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1、第2節(jié) 三種題型解讀 題型一　設(shè)空在段首 考 查 要 點(diǎn) 1.小標(biāo)題或段落主題句：如章首或段首設(shè)空，一般考查文章或段落主題。 2．注釋小標(biāo)題：如在小標(biāo)題之后接著設(shè)空，一般是對(duì)小標(biāo)題加以注釋。 3．段落間的過(guò)渡句：如首段之后的段首設(shè)空，一般是考查承上啟下的過(guò)渡語(yǔ)句。 1.小標(biāo)題、副標(biāo)題 [典例]　(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)● 39 Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening.Exercis

2、e energizes you，so it is more difficult to relax and have a peaceful sleep when you are very excited. B．Your quality of sleep improves. [思路分析]　考查小標(biāo)題?？蘸蟮木渥诱f(shuō)，研究表明早起鍛煉的人比晚上鍛煉的人睡得更好，B項(xiàng)“你的睡眠質(zhì)量提高了。”是對(duì)后面內(nèi)容的概括，故選B項(xiàng)。 2．主題句、主要觀點(diǎn) [典例]　(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)● 40 If you work out bright and early in the morning，y

3、ou will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day.Who would want to ruin their good workout by eating junk food? You will want to continue to focus on positive choices. A．You will stick to your diet. C．You prefer healthy food to fast food. [思路分析]　考查主題句。空后的句子說(shuō)，如果你在早晨鍛煉身體，你

4、將更有可能在這一天里堅(jiān)持健康的食物選擇。A項(xiàng)“你將堅(jiān)持你的飲食?！笔侵黝}句，起到統(tǒng)領(lǐng)下文的作用，故選A項(xiàng)。 [易錯(cuò)提醒]　有些考生會(huì)根據(jù)空格后的healthy food和junk food而誤選C項(xiàng)。需注意這里介紹的是晨練的好處而非飲食。 3．段落過(guò)渡語(yǔ)句 [典例]　(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)I was，nevertheless，talked into going on another funfilled holiday in the wilderness.38.This time there was no tent. Instead，we had a pop-up camper with

5、comfortable beds and an air conditioner.My nature-loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life. 39 We have done a lot of it since.Recently，we bought a twenty-eight-foot travel trailer complete with a bathroom and a built-in TV set.There is a separate bedroom，a modern kitche

6、n with a refrigerator.The trailer even has matching carpet and curtains. B．Things are going to be improved. F．After the trip，my family became quite interested in camping. [思路分析]　考查段落間的過(guò)渡句。根據(jù)空格后的代詞we可判斷所填句子中應(yīng)含有復(fù)數(shù)名詞，結(jié)合空格后面一句“從那以后我們進(jìn)行了很多次野營(yíng)”可判斷應(yīng)選F項(xiàng)“這次野營(yíng)后，我的家人都對(duì)野營(yíng)相當(dāng)感興趣了”。 [易錯(cuò)提醒]　有些考生會(huì)根據(jù)空格后的內(nèi)容認(rèn)為情況有所改

7、善而誤選B項(xiàng)，需注意，B項(xiàng)與前后句子的整體時(shí)態(tài)并不一致。 (2018·陜西省西安市質(zhì)檢)Americans use many expressions with the word “dog”．People in the United States love their dogs and treat them well. 1 However，if a person lives an unhappy life，they say that person leads a dog's life. Some people say we live in a dog-eat-dog world.

8、 2 They say that to be successful，a person has to work like a dog.This means they have to work very hard.This can make people dog-tired.And，the situation would be even worse if they became sick as a dog. 3 This means that every person enjoys a successful period during his or her life.To be s

9、uccessful，people often have to learn new skills.Yet，some people say that you can never teach an old dog new tricks. They believe that older people do not like to learn new things. 4 People who are unkind can be described as a junkyard dog.Junkyard dogs live in waste yards.They bark or attack pe

10、ople who try to approach their property. Dog expressions are also used to describe the weather.The dog days of summer are the hottest days of the year.A rainstorm may cool the weather. 5 We do not want it to rain cats and dogs. A．Still，people say every dog has its day. B．But we do not want it

11、to rain too hard. C．Some people are compared to dogs in bad ways. D．Dogs are their best friends and they are loyal to people. E．There are many other expressions waiting for you to explore. F. That means many people are competing for the same things. G．They take their dogs for walks，and give the

12、m good food and medical care. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了美國(guó)人使用許多關(guān)于“狗”這個(gè)詞的表達(dá)及其具體例子。 1．G　[空白前說(shuō)美國(guó)人愛(ài)狗，善待它們，而G項(xiàng)說(shuō)他們帶著狗散步，給它們良好的食物和醫(yī)療照顧，是對(duì)上文的具體描述，符合邏輯，故選G。] 2．F　[空白前說(shuō)有些人認(rèn)為我們生活在一個(gè)自相殘殺的世界，而F項(xiàng)說(shuō)這意味著許多人在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)同樣的東西，前后語(yǔ)義銜接，其中a dog-eat-dog world與competing for相呼應(yīng)，故選F。] 3．A　[空白后說(shuō)這意味著每個(gè)人在各自的生活中都有一段成功的時(shí)期，而A項(xiàng)說(shuō)盡管如此，人們還是認(rèn)為人人皆

13、有得意時(shí)，是對(duì)下文的概括，其中a successful period與every dog has its day相呼應(yīng)，故選A。] 4．C　[空白后說(shuō)不友好的人可以被描述成一個(gè)垃圾狗，而C項(xiàng)說(shuō)有些人在有些不好的方面被比作狗，前后邏輯一致，其中空白后是對(duì)此處的具體描述，且a junkyard dog為提示詞，故選C。] 5．B　[空白前說(shuō)暴風(fēng)雨可能使天氣涼爽，而B(niǎo)項(xiàng)說(shuō)但是我們不希望雨下得太大。前后形成轉(zhuǎn)折，且rain too hard與rain cats and dogs相呼應(yīng)，故選B。] 題型二　設(shè)空在段中 考 查 要 點(diǎn) 1.段落主題句：有時(shí)段落首句只是引語(yǔ)，接下來(lái)的語(yǔ)句

14、才是段落主題句。 2．解釋、引申、例證類(lèi)語(yǔ)句：對(duì)前面的論點(diǎn)或觀點(diǎn)加以解釋、引申或例證。 3．建議性語(yǔ)句：作者提出的解決問(wèn)題的方法、措施或步驟。 4．句子間的過(guò)渡語(yǔ)句：為使上下文語(yǔ)意承接、轉(zhuǎn)換自然，作者加入的過(guò)渡語(yǔ)句。 1.段落主題句 [典例]　(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer. 37 We slept in a tent，cooked over an open fire，and walked a long distance to

15、 take the shower and use the bathroom.This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work，recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor's bill for my son's food poisoning. C．The trip they took me on was a rough one. [思路分析]　考查段落主題句。根據(jù)后文的描述“我們睡帳篷，在篝火上做飯，走很長(zhǎng)的路去洗澡和上廁所”可知，這次野營(yíng)比較艱難

16、，這與C項(xiàng)中的rough相對(duì)應(yīng)，故選C項(xiàng)，對(duì)下文內(nèi)容進(jìn)行概括。 2．解釋、引申、例證 [典例]　(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Everyone knows that fish is good for health. 36 But it seems that many people don't cook fish at home.Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year，but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home.Buying

17、，storing，and cooking fish isn't difficult.37.It just requires a little knowledge.This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way. G．The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease. [思路分析]　考查例證類(lèi)語(yǔ)句?？瞻浊罢f(shuō)“人人都知道吃魚(yú)有益健康”，那么空白后就應(yīng)該給出例證，證明吃魚(yú)有好處。由此可知G項(xiàng)“人們認(rèn)為魚(yú)的脂肪有助于預(yù)防心臟病”符合題意，故選G項(xiàng)。 3．方法、

18、措施、步驟 [典例]　(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood.Grandma's rose garden and Dad's vegetable garden might be good or bad，but that's not what's important.19.It's our experience of the garden that matters — how being in those gardens made us feel.If you'd like to

19、build a powerful bond with your garden，start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth. 20 .Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown-up garden.Have fun. G．For each of those gardens，write down the strongest memory you have [思路分析]　考

20、查建議類(lèi)語(yǔ)句?？瞻浊罢f(shuō)“如果想與花園建立強(qiáng)有力的聯(lián)系，可以花一些時(shí)間回憶你小時(shí)候見(jiàn)過(guò)的花園”，空白后的句子應(yīng)介紹怎樣進(jìn)行回憶，G項(xiàng)“為每一個(gè)那樣的花園寫(xiě)下你最深刻的回憶”就是加強(qiáng)與花園聯(lián)系的方法，故選G項(xiàng)?？瞻缀竺嬉訲hen開(kāi)頭的句子與之并列，也是方法，更加印證了答案。 4．句間過(guò)渡語(yǔ)句 [典例]　(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)If you are already making the time to exercise，it is good indeed! With such busy lives，it can be hard to try and find the time to work ou

21、t. 36 Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit. G．If you are planning to do exercise regularly，or you're doing it now，then listen up! [思路分析]　考查句間過(guò)渡語(yǔ)句?？瞻浊罢f(shuō)太忙了沒(méi)有時(shí)間鍛煉，而空白后列舉了晨練的好處，那么空白處應(yīng)是一個(gè)承上啟下的過(guò)渡語(yǔ)句，G項(xiàng)“如果你計(jì)劃定期鍛煉或者現(xiàn)在就做，那就仔細(xì)聽(tīng)”符合題意，故選G項(xiàng)。 (2018·濟(jì)南市模擬)S

22、martphones store a lot of personal data. These devices know our names，the names of our friends，our addresses and where we are right now. 1 A weather app needs to know where a person is to report the local forecast，for example. Many smartphone apps don't cost anything to download and use.But

23、don't be fooled. There's still a price. 2 Those same apps may often send data on to advertisers as well.Those advertisers will pay well to know how people behave and live.Once your data leave a device，you can't get them back. And that data theft may not be harmless. Moreover，those data may t

24、ell when someone leaves home and when he gets back. 3 Social media sites often have access to a user's images and posts. Recently a new online tool has been developed to track the misuse of private data. 4 It tells people when their apps are sending data，which can help spot the misus

25、e. SPEProxy identifies the misuse of data using an approach that has already been used to diagnose illnesses. In the clinical field，a kind of medical software is used to collect data from a patient. Then it compares them to those symptoms of many possible illnesses to make a diagnosis. Right now，p

26、eople can only track data with the new tool by going to a website. 5 It's also a bit awkward to use.People may not want to go to the trouble of getting online to track their data. A more convenient version that people could install on their phones is in urgent need. A．It is called SPEProxy.

27、 B．That means it's limited. C. It is more than convenient to use in computers. D．Your privacy is what's paying for it. E．Some apps use those data to do their job. F．Some apps may charge you much money to operate. G．They can show how and where people spend their days. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　本文主要介紹了人們使用智能手機(jī)時(shí)的個(gè)人

28、信息安全問(wèn)題。 1．E　[根據(jù)空白后的“A weather app needs to know where a person is to report the local forecast，for example”可知，空白后舉了一個(gè)例子：一款天氣應(yīng)用軟件需要知道一個(gè)人的位置來(lái)報(bào)告當(dāng)?shù)氐奶鞖忸A(yù)報(bào)。因此空白處應(yīng)說(shuō)明手機(jī)應(yīng)用軟件需要一些數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)工作，故選E項(xiàng)。] 2．D　[根據(jù)空白前的“There's still a price”可知，使用手機(jī)應(yīng)用軟件是有代價(jià)的，D項(xiàng)“Your privacy is what's paying for it”(你的隱私就是為此付出的代價(jià))符合文意，故選D項(xiàng)。]

29、 3．G　[根據(jù)空白前的“Moreover，those data may tell when someone leaves home and when he gets back”(這些數(shù)據(jù)能顯示一個(gè)人何時(shí)離家、何時(shí)返回)及空白后的“Social media sites often have access to a user's images and posts”(社交媒體網(wǎng)站經(jīng)常訪問(wèn)用戶的圖片和帖子)可知，空白處應(yīng)說(shuō)明手機(jī)應(yīng)用軟件泄露個(gè)人隱私的情況，故G項(xiàng)“They can show how and where people spend their days”(它們能夠顯示人們度過(guò)這一天的方式

30、和地點(diǎn))符合文意，故選G項(xiàng)。] 4．A　[空白前的“Recently a new online tool has been developed to track the misuse of private data”介紹了一款能夠追蹤私人數(shù)據(jù)被濫用的在線工具，A項(xiàng)“It is called SPEProxy”(它的名字是SPEProxy)承接上文，符合文意，故選A項(xiàng)。] 5．B　[根據(jù)空白前的“Right now，people can only track data with the new tool by going to a website”可知，這款工具只能進(jìn)入網(wǎng)站來(lái)追蹤數(shù)據(jù)，因此它

31、的使用還是有局限性的，故選B項(xiàng)。] 題型三　設(shè)空在段末 考 查 要 點(diǎn) 1.結(jié)論或概括性語(yǔ)句：如末段的段末設(shè)空，一般是對(duì)上文或全文總結(jié)概括，得出結(jié)論。 2．段落間的過(guò)渡句：如非末段的段末設(shè)空，一般是考查承上啟下的過(guò)渡語(yǔ)句。 3．補(bǔ)充性語(yǔ)句：如末段的段末設(shè)空，可能是進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充前文內(nèi)容，也可能是作者發(fā)出的倡議。 1.結(jié)論性語(yǔ)句 [典例]　(2016·四川高考)39.Women are also helped by their female genes. Scientists are still not exactly sure how genes influence agi

32、ng，but they believe that they do.Some think that a woman's body cells have a tendency (傾向)to age more slowly than a man's.Others think that a man's body cells have a tendency to age more quickly. 40 E．Recent research seems to support both of these possibilities. [思路分析]　考查結(jié)論性語(yǔ)句。空白前談了人們的兩種想法，

33、E項(xiàng)“最近的研究似乎對(duì)這兩種觀點(diǎn)中的這些可能性都予以支持”是對(duì)前文的總結(jié)，故選E項(xiàng)。 2．段落過(guò)渡語(yǔ)句 [典例]　(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping，I would have laughed heartily.Campers，in my eyes，were people who enjoyed insect bites，ill-cooked meals，and uncomfortable sleeping bags.They

34、 had nothing in common with me. 36 The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.37.The trip they took me on was a rough one. We slept in a tent，cooked over an open fire，and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom.This brief visit with

35、Mother Nature cost me two days off from work，recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor's bill for my son's food poisoning. D．I was to learn a lot about camping since then，however. [思路分析]　考查段落過(guò)渡語(yǔ)句。空白前一句說(shuō)“他們與我沒(méi)有共同之處”，空白后一段講述了作者的一次野營(yíng)，前后之間存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以此處需要填一個(gè)承上啟下的過(guò)渡句，這與D項(xiàng)中的however相呼應(yīng)。 3．補(bǔ)充性語(yǔ)句

36、 [典例]　(2016·北京高考)So why aren't we all jumping out of airplanes then? Well，even 200,000 years ago，too much risk-taking could get one killed.A few daring survived，though，along with a few stay-in-the-cave types.As a result，humans developed a range of character types that still exists today.So maybe you

37、 love car racing，or maybe you hate it. 73 A．It all depends on your character. [思路分析]　考查補(bǔ)充性語(yǔ)句?？瞻浊暗木渥印八裕赡苣銦釔?ài)賽車(chē)，或許你討厭它”可以為本段畫(huà)上句號(hào)，但是加上A項(xiàng)的句子“這都取決于你的性格”會(huì)更清晰、明了，它是對(duì)前句的適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充。 (2018·昆明市質(zhì)檢)Failing an exam can make someone feel really bad about themselves.A lot of people who fail an exam might thi

38、nk that failing an exam makes them a failure in life. 1 ●Don't make fun of them.Failing a test can be a seriously upset thing.And even if they seem okay about it，they might be hiding how they really feel.Don't make fun of them for failing. 2 ●Remind them that everyone fails at some

39、point. 3 So tell them not everyone can succeed every time，even if they don't talk about it.Help them deal with their feelings about the failure by reminding them that everyone fails，and this one failure doesn't influence them. ● 4 Right after they've failed an exam，it's easy to feel

40、like they'll never do anything well again.If you know someone who has failed the same test or exam，but then became successful，tell them about it! It can remind them that good things will happen again，too. ●Help them figure out new ways to study.Ask how long they studied，how often they took notes in

41、 class，and if they ever felt like they weren't doing enough.Help them look up studying methods on websites，and select methods they haven't tried before. 5 Using a new method can lead to different results. A．Tell them to stay the same. B．Offer them positive examples. C．It's necessary for th

42、em to know that. D．Or don't compare their scores with yours. E．Share some ways that you find successful. F．It doesn't mean that you are a failure in life. G．But there are lots of ways you can encourage and help them. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　本文主要介紹了鼓勵(lì)和幫助考試失敗者的方法。 1．G　[本句位于段落末尾，根據(jù)第二至五段首句的祈使句可以看出該空既要對(duì)第一段內(nèi)容進(jìn)行概括又要引

43、出下文，講述鼓勵(lì)和幫助考試失敗者的方法。所以選G項(xiàng)。] 2．D　[根據(jù)該段主題句尤其是否定詞Don't及空前一句中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的Don't可知，此段主要講不要嘲笑失敗者，D項(xiàng)“Or don't compare their scores with yours”與前一句內(nèi)容相連貫，符合語(yǔ)境。] 3．C　[選項(xiàng)C中的that指代前一句中的“everyone fails at some point”，空后提出克服失敗情緒的方法，C項(xiàng)與上下文內(nèi)容連貫，所以選C項(xiàng)。] 4．B　[空處位于段落主題句的位置，所以句子的形式應(yīng)該類(lèi)似其他自然段的段落首句，即祈使句，所以可以重點(diǎn)關(guān)注A、B和E三個(gè)選項(xiàng)。其次，根據(jù)該段下文內(nèi)容可知，選項(xiàng)A和E與下文不連貫，所以排除；B項(xiàng)能較好地概括該段主題，所以選B項(xiàng)。] 5．E　[根據(jù)該段的ways、methods及主題句可知，本段主要是講幫助他們找到新的學(xué)習(xí)方法，E項(xiàng)“分享一些你認(rèn)為成功的方法”符合語(yǔ)境，E項(xiàng)中的ways也是提示。] 8