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河南理工大學(xué)萬(wàn)方科技學(xué)院
本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）中期檢查表
指導(dǎo)教師： 王得勝 職稱： 教授
所在院（系）：機(jī)械與動(dòng)力工程系 教研室（研究室）：機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)教研室
題 目
閉鎖式液力偶合器的設(shè)計(jì)
學(xué)生姓名
王加有
專業(yè)班級(jí)
08機(jī)設(shè)2班
學(xué)號(hào)
0828070051
一、 選題質(zhì)量：
1， 該選題為閉鎖式液力偶合器的設(shè)計(jì)，這可以對(duì)我大學(xué)四年所學(xué)知識(shí)進(jìn)行一次較為全面的練習(xí)。
2，題目的難易程度適中，并且是多個(gè)行業(yè)常用設(shè)備。
2， 題目的工作量：要求完成3張以上的A0圖紙，2.5—3萬(wàn)的說(shuō)明書一份。
4，所選題目緊密結(jié)合著生產(chǎn)實(shí)際，在我的專業(yè)范圍之內(nèi)，這必對(duì)我以后從
事的生產(chǎn)和實(shí)踐工作有很大的幫助。
二、 開(kāi)題報(bào)告完成情況：
結(jié)合現(xiàn)在的新技術(shù)和新設(shè)備等方面資料的搜集，通過(guò)對(duì)可行性的分析，我認(rèn)真的進(jìn)行了這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的選題。選此題目以后，針對(duì)這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)的題目我認(rèn)真的查閱了相關(guān)的資料，我逐漸找到了設(shè)計(jì)的切入點(diǎn)，順利的完成了開(kāi)題報(bào)告。
三、階段性成果：
1．通過(guò)對(duì)閉鎖式液力偶合器的整體了解，在加上指導(dǎo)老師的仔細(xì)講解，我對(duì)本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的課題有了較為深入的理解，現(xiàn)在我已收集了大量的資料和文獻(xiàn)，為設(shè)計(jì)的順利完成做好了充分的準(zhǔn)備。
2. 在老師的指導(dǎo)和同學(xué)的幫助下找到了設(shè)計(jì)的基本方法，開(kāi)始了一些基本的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。
3. 正在進(jìn)行裝配圖的CAD畫圖。
四、存在主要問(wèn)題：
這次是我第一次系統(tǒng)的進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，所以在剛開(kāi)始時(shí)有些茫然不知如何著手，設(shè)計(jì)工作做的很不順利，后來(lái)找了指導(dǎo)老師，老師對(duì)此進(jìn)行了仔細(xì)的講解，并與本組同學(xué)進(jìn)行了商量，我逐漸找到是設(shè)計(jì)的切入點(diǎn)，我覺(jué)得這對(duì)我以后設(shè)計(jì)工作的順利進(jìn)行有很大的幫助。
隨著設(shè)計(jì)的逐漸進(jìn)行我又遇到了許多的新的更加復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題，這些問(wèn)題使我充分認(rèn)識(shí)到了自己在以前學(xué)習(xí)中的不足和差距，所以我要以本次設(shè)計(jì)為契機(jī)加強(qiáng)自己薄弱環(huán)節(jié)的學(xué)習(xí)，爭(zhēng)取使我的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)能夠取得好的成績(jī)，也使我所學(xué)的知識(shí)能夠在以后的工作中發(fā)揮更大的作用。
五、指導(dǎo)教師對(duì)學(xué)生在畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)中，勞動(dòng)、學(xué)習(xí)紀(jì)律及畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）進(jìn)展等方面的評(píng)語(yǔ)
指導(dǎo)教師： （簽名）
年 月 日
河南理工大學(xué)萬(wàn)方科技學(xué)院
本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開(kāi)題報(bào)告
題目名稱
閉鎖式液力偶合器
學(xué)生姓名
王加有
專業(yè)班級(jí)
08機(jī)設(shè)2班
學(xué)號(hào)
0828070051
一、 選題的目的和意義：
（1） 選題的目的
在國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日益加大的今天，我國(guó)企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)環(huán)境和經(jīng)營(yíng)理念等發(fā)生了極大地變化，企業(yè)爭(zhēng)相研究新技術(shù)并盡力把新技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)化為生產(chǎn)力，這使無(wú)形資產(chǎn)在絕對(duì)數(shù)和相對(duì)數(shù)上都有快速、大量的增長(zhǎng)。遠(yuǎn)對(duì)液力耦合器行業(yè)的發(fā)展具有深的影響。在各國(guó) 貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的時(shí)期，液力耦合器行業(yè)中技術(shù)含量低的人力密集型企業(yè)，缺乏品牌的出口導(dǎo)向型企業(yè)面臨發(fā)展危機(jī)，而注重培養(yǎng)品牌和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力較強(qiáng)的企業(yè)將占得先機(jī)，液力耦合器行業(yè)企業(yè)如何面對(duì)新的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境和政策環(huán)境，制定適合當(dāng)前形勢(shì)和自身特點(diǎn)的發(fā)展策略與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)策略，是液力耦合器行業(yè)企業(yè)在未來(lái)兩年我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整大潮中立于不敗之地的關(guān)鍵。我國(guó)對(duì)液力偶合器的應(yīng)用還不是很普遍，但液力偶合器所具有的改善品質(zhì)和節(jié)約能源等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，表明了它具有較強(qiáng)的生命力。隨著我國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，以及人們對(duì)液力偶合器的認(rèn)識(shí)不斷加深，其應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域?qū)?huì)日益擴(kuò)大。
（2） 選題的意義
隨著我國(guó)加入WTO及全球一體化的深入我國(guó)對(duì)液力偶合器的應(yīng)用還不是很普遍，但液力偶合器所具有的改善品質(zhì)和節(jié)約能源等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，表明了它具有較強(qiáng)的生命力。在許多固定的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)上，在動(dòng)力機(jī)與工作機(jī)構(gòu)之間也多設(shè)有傳動(dòng)裝置，其主要功能不外乎滿足工作機(jī)調(diào)速和調(diào)節(jié)功率的要求，也有的主要是為了改善起動(dòng)機(jī)加速性能、過(guò)載保護(hù)、提高運(yùn)用可靠性和工作壽命。因而傳動(dòng)裝置的功用就不僅僅是簡(jiǎn)單地將動(dòng)力機(jī)之動(dòng)力傳至走行部分，而主要在于將動(dòng)力機(jī)的特性轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檫m應(yīng)車輛運(yùn)行要求的特征。液力偶合器是一種應(yīng)用很廣泛的通用傳動(dòng)元件，它置于動(dòng)力機(jī)與工作機(jī)之間，傳遞兩者的動(dòng)力。其作用似乎和聯(lián)軸器相同，但實(shí)質(zhì)并不相同。在改善啟動(dòng)性能、過(guò)載保護(hù)、無(wú)級(jí)變速、對(duì)載荷有自動(dòng)適應(yīng)性等方面，液力偶合器的特性是聯(lián)軸器所沒(méi)有的。隨著我國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，以及人們對(duì)液力偶合器的認(rèn)識(shí)不斷加深，其應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域?qū)?huì)日益擴(kuò)大。在對(duì)相關(guān)著作的學(xué)習(xí)、研究中得到更多、更深層的理論知識(shí)。
二、 國(guó)內(nèi)外研究綜述：
（一）國(guó)內(nèi)研究現(xiàn)狀
進(jìn)入二十一世紀(jì)以來(lái)，隨著我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展，我國(guó)液力耦合器行業(yè)保持了多年高速增長(zhǎng)，近年來(lái)，液力耦合器行業(yè)的出口也形勢(shì)喜人，2008年，全球金融危機(jī)爆發(fā)，我國(guó)液力耦合器行業(yè)發(fā)展也遇到了一些困難，如國(guó)內(nèi)需求下降，出口減少等，液力耦合器行業(yè)普遍出現(xiàn)了經(jīng)營(yíng)不景氣和利潤(rùn)下降的局面，2009年，隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃出臺(tái)和全球經(jīng)濟(jì)走出低谷，我國(guó)液力耦合器行業(yè)也逐漸從金融危機(jī)的打擊中恢復(fù)，重新進(jìn)入良性發(fā)展軌道，進(jìn)入2010年，全球經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇的前景面臨波折，國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的呼聲逐漸升溫，對(duì)于液力耦合器行業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)是至關(guān)重要的一年，雖然經(jīng)濟(jì)整體企穩(wěn)回升，但是仍存在諸多不確定因素，本報(bào)告也將從宏觀和微觀環(huán)境對(duì)我國(guó)液力耦合器行業(yè)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，政策環(huán)境、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)策略，投資前景，市場(chǎng)容量，進(jìn)出口形勢(shì)等方面進(jìn)行全面而的分析。
（二）國(guó)外研究現(xiàn)狀
當(dāng)前，國(guó)際能源日益緊張，人們不得不把注意力放到如何提高能源利用率和節(jié)約能源方面來(lái)。因此，可以在應(yīng)用中節(jié)約能源的調(diào)速型液力偶合器和液力偶合器傳動(dòng)裝置得到了迅速發(fā)展。由于液力偶合器傳動(dòng)裝置結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、技術(shù)精密、加工精度高、難度大、利潤(rùn)高，因而西方各大公司競(jìng)相研制生產(chǎn)，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)很激烈。對(duì)于有形資產(chǎn)，各行業(yè)都有不同之處，需要分別進(jìn)行探討。國(guó)外對(duì)有形資產(chǎn)要比國(guó)內(nèi)更加重視，他們?cè)诶碚撋嫌泻芏嘈枰覀兘梃b的地方。尤其一提的是，國(guó)外對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)成本的研究日趨成熟，值得我們研究并學(xué)習(xí)。
三、 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）所用的主要技術(shù)與方法：
主要采用論文分析法、案例分析法、調(diào)查法、演繹與歸納、規(guī)范和實(shí)證等科學(xué)方法，用理論分析和事實(shí)依據(jù)來(lái)加以論證，用制圖軟件繪圖，并對(duì)大量的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行分析研究，并且在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行深化創(chuàng)新，同時(shí)在實(shí)踐的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行調(diào)查訪問(wèn)，對(duì)已計(jì)算出的結(jié)果進(jìn)行深入探討，最終提出自己的觀點(diǎn)看法，撰寫成文，完成畢業(yè)論文。
四、 主要參考文獻(xiàn)與資料獲得情況：
（一）主要參考文獻(xiàn)
1. 童祖楹編著《液力偶合器》工業(yè)機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社
2. 楊乃喬，蔣麗英編著《夜里調(diào)速與節(jié)能》國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社
3. 濮良貴，紀(jì)名剛主編《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)》高等教育出版社
4. 孔慶華，劉傳紹主編《極限配合與測(cè)量技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)》同濟(jì)大學(xué)出版社
5．孫恒 ，陳作模 主編 《機(jī)械原理》西北工業(yè)大學(xué)機(jī)械原理及機(jī)械零件教研室 編
（(（二）資料獲得情況
1、指導(dǎo)老師建議
2、通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索
3、圖書館查閱資料
4、數(shù)據(jù)期刊下載
五、 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）進(jìn)度安排（按周說(shuō)明）
第一周，選題并與指導(dǎo)老師確定題目
第二周，確定題目，收集相關(guān)的資料；寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)報(bào)告
第三周，開(kāi)始查閱相關(guān)資料及畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的格式
第四周，確定設(shè)計(jì)方案，進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
第五周，撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的各個(gè)方面內(nèi)容
第六周， 利用CAD開(kāi)始畫一些基本的離心式摩擦離合器的相關(guān)部件
第七周 ，利用CAD開(kāi)始畫一些復(fù)雜的離合器的大型圖
第八周 ， 對(duì)CAD進(jìn)行檢查與修改
第九周 ，完成畢業(yè)論文一稿
第十周 ，論文初稿與小組成員進(jìn)行討論
第十一周 ， 完成畢業(yè)論文撰寫，并進(jìn)行再次修改，
第十二周 ，完成論文第二稿，并就第一稿與指導(dǎo)老師進(jìn)行探討以便進(jìn)行修改
第十三周 ， 整理裝訂論文
第十四周 ， 準(zhǔn)備畢業(yè)論文答辯階段，交畢業(yè)論文
第十五周 ， 按學(xué)院要求進(jìn)行畢業(yè)論文答辯
六、 指導(dǎo)教師審批意見(jiàn)：
指導(dǎo)教師： （簽名）
年 月 日
5
河南理工大學(xué)萬(wàn)方科技學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文
附錄：
外文資料與中文翻譯
外文資料：
Hydraulic System
Hydraulic presser drive and air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascal's principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 ? Braman Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the world's first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced by oil-water and further improved.
After the World War I (1914-1918) ,because of the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, espec- ially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late 19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vikers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. The early 20th century G ? Constantimscofluct- uations of the energy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic trans- mission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of develo- pment.
The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europe and the United States and other countries for nearly 20 years later. Before and after in 1955, the rapid development of Japan's hydraulic drive, set up in 1956, "Hydraulic Industry." Nearly 20 to 30 years, the development of Japan's fast hydraulic transmission, a world leader.
Hydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general industr- ial use of plastics processing machinery, the pressure of machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel indu- stry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil water projects with flo- od control and dam gate devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship from the deck heavy machinery (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valve, stern thruster, etc.; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measu- rement buoys, movements such as rotating stage; military-industrial control devices used in artillery, ship anti- rolling devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devi- ces.
A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of co- mponents, control components, auxiliary components and hydraulic oil.
The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydra- ulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump.
Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement.
Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic pressure control valve can be divided into valves, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve.
Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars.
Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories.
The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components to rotate or pressure into a reciprocating motion.
? Hydraulic system and hydraulic power control signal is composed of two parts, the signal control of some parts of the hydraulic power used to drive the control valve movement. Part of the hydraulic power means that the circuit diagram used to show the different functions of the interrelationship between components. Containing the source of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and auxiliary components; hydraulic control part contains a variety of control valves, used to control the flow of oil, pressure and direction; operative or hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic motors, according to the actual requirements of their choice.
In the analysis and design of the actual task, the general block diagram shows the actual operation of equi - pment. Hollow arrow indicates the signal flow, while the solid arrows that energy flow.
Basic hydraulic circuit of the action sequence - Control components (two four-way valve) and the spring to reset for the implementation of components (double-acting hydraulic cylinder), as well as the extending and retracting the relief valve opened and closed . For the implementation of components and control components, presentations are based on the corresponding circuit diagram symbols, it also introduced ready made circuit diagram symbols.
Working principle of the system, you can turn on all circuits to code. If the first implementation of components numbered 0, the control components associated with the identifier is 1. Out with the implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the even components, then retracting and implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the odd components. Hydraulic circuit carried out not only to deal with numbers, but also to deal with the actual device ID, in order to detect system failures.
DIN ISO1219-2 standard definition of the number of component composition, which includes the following four parts: device ID, circuit ID, component ID and component ID. The entire system if only one device, device number may be omitted.
Practice, another way is to code all of the hydraulic system components for numbers at this time, components and component code should be consistent with the list of numbers. This method is particularly applicable to complex hydraulic control system, each control loop are the corresponding number with the system
With mechanical transmission, electrical transmission compared to the hydraulic drive has the following advantages:
1, a variety of hydraulic components, can easily and flexibly to layout.
2, light weight, small size, small inertia, fast response.
3, to facilitate manipulation of control, enabling a wide range of stepless speed regulation (speed range of 2000:1).
4, to achieve overload protection automatically.
5, the general use of mineral oil as a working medium, the relative motion can be self-lubricating surface, long service life;
6, it is easy to achieve linear motion /
7, it is easy to achieve the automation of machines, when the joint control of the use of electro-hydraulic, not only can achieve a higher degree of process automation, and remote control can be achieved.
The shortcomings of the hydraulic system:
1, as a result of the resistance to fluid flow and leakage of the larger, so less efficient. If not handled properly, leakage is not only contaminated sites, but also may cause fire and explosion.
2, vulnerable performance as a result of the impact of temperature change, it would be inappropriate in the high or low temperature conditions.
3, the manufacture of precision hydraulic components require a higher, more expensive and hence the price.
4, due to the leakage of liquid medium and the compressibility and can not be strictly the transmission ratio.
5, hydraulic transmission is not easy to find out the reasons for failure; the use and maintenance requirements for a higher level of technology.
In the hydraulic system and its system, the sealing device to prevent leakage of the work of media within and outside the dust and the intrusion of foreign bodies. Seals played the role of components, namely seals. Medium will result in leakage of waste, pollution and environmental machinery and even give rise to malfunctioning machinery and equipment for personal accident. Leakage within the hydraulic system will cause a sharp drop in volumetric efficiency, amounting to less than the required pressure, can not even work. Micro-invasive system of dust particles, can cause or exacerbate friction hydraulic component wear, and further lead to leakage.
Therefore, seals and sealing device is an important hydraulic equipment components. The reliability of its work and life, is a measure of the hydraulic system an important indicator of good or bad. In addition to the closed space, are the use of seals, so that two adjacent coupling surface of the gap between the need to control the liquid can be sealed following the smallest gap. In the contact seal, pressed into self-seal-style and self-styled self-tight seal (ie, sealed lips) two.
The three hydraulic system diseases
1, as a result of heat transmission medium (hydraulic oil) in the flow velocity in various parts of the existence of different, resulting in the existence of a liquid within the internal friction of liquids and pipelines at the sam- e time there is friction between the inner wall, which are a result of hydraulic the reasons for the oil tempera- ture. Temperature will lead to increased internal and external leakage, reducing its mechanical efficiency. At the same time as a result of high temperature, hydraulic oil expansion will occur, resulting in increased com- pression, so that action can not be very good control of transmission. Solution: heat is the inherent characte -ristics of the hydraulic system, not only to minimize eradication. Use a good quality hydraulic oil, hydraulic piping arrangement should be avoided as far as possible the emergence of bend, the use of high-quality pipe and fittings, hydraulic valves, etc.
2, the vibration of the vibration of the hydraulic system is also one of its malaise. As a result of hydraulic oil in the pipeline flow of high-speed impact and the control valve to open the closure of the impact of the process are the reasons for the vibration system. Strong vibration control action will cause the system to error, the system will also be some of the more sophisticated equipment error, resulting in system failures. Solutions: hydraulic pipe should be fixed to avoid sharp bends. To avoid frequent changes in flow direction, can not avoid damping measures should be doing a good job. The entire hydraulic system should have a good damping measures, while avoiding the external local oscillator on the system.
3, the leakage of the hydraulic system leak into inside and outside the leakage leakage. Leakage refers to the process with the leak occurred in the system, such as hydraulic piston-cylinder on both sides of the leakage, the control valve spool and valve body, such as between the leakage. Although no internal leakage of hydra- ulic fluid loss, but due to leakage, the control of the established movements may be affected until the cause system failures. Outside means the occurrence of leakage in the system and the leakage between the external environment. Direct leakage of hydraulic oil into the environment, in addition to the system will affect the working environment, not enough pressure will cause the system to trigger a fault. Leakage into the enviro- nment of the hydraulic oil was also the danger of fire. Solution: the use of better quality seals to improve the machining accuracy of equipment.
Another: the hydraulic system for the three diseases, it was summed up: "fever, with a father拉稀" (This is the summary of the northeast people). Hydraulic system for the lifts, excavators, pumping station, dynamic, crane, and so on large-scale industry, construction, factories, enterprises, as well as elevators, lifting platforms, Deng Axle industry and so on.
Hydraulic components will be high-performance, high-quality, high reliability, the system sets the direction of development; to the low power, low noise, vibration, without leakage, as well as pollution control, water-based media applications to adapt to environmental requirements, such as the direction of development; the development of highly integrated high power density, intelligence, mechatronics and micro-light mini-hydraulic components; active use of new techniques, new materials and electronics, sensing and other high-tech.
---- Hydraulic coupling to high-speed high-power and integrated development of hydraulic transmission equ- ipment, development of water hydraulic coupling medium speed and the field of automotive applications to develop hydraulic reducer, improve product reliability and working hours MTBF; hydraulic torque converter to the development of high-power products, parts and components to improve the manufacturing process tech -nology to improve reliability, promote computer-aided technology, the development of hydraulic torque con- verter and power shift transmission technology supporting the use of ; Clutch fluid viscosity should increase the quality of products, the formation of bulk to the high-power and high-speed direction.
Pneumatic Industry:
---- Products to small size, light weight, low power consumption, integrated portfolio of development, the implementation of the various types of components, compact structure, high positioning accuracy of the direction of development; pneumatic components and electronic technology, to the intelligent direction of development; component performance to high-speed, high-frequency, high-response, high-life, high temp- erature, high voltage direction, commonly used oil-free lubrication, application of new technology, new technology and new materials.
(1) used high-pressure hydraulic components and the pressure of continuous work to reach 40Mpa, the maximum pressure to achieve instant 48Mpa;
(2) diversification of regulation and control;
(3) to further improve the regulation performance, increase the efficiency of the powertrain;
(4) development and mechanical, hydraulic, power transmission of the composite portfolio adjustment gear;
(5) development of energy saving, energy efficient system function;
(6) to further reduce the noise;
(7) Application of Hydraulic Cartridge Valves thread technology, compact structure, to reduce the oil spill.
中文翻譯：
液壓系統(tǒng)
液壓傳動(dòng)和氣壓傳動(dòng)稱為流體傳動(dòng)，是根據(jù)17世紀(jì)帕斯卡提出的液體靜壓力傳動(dòng)原理而發(fā)展起來(lái)的一門新興技術(shù)，1795年英國(guó)約瑟夫?布拉曼(Joseph Braman,1749-1814)，在倫敦用水作為工作介質(zhì)，以水壓機(jī)的形式將其應(yīng)用于工業(yè)上，誕生了世界上第一臺(tái)水壓機(jī)。1905年將工作介質(zhì)水改為油，又進(jìn)一步得到改善。
第一次世界大戰(zhàn)(1914-1918)后液壓傳動(dòng)廣泛應(yīng)用，特別是1920年以后，發(fā)展更為迅速。液壓元件大約在 19 世紀(jì)末 20 世紀(jì)初的20年間，才開(kāi)始進(jìn)入正規(guī)的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)階段。1925 年維克斯(F.Vikers)發(fā)明了壓力平衡式葉片泵,為近代液壓元件工業(yè)或液壓傳動(dòng)的逐步建立奠定了基礎(chǔ)。20 世紀(jì)初康斯坦丁?尼斯克(G?Constantimsco)對(duì)能量波動(dòng)傳遞所進(jìn)行的理論及實(shí)際研究;1910年對(duì)液力傳動(dòng)(液力聯(lián)軸節(jié)、液力變矩器等)方面的貢獻(xiàn)，使這兩方面領(lǐng)域得到了發(fā)展。
第二次世界大戰(zhàn)(1941-1945)期間,在美國(guó)機(jī)床中有30%應(yīng)用了液壓傳動(dòng)。應(yīng)該指出,日本液壓傳動(dòng)的發(fā)展較歐美等國(guó)家晚了近 20 多年。在 1955 年前后 , 日本迅速發(fā)展液壓傳動(dòng),1956 年成立了“液壓工業(yè)會(huì)”。近20~30 年間，日本液壓傳動(dòng)發(fā)展之快，居世界領(lǐng)先地位。
液壓傳動(dòng)有許多突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，因此它的應(yīng)用非常廣泛，如一般工業(yè)用的塑料加工機(jī)械、壓力機(jī)械、機(jī)床等；行走機(jī)械中的工程機(jī)械、建筑機(jī)械、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械、汽車等；鋼鐵工業(yè)用的冶金機(jī)械、提升裝置、軋輥調(diào)整裝置等；土木水利工程用的防洪閘門及堤壩裝置、河床升降裝置、橋梁操縱機(jī)構(gòu)等；發(fā)電廠渦輪機(jī)調(diào)速裝置、核發(fā)電廠等等；船舶用的甲板起重機(jī)械（絞車）、船頭門、艙壁閥、船尾推進(jìn)器等；特殊技術(shù)用的巨型天線控制裝置、測(cè)量浮標(biāo)、升降旋轉(zhuǎn)舞臺(tái)等；軍事工業(yè)用的火炮操縱裝置、船舶減搖裝置、飛行器仿真、飛機(jī)起落架的收放裝置和方向舵控制裝置等。
一個(gè)完整的液壓系統(tǒng)由五個(gè)部分組成，即動(dòng)力元件、執(zhí)行元件、控制元件、輔助元件和液壓油。
動(dòng)力元件的作用是將原動(dòng)機(jī)的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換成液體的壓力能，指液壓系統(tǒng)中的油泵，它向整個(gè)液壓系統(tǒng)提供動(dòng)力。液壓泵的結(jié)構(gòu)形式一般有齒輪泵、葉片泵和柱塞泵。
執(zhí)行元件(如液壓缸和液壓馬達(dá))的作用是將液體的壓力能轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械能，驅(qū)動(dòng)負(fù)載作直線往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)或回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。
控制元件(即各種液壓閥)在液壓系統(tǒng)中控制和調(diào)節(jié)液體的壓力、流量和方向。根據(jù)控制功能的不同，液壓閥可分為壓力控制閥、流量控制閥和方向控制閥。壓力控制閥又分為益流閥(安全閥)、減壓閥、順序閥、壓力繼電器等；流量控制閥包括節(jié)流閥、調(diào)整閥、分流集流閥等；方向控制閥包括單向閥、液控單向閥、梭閥、換向閥等。根據(jù)控制方式不同，液壓閥可分為開(kāi)關(guān)式控制閥、定值控制閥和比例控制閥。
輔助元件包括油箱、濾油器、油管及管接頭、密封圈、壓力表、油位油溫計(jì)等。
液壓油是液壓系統(tǒng)中傳遞能量的工作介質(zhì)，有各種礦物油、乳化液和合成型液壓油等幾大類。
液壓系統(tǒng)的作用就是幫助人類做工。主要是由執(zhí)行元件把壓力變成轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)或往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。
液壓系統(tǒng)由信號(hào)控制和液壓動(dòng)力兩部分組成，信號(hào)控制部分用于驅(qū)動(dòng)液壓動(dòng)力部分中的控制閥動(dòng)作。
液壓動(dòng)力部分采用回路圖方式表示，以表明不同功能元件之間的相互關(guān)系。液壓源含有液壓泵、電動(dòng)機(jī)和液壓輔助元件；液壓控制部分含有各種控制閥，其用于控制工作油液的流量、壓力和方向；執(zhí)行部分含有液壓缸或液壓馬達(dá)，其可按實(shí)際要求來(lái)選擇。
在分析和設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)際任務(wù)時(shí)，一般采用方框圖顯示設(shè)備中實(shí)際運(yùn)行狀況。 空心箭頭表示信號(hào)流，而實(shí)心箭頭則表示能量流。
基本液壓回路中的動(dòng)作順序—控制元件（二位四通換向閥）的換向和彈簧復(fù)位、執(zhí)行元件（雙作用液壓缸）的伸出和回縮以及溢流閥的開(kāi)啟和關(guān)閉。 對(duì)于執(zhí)行元件和控制元件，演示文稿都是基于相應(yīng)回路圖符號(hào)，這也為介紹回路圖符號(hào)作了準(zhǔn)備。
根據(jù)系統(tǒng)工作原理，您可對(duì)所有回路依次進(jìn)行編號(hào)。如果第一個(gè)執(zhí)行元件編號(hào)為0，則與其相關(guān)的控制元件標(biāo)識(shí)符則為1。如果與執(zhí)行元件伸出相對(duì)應(yīng)的元件標(biāo)識(shí)符為偶數(shù)，則與執(zhí)行元件回縮相對(duì)應(yīng)的元件標(biāo)識(shí)符則為奇數(shù)。 不僅應(yīng)對(duì)液壓回路進(jìn)行編號(hào)，也應(yīng)對(duì)實(shí)際設(shè)備進(jìn)行編號(hào)，以便發(fā)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)故障。
DIN ISO1219-2標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義了元件的編號(hào)組成，其包括下面四個(gè)部分：設(shè)備編號(hào)、回路編號(hào)、元件標(biāo)識(shí)符和元件編號(hào)。如果整個(gè)系統(tǒng)僅有一種設(shè)備，則可省略設(shè)備編號(hào)。
實(shí)際中，另一種編號(hào)方式就是對(duì)液壓系統(tǒng)中所有元件進(jìn)行連續(xù)編號(hào)，此時(shí)，元件編號(hào)應(yīng)該與元件列表中編號(hào)相一致。 這種方法特別適用于復(fù)雜液壓控制系統(tǒng)，每個(gè)控制回路都與其系統(tǒng)編號(hào)相對(duì)應(yīng)與機(jī)械傳動(dòng)、電氣傳動(dòng)相比，液壓傳動(dòng)具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
1、液壓傳動(dòng)的各種元件，可以根據(jù)需要方便、靈活地來(lái)布置。
2、重量輕、體積小、運(yùn)動(dòng)慣性小、反應(yīng)速度快。
3、操縱控制方便，可實(shí)現(xiàn)大范圍的無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速（調(diào)速范圍達(dá)2000： 1）。
4、可自動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)載保護(hù)。
5、一般采用礦物油作為工作介質(zhì)，相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)面可自行潤(rùn)滑，使用壽命長(zhǎng)；
6、很容易實(shí)現(xiàn)直線運(yùn)動(dòng)/
7、很容易實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)器的自動(dòng)化，當(dāng)采用電液聯(lián)合控制后，不僅可實(shí)現(xiàn)更高程度的自動(dòng)控制過(guò)程，而且可以實(shí)現(xiàn)遙控。
液壓系統(tǒng)的缺點(diǎn)：
1、由于流體流動(dòng)的阻力和泄露較大，所以效率較低。如果處理不當(dāng)，泄露不僅污染場(chǎng)地，而且還可能引起火災(zāi)和爆炸事故。
2、由于工作性能易受到溫度變化的影響，因此不宜在很高或很低的溫度條件下工作。
3、液壓元件的制造精度要求較高，因而價(jià)格較貴。
4、由于液體介質(zhì)的泄露及可壓縮性影響，不能得到嚴(yán)格的傳動(dòng)比。
5、液壓傳動(dòng)出故障時(shí)不易找出原因；使用和維修要求有較高的技術(shù)水平。
在液壓系統(tǒng)及其系統(tǒng)中，密封裝置用來(lái)防止工作介質(zhì)的泄漏及外界灰塵和異物的侵入。其中起密封作用的元件，即密封件。外漏會(huì)造成工作介質(zhì)的浪費(fèi)，污染機(jī)器和環(huán)境，甚至引起機(jī)械操作失靈及設(shè)備人身事故。內(nèi)漏會(huì)引起液壓系統(tǒng)容積效率急劇下降，達(dá)不到所需要的工作壓力，甚至不能進(jìn)行工作。侵入系統(tǒng)中的微小灰塵顆粒，會(huì)引起或加劇液壓元件摩擦副的磨損，進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致泄漏。
因此，密封件和密封裝置是液壓設(shè)備的一個(gè)重要組成部分。它的工作的可靠性和使用壽命，是衡量液壓系統(tǒng)好壞的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo)。除間隙密封外，都是利用密封件，使相鄰兩個(gè)偶合表面間的間隙控制在需要密封的液體能通過(guò)的最小間隙以下。在接觸式密封中，分為自封式壓緊型密封和自封式自緊型密封（即唇形密封）兩種。
液壓系統(tǒng)的三大頑疾
1、發(fā)熱 由于傳力介質(zhì)（液壓油）在流動(dòng)過(guò)程中存在各部位流速的不同，導(dǎo)致液體內(nèi)部存在一定的內(nèi)摩擦，同時(shí)液體和管路內(nèi)壁之間也存在摩擦，這些都是導(dǎo)致液壓油溫度升高的原因。溫度升高將導(dǎo)致內(nèi)外泄漏增大，降低其機(jī)械效率。同時(shí)由于較高的溫度，液壓油會(huì)發(fā)生膨脹，導(dǎo)致壓縮性增大，使控制動(dòng)作無(wú)法很好的傳遞。解決辦法：發(fā)熱是液壓系統(tǒng)的固有特征，無(wú)法根除只能盡量減輕。使用質(zhì)量好的液壓油、液壓管路的布置中應(yīng)盡量避免彎頭的出現(xiàn)、使用高質(zhì)量的管路以及管接頭、液壓閥等。
2、振動(dòng) 液壓系統(tǒng)的振動(dòng)也是其痼疾之一。由于液壓油在管路中的高速流動(dòng)而產(chǎn)生的沖擊以及控制閥打開(kāi)關(guān)閉過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的沖擊都是系統(tǒng)發(fā)生振動(dòng)的原因。強(qiáng)的振動(dòng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)控制動(dòng)作發(fā)生錯(cuò)誤，也會(huì)使系統(tǒng)中一些較為精密的儀器發(fā)生錯(cuò)誤，導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)故障。解決辦法：液壓管路應(yīng)盡量固定，避免出現(xiàn)急彎。避免頻繁改變液流方向，無(wú)法避免時(shí)應(yīng)做好減振措施。整個(gè)液壓系統(tǒng)應(yīng)有良好的減振措施，同時(shí)還要避免外來(lái)振源對(duì)系統(tǒng)的影響。
3、泄漏 液壓系統(tǒng)的泄漏分為內(nèi)泄漏和外泄漏。內(nèi)泄漏指泄漏過(guò)程發(fā)生在系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部，例如液壓缸活塞兩邊的泄漏、控制閥閥芯與閥體之間的泄漏等。內(nèi)泄漏雖然不會(huì)產(chǎn)生液壓油的損失，但是由于發(fā)生泄漏，既定的控制動(dòng)作可能會(huì)受到影響，直至引起系統(tǒng)故障。外泄漏是指發(fā)生在系統(tǒng)和外部環(huán)境之間的泄漏。液壓油直接泄漏到環(huán)境中，除了會(huì)影響系統(tǒng)的工作環(huán)境外，還會(huì)導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)壓力不夠引發(fā)故障。泄漏到環(huán)境中的液壓油還有發(fā)生火災(zāi)的危險(xiǎn)。解決辦法：采用質(zhì)量較好的密封件，提高設(shè)備的加工精度。
另：對(duì)于液壓系統(tǒng)這三大頑疾，有人進(jìn)行了總結(jié)：“發(fā)燒、拉稀帶得瑟”（這位總結(jié)者是東北人）。液壓系統(tǒng)用于升降機(jī)，挖掘機(jī)，泵站，強(qiáng)夯機(jī)，起重機(jī)，等等大型工業(yè)，建筑，工廠，企業(yè)，還有升降機(jī)，升降平臺(tái)，登車橋等等行業(yè)。
液壓元件將向高性能、高質(zhì)量、高可靠性、系統(tǒng)成套方向發(fā)展；向低能耗、低噪聲、振動(dòng)、無(wú)泄漏以及污染控制、應(yīng)用水基介質(zhì)等適應(yīng)環(huán)保要求方向發(fā)展；開(kāi)發(fā)高集成化高功率密度、智能化、機(jī)電一體化以及輕小型微型液壓元件；積極采用新工藝、新材料和電子、傳感等高新技術(shù)。
---- 液力偶合器向高速大功率和集成化的液力傳動(dòng)裝置發(fā)展，開(kāi)發(fā)水介質(zhì)調(diào)速型液力偶合器和向汽車應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域發(fā)展，開(kāi)發(fā)液力減速器，提高產(chǎn)品可靠性和平均無(wú)故障工作時(shí)間；液力變矩器要開(kāi)發(fā)大功率的產(chǎn)品，提高零部件的制造工藝技術(shù)，提高可靠性，推廣計(jì)算機(jī)輔助技術(shù)，開(kāi)發(fā)液力變矩器與動(dòng)力換檔變速箱配套使用技術(shù)；液粘調(diào)速離合器應(yīng)提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，形成批量，向大功率和高轉(zhuǎn)速方向發(fā)展。
氣動(dòng)行業(yè)：
----產(chǎn)品向體積小、重量輕、功耗低、組合集成化方向發(fā)展，執(zhí)行元件向種類多、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、定位精度高方向發(fā)展；氣動(dòng)元件與電子技術(shù)相結(jié)合，向智能化方向發(fā)展；元件性能向高速、高頻、高響應(yīng)、高壽命、耐高溫、耐高壓方向發(fā)展，普遍采用無(wú)油潤(rùn)滑，應(yīng)用新工藝、新技術(shù)、新材料。
（1）采用的液壓元件高壓化，連續(xù)工作壓力達(dá)到40Mpa，瞬間最高壓力達(dá)到48Mpa；
（2）調(diào)節(jié)和控制方式多樣化；
（3）進(jìn)一步改善調(diào)節(jié)性能，提高動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的效率；
（4）發(fā)展與機(jī)械、液力、電力傳動(dòng)組合的復(fù)合式調(diào)節(jié)傳動(dòng)裝置；
（5）發(fā)展具有節(jié)能、儲(chǔ)能功能的高效系統(tǒng)；
（6）進(jìn)一步降低噪聲；
（7）應(yīng)用液壓螺紋插裝閥技術(shù)，緊湊結(jié)構(gòu)、減少漏油。
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