應用十分廣泛。其定心精度可穩(wěn)定在?0.04mm~?0.010mm之間。除上述介紹的定心夾緊機構外，常用的還有膜片卡盤機構、波紋套定心夾緊機構以及液性塑料夾緊機構等。
2.Development Trend of China's machine tool fixture analysis Chinese mechanical net 2007
Machining fixture is an indispensable component in the machine tool technology to high-speed, high efficiency, precision, complex, intelligent, environmentally-friendly direction, driven by technology is moving fixture high-precision, high-performance, modular, mix, general economic direction.
First, high-precision machining with improved accuracy, in order to reduce the positioning error and improve machining accuracy of the fixture manufacturing precision demanding high-precision positioning jig Distance accuracy up to ± 5μm, the bearing surface of the vertical fixture achieve 0.01mm / 300mm, up to parallelism 0.01mm/500mm. Germany demmeler (Melody Dai) manufactured 4m long, 2m wide hole series combination of welding fixture platform, its high margin of error of ± 0.03mm; pliers precision flat and parallel to the vertical degrees in less than 5μm; fixture installed repeat positioning accuracy up to ± 5μm; Switzerland duplication EROWA Flexible fixture positioning accuracy of up to 2 ~ 5μm. Precision machine tool fixture to the micron level has been raised, the world's leading manufacturer of fixture is precision machinery manufacturing enterprises. It is true that, in order to meet the needs of different industries and economy, folders with different models, as well as the different grades for the accuracy of the standard options.
Second, efficient tool to improve production efficiency, double-sided, four and more than clamping fixture of more and more products. Work piece in order to reduce the installation time, all kinds of auto-centering clamping, precision flat clamp, clamping levers, cam clamp, such as pneumatic and hydraulic clamping, rapid clamping new features constantly. New type of electronically controlled permanent magnet fixture, step up and release the work piece only 1 ~ 2 seconds, simplifying the fixture structure for the machine to carry out multi-stage, multi-faceted and multi-processing to create the conditions. In order to shorten the machine installed in the fixture and adjusting the time, Sweden in just 1 minute fixture 3R, WEDM to complete the installation and calibration fixture. American Jergens (Jenkins) the company's ball lock clamping system, 1 minutes, will be able to locate and lock fixture in the machine tool table, the ball lock clamping system of flexible production line for the replacement of fixtures, played reduce downtime time and increase the role of productivity.
Third, modules, modular components of modular fixture is the basis of the realization of portfolio. The use of modular design of the series, standardized fixture components, the rapid assembly into various fixtures, technology development has become a fixture of the point. Labor, save time, materials, energy saving, reflected in a variety of advanced systems of innovation in fixture. Modular fixture design and assembly of computer-aided design and lay a foundation for the application of CAD technology, the establishment of libraries, the typical fixture library, standards and user archive for fixture design optimization for the user-assembled three-dimensional solid fixture. Simulation of cutting process tool, which provides users with the correct and reasonable supporting fixture and program components, but also the accumulation of experience, understanding of market demand, continue to improve and perfect the fixture system. Modular fixture with the Huazhong University of Science and Technology Branch of cooperation fixture is in the process of creating professional Web site for the exchange of information industry fixture, fixture product development consulting and public platform for the realization of fixture design and services of the common, long-range information technology and business e-commerce of.
Fourth, GM, economic common fixture of a direct impact on its economy. The use of modules, modular fixture systems, relatively large one-time investment, only the reconfigurable fixture system, the reconfigurable and scalable features, and the application of a wide range of common good, fixture utilization high, fast return on investment, in order to better reflect the economic. Germany demmeler (Melody Dai) Series combination of the company's welding fixture hole, only varieties, specifications of a small kit that can be assembled into a variety of welding fixture. Functional components, and makes good common fixture, components Fewer but Better, supporting low-cost, economical and practical application have value.
2.我國機床夾具發(fā)展趨勢分析報告 .中華機械網 .2007
夾具是機械加工不可缺少的部件，在機床技術向高速、高效、精密、復合、智能、環(huán)保方向發(fā)展的帶動下，夾具技術正朝著高精、高效、模塊、組合、通用、經濟方向發(fā)展。
??? 一、高精隨著機床加工精度的提高，為了降低定位誤差，提高加工精度對夾具的制造精度要求更高高精度夾具的定位孔距精度高達±5μm，夾具支承面的垂直度達到0.01mm/300mm，平行度高達0.01mm/500mm。德國demmeler（戴美樂）公司制造的4m長、2m寬的孔系列組合焊接夾具平臺，其等高誤差為±0.03mm；精密平口鉗的平行度和垂直度在5μm以內；夾具重復安裝的定位精度高達±5μm；瑞士EROWA柔性夾具的重復定位精度高達2～5μm。機床夾具的精度已提高到微米級，世界知名的夾具制造公司都是精密機械制造企業(yè)。誠然，為了適應不同行業(yè)的需求和經濟性，夾具有不同的型號，以及不同檔次的精度標準供選擇。
??? 二、高效為了提高機床的生產效率，雙面、四面和多件裝夾的夾具產品越來越多。為了減少工件的安裝時間，各種自動定心夾緊、精密平口鉗、杠桿夾緊、凸輪夾緊、氣動和液壓夾緊等，快速夾緊功能部件不斷地推陳出新。新型的電控永磁夾具，加緊和松開工件只用1～2秒，夾具結構簡化，為機床進行多工位、多面和多件加工創(chuàng)造了條件。為了縮短在機床上安裝與調整夾具的時間，瑞典3R夾具僅用1分鐘，即可完成線切割機床夾具的安裝與校正。采用美國Jergens（杰金斯）公司的球鎖裝夾系統(tǒng)，1分鐘內就能將夾具定位和鎖緊在機床工作臺上，球鎖裝夾系統(tǒng)用于柔性生產線上更換夾具，起到縮短停機時間，提高生產效率的作用。
??? 三、模塊、組合夾具元件模塊化是實現(xiàn)組合化的基礎。利用模塊化設計的系列化、標準化夾具元件，快速組裝成各種夾具，已成為夾具技術開發(fā)的基點。省工、省時，節(jié)材、節(jié)能，體現(xiàn)在各種先進夾具系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)新之中。模塊化設計為夾具的計算機輔助設計與組裝打下基礎，應用CAD技術，可建立元件庫、典型夾具庫、標準和用戶使用檔案庫，進行夾具優(yōu)化設計，為用戶三維實體組裝夾具。模擬仿真刀具的切削過程，既能為用戶提供正確、合理的夾具與元件配套方案，又能積累使用經驗，了解市場需求，不斷地改進和完善夾具系統(tǒng)。組合夾具分會與華中科技大學合作，正在著手創(chuàng)建夾具專業(yè)技術網站，為夾具行業(yè)提供信息交流、夾具產品咨詢與開發(fā)的公共平臺，爭取實現(xiàn)夾具設計與服務的通用化、遠程信息化和經營電子商務化。
??? 四、通用、經濟夾具的通用性直接影響其經濟性。采用模塊、組合式的夾具系統(tǒng)，一次性投資比較大，只有夾具系統(tǒng)的可重組性、可重構性及可擴展性功能強，應用范圍廣，通用性好，夾具利用率高，收回投資快，才能體現(xiàn)出經濟性好。德國demmeler（戴美樂）公司的孔系列組合焊接夾具，僅用品種、規(guī)格很少的配套元件，即能組裝成多種多樣的焊接夾具。元件的功能強，使得夾具的通用性好，元件少而精，配套的費用低，經濟實用才有推廣應用的價值。