減速機機體零件機械加工工藝及專用夾具設計

資源目錄里展示的全都有，所見即所得。下載后全都有,請放心下載。原稿可自行編輯修改=【QQ：401339828 或11970985 有疑問可加】 無錫太湖學院 機械加工工序卡片 產(chǎn)品型號 零件圖號 產(chǎn)品名稱 零件名稱 減速機機體 共 1 頁 第 1 頁 車間 工序號 工序名稱 材 料 牌 號 金工 130 鉆削 HT20-40 毛 坯 種 類 毛坯外形尺寸 每毛坯可制件數(shù) 每 臺 件 數(shù) 鑄件 337×278×246 1 1 設備名稱 設備型號 設備編號 同時加工件數(shù) 立式鉆床 Z535 1 夾具編號 夾具名稱 切削液 工位器具編號 工位器具名稱 工序工時 (分) 準終 單件 工步號 工 步 內(nèi) 容 工 藝 裝 備 主軸轉速 切削速度 進給量 切削深度 進給次數(shù) 工步工時 r/min m/min mm/r mm 機動 輔助 1 用帶有錐度90度的锪鉆锪軸承孔內(nèi)邊緣，倒角4-45度 專用鉆夾具 195 4.5 0.25 16.8 2.4 設 計（日 期） 校 對（日期） 審 核（日期） 標準化（日期） 會 簽（日期） 2013-4-26 鄒星 標記 處數(shù) 更改文件號 簽 字 日 期 標記 處數(shù) 更改文件號 簽 字 日 期 無錫太湖學院 機械加工工藝過程卡片 產(chǎn)品型號 零件圖號 A1 產(chǎn)品名稱 零件名稱 減速機機體 共 2 頁 第 1 頁 材 料 牌 號 HT20-40 毛 坯 種 類 鑄件 毛坯外形尺寸 337×278×246 每 臺 件 數(shù) 1 備 注 工 序 號 工 名 序 稱 工 序 內(nèi) 容 車 間 工 段 設 備 工 藝 裝 備 工 時 準終 單件 10 鑄 鑄造 20 熱處理 熱處理 30 銑削 銑下底面，保證高度尺寸242.5mm 金工 X63 專用銑夾具 40 銑削 銑分割面留磨量0.5—0.8mm 金工 X63 專用銑夾具 50 磨削 磨分割面，保證尺寸240mm 金工 M7130 專用磨夾具 60 鉆削 鉆4-16孔 鉆4-10孔 擴4-11孔 鉆4-13孔 金工 Z535 專用鉆夾具 70 鉆削 鉆3-12孔 攻3-12孔 鉆4-16孔 攻4-16孔 金工 組合鉆床 專用鉆夾具 80 鉆削 鉆2-10孔 攻2-10孔 鉆3-6孔 攻3-6孔 金工 組合鉆床 專用鉆夾具 90 鉆削 鉆，鉸2-6mm錐肖孔 金工 Z535 專用鉆夾具 100 銑削 粗，精銑前后端面，保證尺寸230mm 金工 X63 專用銑夾具 設 計（日 期） 校 對（日期） 審 核（日期） 標準化（日期） 會 簽（日期） 2013-4-26 鄒星 標記 處數(shù) 更改文件號 簽 字 日 期 標記 處數(shù) 更改文件號 簽 字 日 期 編號 無錫太湖學院 畢業(yè)設計（論文） 題目： 減速機機體零件機械加工工藝 及專用夾具設計 信機 系 機械工程及自動化 專業(yè) 學 號： 　　　 0923032　　　　 學生姓名： 鄒　 星 指導教師： 薛慶紅（職稱：副教授 ） （職稱： ） 2013年5月25日 無錫太湖學院本科畢業(yè)設計 誠 信 承 諾 書 本人鄭重聲明：所呈交的畢業(yè)設計 減速機機體零件機械加工工藝及專用夾具設計 是本人在導師的指導下獨立進行研究所取得的成果，其內(nèi)容除了在畢業(yè)設計中特別加以標注引用，表示致謝的內(nèi)容外，本畢業(yè)設計不包含任何其他個人、集體已發(fā)表或撰寫的成果作品。 班 級： 機械91 學 號： 0923032 作者姓名： 2013 年 5 月 25 日 無錫太湖學院 　信 機　系 　機械工程及自動化 　專業(yè) 畢 業(yè) 設 計論 文 任 務 書 一、題目及專題： 1、題目　減速機機體零件機械加工工藝及專用夾具設計 2、專題　 　 二、課題來源及選題依據(jù) 減速機屬于典型的箱體類零件，設計內(nèi)容包含工藝文件制訂、刀具選擇、切削用量計算等，以及夾具設計。是對機械專業(yè)學生所學專業(yè)知識的綜合應用。該課題難度適中，設計量合適，能提升學生對知識的應用能力。 三、本設計應達到的要求： 1. 根據(jù)零件使用要求，編制零件機械加工工藝規(guī)程，并形成全套工藝文件，即工藝過程卡、機加工工藝卡、工序卡； 2. 分析計算該零件機械加工工藝參數(shù)，選用加工設備和工藝裝備； 3. 設計該箱體零件加工的專用夾具，繪制夾具裝配圖及全套非標零件圖，夾緊機構應采用液壓夾緊機構，設計液壓系統(tǒng)回路及液壓元件主要參數(shù)；分析夾具的定位精度等。 4.編寫設計說明書（大于30頁）； 5.專業(yè)外語翻譯（大于8000~10000字符，約合漢字5000字符）； 四、接受任務學生： 機械91 班 　　姓名 鄒 星 五、開始及完成日期： 自2012年11月12日 至2013年5月25日 六、設計指導： 指導教師　 　　　簽名 簽名 　　　　　　　簽名 教研室主任 　　　　　　〔學科組組長研究所所長〕　　　　　　　簽名 　　 　　系主任 　　　　　　簽名 2013年11月12日 3 無錫太湖學院 機械加工工藝卡片 產(chǎn)品型號 零部件圖號 共4頁 產(chǎn)品名稱 減速機機體 零部件名稱 第 1頁 材料牌號 HT20-40 毛坯種類 鍛件 毛坯外形尺寸 337×278×246 每毛坯件數(shù) 1 每臺件數(shù) 備注 工 序 裝夾 工步 工 序 內(nèi) 容 同時加工零件數(shù) 切削用量 設備名稱 及編號 工藝裝備名稱及編號 技術等級 工時定額 背吃刀量（mm） 切削速度 （m/min） 每分鐘 轉數(shù) 進給量（mm） 夾具 刀具 量具 單件 準終 10 機器砂磨造型 20 時效（熱處理） 30 1 1 粗銑下底面 1 26.5 37.5 0.2 臥式銑床X63 專用銑夾具 三面刃銑刀 卡板 40 1 1 銑分割面留磨量0.5-0.8 1 26.5 37.5 0.2 臥式銑床X63 專用銑夾具 三面刃銑刀 卡板 50 1 1 磨分割面，保證240mm 1 27.5 1500 0.5 平面磨床M7130 專用磨夾具 砂輪 卡板 60 1 1 鉆4-16孔 鉆4-10孔 擴4-11孔 鉆4-13孔 1 1 1 1 31.4 31.4 31.4 31.4 400 400 400 400 0.25 0.25 0.75 0.25 立式鉆床Z535 專用鉆夾具 16麻花鉆 10麻花鉆 11擴孔鉆 13麻花鉆 塞規(guī) 編制（日期） 審核（日期） 會簽（日期） 標記 處數(shù) 更改文件 簽字 日期 標記 處數(shù) 更改文件 簽字 日期 無錫太湖學院 機械加工工藝卡片 產(chǎn)品型號 零部件圖號 共4頁 產(chǎn)品名稱 減速機機體 零部件名稱 第 2 頁 材 料 牌 號 HT20-40 毛 坯 種 類 鍛件 毛坯外形尺寸 337×278×246 每毛坯件數(shù) 1 每 臺 件 數(shù) 備 注 工 序 裝 夾 工步 工 序 內(nèi) 容 同時加工零 件數(shù) 切削用量 設備名稱及編號 工藝裝備名稱及編號 技術 等級 工時定額 背吃 刀量 （mm） 切削速度（m/min） 每分鐘 轉數(shù) 進給量（mm） 夾 具 刀具 量 具 單件 準終 70 1 1 鉆3-12孔 攻3-M12孔 鉆4-16孔 攻4-M16孔 1 1 1 1 31.4 4.9 31.4 4.9 400 195 400 195 0.25 0.32 組合鉆床 專用鉆夾具 12麻花鉆 M12絲鉆 16麻花鉆 M16絲鉆 塞規(guī) 80 1 1 鉆2-10孔 攻2-M10孔 鉆3-6孔 攻3-M6孔 1 1 1 1 31.4 4.9 31.4 4.9 400 195 400 195 0.25 0.32 組合鉆床 專用鉆夾具 10麻花鉆 M10絲鉆 6麻花鉆 M6絲鉆 塞規(guī) 90 1 1 鉆2-4孔 鉸2-6孔 1 1 41.6 21.6 530 275 0.11 0.4 立式鉆床Z535 專用鉆夾具 4麻花鉆 4-6鉸刀 塞規(guī) 100 1 1 粗銑前后端面，保證尺寸230mm 精銑前后端面，保證端面A的垂直度 1 1 26.5 26.5 37.5 37.5 0.2 0.15 臥式銑床X63 專用銑夾具 三面刃銑刀 卡板 編制（日期） 審核（日期） 會簽（日期） 標記 處數(shù) 更改文件 簽字 日期 標記 處數(shù) 更改文件 簽字 日期 無錫太湖學院 機械加工工藝卡片 產(chǎn)品型號 零部件圖號 共4頁 產(chǎn)品名稱 減速機機體 零部件名稱 第 3頁 材料牌號 HT20-40 毛坯種類 鍛件 毛坯外形尺寸 337×278×246 每毛坯件數(shù) 1 每臺件數(shù) 備注 工 序 裝夾 工步 工 序 內(nèi) 容 同時加工零件數(shù) 切削用量 設備名稱 及編號 工藝裝備名稱及編號 技術等級 工時定額 背吃刀量（mm） 切削速度 （m/min） 每分鐘 轉數(shù) 進給量（mm） 夾具 刀具 量具 單件 準終 110 1 1 粗銑左右端面，保證尺寸275mm 精銑左右端面，保證端面A的垂直度 1 1 26.5 26.5 27.5 27.5 0.2 0.15 臥式銑床X63 專用銑夾具 三面刃銑刀 卡板 120 1 1 粗鏜蝸桿面110mm軸承孔，留加工余量 半精鏜蝸桿面110mm軸承孔，留加工余量 精鏜蝸桿面110mm軸承孔，保證分割面與軸承孔的位置公差 1 1 1 300 300 300 800 800 800 0.37 0.27 0.27 鏜床T68 專用鏜夾具 YT30鏜刀 卡板 編制（日期） 審核（日期） 會簽（日期） 標記 處數(shù) 更改文件 簽字 日期 標記 處數(shù) 更改文件 簽字 日期 無錫太湖學院 機械加工工藝卡片 產(chǎn)品型號 零部件圖號 共4頁 產(chǎn)品名稱 減速機機體 零部件名稱 第 4頁 材料牌號 HT20-40 毛坯種類 鍛件 毛坯外形尺寸 337×278×246 每毛坯件數(shù) 1 每臺件數(shù) 備注 工 序 裝夾 工步 工 序 內(nèi) 容 同時加工零件數(shù) 切削用量 設備名稱 及編號 工藝裝備名稱及編號 技術等級 工時定額 背吃刀量（mm） 切削速度 （m/min） 每分鐘 轉數(shù) 進給量（mm） 夾具 刀具 量具 單件 準終 130 1 1 用帶有錐度90度的锪鉆锪軸承孔內(nèi)邊緣，倒角4-45度 1 4.5 195 0.25 立式鉆床Z535 專用鉆夾具 90度的直柄錐面锪鉆 塞規(guī) 140 檢驗 編制（日期） 審核（日期） 會簽（日期） 標記 處數(shù) 更改文件 簽字 日期 標記 處數(shù) 更改文件 簽字 日期 英文原文 Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasure Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electro mechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing , processing , transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Technology of the sensor ; (6)Software engineering ,etc.. Development trend of a numerical control technology The application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equiping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus . 1.A high-speed , high finish machining technology and new trend equipped The efficiency , quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed , high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP ) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering. In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles , walls . Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equiping the demand which has proposed high-speed , high precise and high flexibility. According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up . HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 12* separately! 000r/mm and 1g. In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5|ìm up to from 10|ìm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3- 5|ìm, rise to 1- 1.5|ìm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01|ìm). In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability . In order to realize high-speed , high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft , straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further. 1.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axes Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged , the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds , is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds. At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks . So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5 ). At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle , make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls . Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly. 1.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently , openly , networkedlily The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc.. Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller ) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System ) of China ,etc.. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the seriation, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software developing ument ,etc. are the core of present research. The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protos of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, " CyberProduction Center " that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak ) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits " IT plaza " (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction. 2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our country The technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During " Sixth Five-Year Plan Period " , " the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period " of the country in second stage and earlier stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period ", namely introduce technology, digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domesticization arisesing tentatively. At this stage , because of reform and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country. The third stage is and during the " Ninth Five-Year Plan Period " on the later stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period " of the country, namely implement the research of industrialization, enter market competition stage. At this stage , made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic numerical control equipment of our country. In latter stage for " the Ninth Five-Year Plan ", the domestic occupation rate of market of the domestic numerical control lathe is up to 50%, it is up to 10% too to mix the domestic numerical control system (popular ). Make a general survey of the development course in the past 50 years of technology of numerical control of our country, especially through tackling key problems of 4 Five-Year Plans, all in all has made following achievements. a.Have establish the foundation of the technical development of numerical control, has mastered modern numerical control technology basically. Our country has already, the numerical control host computer , basic technology of special plane and fittings grasped and driven from the numerical control system and servoly basically now, among them most technology have already possessed and commercialized the foundation developed , some technology has already, industrialization commercialized. b.Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively. In tackling key problems the foundation that the achievement and some technology commercialize , set up the systematic factories of numerical control with production capacity in batches such as numerical control in Central China , numerical control of the spaceflight etc.. Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou, such factory and the first machine tool plant of Beijing , the first machine tool plant of Jinan ,etc. several numerical control host computer factories of a batch of servo systems and servo electrical machineries as the numerical control in Central China,etc.. These factories have formed the numerical control industrial base of our country basically. c.Have set up a numerical control research, development , managerial talent's basic team . Though has made considerable progress in research and development and industrialization of numerical control technology, but we will realize soberly, the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our country, especially there is greater disparity in current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level in industrialization. Though very fast from watching the development of our country vertically, have disparity horizontally more than (compare foreign countries with ) not merely engineering level, there is disparity too in development speed in some aspects, namely the engineering level disparity between some high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control equipment has the tendency to expand . Watch from world , estimate roughly as follows about the engineering level of numerical control of our country and industrialization level. a.On the engineering level, in probably backward 10- 1 years with the advanced level in foreign countries, it is bigger in high-quality precision and sophisticated technology. b.On the industrialization level, the occupation rate of market is low, the variety coverage rate is little, have not formed the large-scale production yet; The specialized level of production of function part and ability of forming a complete set are relatively low; Appearance quality is relatively poor; Dependability is not high, the commercialized degree is insufficient; One's own brand effect that the domestic numerical control system has not been set up yet, users have insufficient confidence. c.On the ability of sustainable development, research and development of numerical control technology , project ability are relatively weak to the competition; It is not strong that the technological application of numerical control expands dynamics; Research , formulation that relevant standards are normal lag behind. It is analysed that the main reason for having above-mentioned disparity has the following several respect. a.Realize the respect. Know to industry's process arduousness , complexity and long-term characteristic of domestic numerical control insufficiently; It is difficult to underestimate to add strangling , system ,etc. to the unstandard , foreign blockade of the market; It is not enough to analyse to the technological application level and ability of numerical control of our country. b.System. Pay close attention to numerical control industrialization many in the issue , consider numerical control industrialization little in the issue synthetically in terms of the systematic one , industry chain in terms of technology; Have not set up related system , perfect training , service network of intact high quality ,etc. and supported the system. c.Mechanism. It causes the brain drain, restraining technology and technological route from innovating again , products innovation that the bad machine is made, and has restricted the effective implementation of planning , has often planned the ideal , implement the difficulty. d.Technology. The autonomous innovation in technology of enterprises is indifferent, the project of key technology is indifferent. The standard of the lathe lags behind, the level is relatively low, it is not enough for new standard of the numerical control system to study. 中文譯文 數(shù)控技術和裝備發(fā)展趨勢及對策 數(shù)控技術是用數(shù)字信息對機械運動和工作過程進行控制的技術，數(shù)控裝備是以數(shù)控技術為代表的新技術對傳統(tǒng)制造產(chǎn)業(yè)和新興制造業(yè)的滲透形成的機電一體化產(chǎn)品，即所謂的數(shù)字化裝備，其技術范圍覆蓋很多領域：(1)機械制造技術；(2)信息處理、加工、傳輸技術；(3)自動控制技術；(4)伺服驅動技術；(5)傳感器技術；(6)軟件技術等。 1 數(shù)控技術的發(fā)展趨勢 數(shù)控技術的應用不但給傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)帶來了革命性的變化，使制造業(yè)成為工業(yè)化的象征，而且隨著數(shù)控技術的不斷發(fā)展和應用領域的擴大，他對國計民生的一些重要行業(yè)（IT、汽車、輕工、醫(yī)療等）的發(fā)展起著越來越重要的作用，因為這些行業(yè)所需裝備的數(shù)字化已是現(xiàn)代發(fā)展的大趨勢。從目前世界上數(shù)控技術及其裝備發(fā)展的趨勢來看，其主要研究熱點有以下幾個方面［1～4］。 1．1 高速、高精加工技術及裝備的新趨勢 效率、質量是先進制造技術的主體。高速、高精加工技術可極大地提高效率，提高產(chǎn)品的質量和檔次，縮短生產(chǎn)周期和提高市場競爭能力。為此日本先端技術研究會將其列為5大現(xiàn)代制造技術之一，國際生產(chǎn)工程學會（CIRP）將其確定為21世紀的中心研究方向之一。 在轎車工業(yè)領域，年產(chǎn)30萬輛的生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍是40秒/輛，而且多品種加工是轎車裝備必須解決的重點問題之一；在航空和宇航工業(yè)領域，其加工的零部件多為薄壁和薄筋，剛度很差，材料為鋁或鋁合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情況下，才能對這些筋、壁進行加工。近來采用大型整體鋁合金坯料“掏空”的方法來制造機翼、機身等大型零件來替代多個零件通過眾多的鉚釘、螺釘和其他聯(lián)結方式拼裝，使構件的強度、剛度和可靠性得到提高。這些都對加工裝備提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。 從EMO2001展會情況來看，高速加工中心進給速度可達80m/min，甚至更高，空運行速度可達100m/min左右。目前世界上許多汽車廠，包括我國的上海通用汽車公司，已經(jīng)采用以高速加工中心組成的生產(chǎn)線部分替代組合機床。美國CINCINNATI公司的HyperMach機床進給速度最大達60m/min，快速為100m/min，加速度達2g，主軸轉速已達60 000r/min。加工一薄壁飛機零件，只用30min，而同樣的零件在一般高速銑床加工需3h，在普通銑床加工需8h；德國DMG公司的雙主軸車床的主軸速度及加速度分別達12*!000r/mm和1g。 在加工精度方面，近10年來，普通級數(shù)控機床的加工精度已由10μm提高到5μm，精密級加工中心則從3～5μm，提高到1～1.5μm，并且超精密加工精度已開始進入納米級(0.01μm)。 在可靠性方面，國外數(shù)控裝置的MTBF值已達6 000h以上，伺服系統(tǒng)的MTBF值達到30000h以上，表現(xiàn)出非常高的可靠性。 為了實現(xiàn)高速、高精加工，與之配套的功能部件如電主軸、直線電機得到了快速的發(fā)展，應用領域進一步擴大。 1.2 5軸聯(lián)動加工和復合加工機床快速發(fā)展 采用5軸聯(lián)動對三維曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳幾何形狀進行切削，不僅光潔度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般認為，1臺5軸聯(lián)動機床的效率可以等于2臺3軸聯(lián)動機床，特別是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料銑刀進行高速銑削淬硬鋼零件時，5軸聯(lián)動加工可比3軸聯(lián)動加工發(fā)揮更高的效益。但過去因5軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、主機結構復雜等原因，其價格要比3軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控機床高出數(shù)倍，加之編程技術難度較大，制約了5軸聯(lián)動機床的發(fā)展。 當前由于電主軸的出現(xiàn)，使得實現(xiàn)5軸聯(lián)動加工的復合主軸頭結構大為簡化，其制造難度和成本大幅度降低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的價格差距縮小。因此促進了復合主軸頭類型5軸聯(lián)動機床和復合加工機床（含5面加工機床）的發(fā)展。 在EMO2001展會上，新日本工機的5面加工機床采用復合主軸頭，可實現(xiàn)4個垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得5面加工和5軸加工可在同一臺機床上實現(xiàn)，還可實現(xiàn)傾斜面和倒錐孔的加工。德國DMG公司展出DMUVoution系列加工中心，可在一次裝夾下5面加工和5軸聯(lián)動加工，可由CNC系統(tǒng)控制或CAD/CAM直接或間接控制。 1.3 智能化、開放式、網(wǎng)絡化成為當代數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的主要趨勢 21世紀的數(shù)控裝備將是具有一定智能化的系統(tǒng)，智能化的內(nèi)容包括在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中的各個方面：為追求加工效率和加工質量方面的智能化，如加工過程的自適應控制，工藝參數(shù)自動生成；為提高驅動性能及使用連接方便的智能化，如前饋控制、電機參數(shù)的自適應運算、自動識別負載自動選定模型、自整定等；簡化編程、簡化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自動編程、智能化的人機界面等；還有智能診斷、智能監(jiān)控方面的內(nèi)容、方便系統(tǒng)的診斷及維修等。 為解決傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)封閉性和數(shù)控應用軟件的產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)存在的問題。目前許多國家對開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)進行研究，如美國的NGC(The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control)、歐共體的OSACA(Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems)、日本的OSEC(Open System Environment for Controller)，中國的ONC(Open Numerical Control System)等。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)開放化已經(jīng)成為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的未來之路。所謂開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)就是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)可以在統(tǒng)一的運行平臺上，面向機床廠家和最終用戶，通過改變、增加或剪裁結構對象（數(shù)控功能），形成系列化，并可方便地將用戶的特殊應用和技術訣竅集成到控制系統(tǒng)中，快速實現(xiàn)不同品種、不同檔次的開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，形成具有鮮明個性的名牌產(chǎn)品。目前開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的體系結構規(guī)范、通信規(guī)范、配置規(guī)范、運行平臺、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能庫以及數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能軟件開發(fā)工具等是當前研究的核心。 網(wǎng)絡化數(shù)控裝備是近兩年國際著名機床博覽會的一個新亮點。數(shù)控裝備的網(wǎng)絡化將極大地滿足生產(chǎn)線、制造系統(tǒng)、制造企業(yè)對信息集成的需求，也是實現(xiàn)新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虛擬企業(yè)、全球制造的基礎單元。國內(nèi)外一些著