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黑龍江八一農(nóng)墾大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）格式和版式基本規(guī)范畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）教學(xué)過(guò)程是教學(xué)計(jì)劃的重要組成部分，對(duì)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用多學(xué)科的理論、知識(shí)與技能，進(jìn)行分析、解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力，掌握現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法等具有重要的意義。為保證我校本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）質(zhì)量，使學(xué)生的論文符合國(guó)家及各專業(yè)部門制定的有關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，特制定如下格式和版式的基本規(guī)范。一、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書（論文）的書寫、裝訂要求1文字通順簡(jiǎn)練、說(shuō)明透徹、層次分明、數(shù)據(jù)可靠、推理嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、立論正確、避免使用文學(xué)性質(zhì)的帶感情色彩的非學(xué)術(shù)性詞語(yǔ)。2畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書（論文）的撰寫用紙規(guī)格為A4。正文書寫用小四號(hào)宋體，正文行距為固定值1.5倍。3正文中標(biāo)題層次一律采用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字分級(jí)連續(xù)編號(hào)，例如：一級(jí)標(biāo)題1，二級(jí)標(biāo)題1.1，三級(jí)標(biāo)題1.1.1，四級(jí)標(biāo)題1.1.1.1，一般不宜設(shè)五級(jí)標(biāo)題。標(biāo)題頂左格書寫，一級(jí)標(biāo)題采用三號(hào)黑體；二級(jí)標(biāo)題采用小三號(hào)黑體；三級(jí)標(biāo)題采用四號(hào)黑體。標(biāo)題字?jǐn)?shù)在15字左右。4頁(yè)眉、頁(yè)腳、頁(yè)碼文字均采用小五號(hào)宋體，頁(yè)眉居中為“黑龍江八一農(nóng)墾大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)”，頁(yè)眉下橫線為上粗下細(xì)文武線（1.5磅）；頁(yè)碼為“-n-”，采用單面復(fù)印且頁(yè)碼排在頁(yè)腳居中位置。摘要、目錄、前言等正文前部分的頁(yè)碼用羅馬數(shù)字單獨(dú)編排，正文的頁(yè)碼用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字編排。5文中表格均采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)表格形式（如三線格），文中的圖、表、附注、參考文獻(xiàn)、公式一律采用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字連續(xù)編號(hào)。圖表標(biāo)題采用五號(hào)黑體，置于表上方；表格中文字、圖例、說(shuō)明采用五號(hào)宋體；圖表附注用小五號(hào)宋體。6“注釋”用五號(hào)黑體，注釋為尾注時(shí)用五號(hào)宋體，與正文之間空2行；注釋為腳注用小五號(hào)楷體，與本頁(yè)正文之間用短橫線分開；“參考文獻(xiàn)”用五號(hào)黑體，其前空2行，其后空0.5-1行，內(nèi)容用五號(hào)宋體；7.英文標(biāo)題用四號(hào)“Times New Roman”粗體，其前空2行，其后空1行，英文內(nèi)容提要用五號(hào)“Times New Roman”體；8論文的封面、裝訂封面統(tǒng)一格式（見(jiàn)附件1）。畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）全部用計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行排版、打印，A4紙型輸出。注意頁(yè)面設(shè)置，每頁(yè)上下頁(yè)邊距分別留2.5cm，裝訂側(cè)頁(yè)邊距為2.5cm，右側(cè)頁(yè)邊距為2.0 cm，裝訂線左側(cè)1.4cm。二、畢業(yè)論文文本一般格式和順序畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）一般由封面、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書、中文摘要、英文摘要、目錄、前言、正文、參考文獻(xiàn)、致謝、附錄、論文評(píng)定成績(jī)（指導(dǎo)教師、評(píng)閱教師、答辯小組委員會(huì)）組成，成績(jī)單并按順序排列。1. 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）任務(wù)書：由導(dǎo)師填寫并提出設(shè)計(jì)要求。2. 中文摘要：扼要敘述本論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的主要內(nèi)容、研究目的、特點(diǎn)，文字要精練。中文摘要不得超過(guò)300字。為了便于文獻(xiàn)檢索，應(yīng)在中文摘要后另起一行注明本論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的關(guān)鍵詞，一般為34個(gè)，每個(gè)詞均為專業(yè)名詞（或詞組），一詞在6個(gè)字之內(nèi)，中外文關(guān)鍵詞必須一一對(duì)應(yīng)。3. 英文摘要：與中文摘要對(duì)應(yīng)。4. 目錄：應(yīng)是論文的提綱，也是論文組成部分大小標(biāo)題。目錄一般列至二級(jí)標(biāo)題，以阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字分級(jí)標(biāo)出，目錄應(yīng)獨(dú)立成頁(yè)。字體為四號(hào)宋體。5. 前言：在論文正文前，內(nèi)容為該研究的實(shí)用價(jià)值與理論意義；本研究在國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)其研究現(xiàn)狀的綜述；本論文要解決的問(wèn)題。6. 正文：包括立題依據(jù)、目的、意義、理論分析、計(jì)算方法、可行性分析、實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程和測(cè)試方法、對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果或調(diào)研結(jié)果的分析與討論過(guò)程（設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算或?qū)嶒?yàn)）論述、結(jié)果分析、結(jié)論或總結(jié)。 過(guò)程(設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算或?qū)嶒?yàn))論述：指作者對(duì)自己的研究工作的詳細(xì)表述。要求論理正確、論據(jù)確鑿、邏輯性強(qiáng)、層次分明、表達(dá)確切。計(jì)算過(guò)程詳細(xì)、準(zhǔn)確。 結(jié)果分析：對(duì)研究過(guò)程中所獲得的主要的數(shù)據(jù)、現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行定性或定量分析，得出結(jié)論和推論。 結(jié)論或總結(jié)：對(duì)整個(gè)研究工作進(jìn)行歸納和綜合，闡述本課題研究中尚存在的問(wèn)題及進(jìn)一步開展研究的見(jiàn)解和建議。7. 參考文獻(xiàn)：參考文獻(xiàn)一律放在結(jié)論之后，不得放在各章之后。為了反映文稿的科學(xué)依據(jù)和作者尊重他人研究成果的嚴(yán)肅態(tài)度以及向讀者提出有關(guān)信息的出處，正文中應(yīng)按順序在引用參考文獻(xiàn)處的文字右上角用標(biāo)明，中序號(hào)應(yīng)與“參考文獻(xiàn)”中序號(hào)一致，正文之后則應(yīng)刊出參考文獻(xiàn)，并列出只限于作者親自閱讀過(guò)的最主要的發(fā)表在公開出版物上的文獻(xiàn)。參考文獻(xiàn)的著錄，按著者/題名/出版事項(xiàng)順序排列：期刊編號(hào) 作者.題名J.期刊名稱，出版年份，卷號(hào)（期號(hào)）：起始頁(yè)碼.書籍編號(hào) 著者.書名M.版次（第一版不注出），出版地：出版者，出版年，起始頁(yè)碼.電子文獻(xiàn)編號(hào) 作者.題名.出處或網(wǎng)址.發(fā)表或更新日期/引用日期.論文集中析出的文獻(xiàn)編號(hào) 析出文獻(xiàn)作者.題名A.論文集名C.出版地：出版者，出版年.學(xué)位論文編號(hào) 作者.題名D.保存地點(diǎn)：保存單位，年份. 8. 致謝：對(duì)給予各類資助、指導(dǎo)和協(xié)助完成研究工作以及提供對(duì)論文有利條件的單位及個(gè)人表示感謝。9. 附錄：凡不宜放在論文正文中，但與論文有關(guān)的研究過(guò)程或資料，包括與論文有關(guān)的圖表、計(jì)算機(jī)程序、運(yùn)行結(jié)果，主要設(shè)備、儀器儀表的性能指標(biāo)和測(cè)試精度等。 10. 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）評(píng)定：畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）完成后，在最后加上一頁(yè)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）成績(jī)單，由指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ)（導(dǎo)師簽名）、評(píng)閱人評(píng)語(yǔ)、答辯委員會(huì)（小組）評(píng)語(yǔ)（答辯委員會(huì)主任或負(fù)責(zé)人簽字）。書寫畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）中應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)（僅供參考）1. 圖紙圖表圖紙、圖表布局合理，標(biāo)注規(guī)范，注釋準(zhǔn)確。 工程圖紙必須按國(guó)家規(guī)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或工程要求繪制。圖表單位要統(tǒng)一為國(guó)際單位制（SI）。采用計(jì)算機(jī)繪圖。一律采用國(guó)際通用三線表。2. 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)畢業(yè)論文中標(biāo)點(diǎn)應(yīng)符合國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T 158341955標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)用法的規(guī)定。一些需要注意的地方列舉如下：行文中的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，除()、“”、外，其余應(yīng)點(diǎn)在每格的左下方、格的四分之一處。每行的每一格內(nèi)可以點(diǎn)的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是、“、（、（其中和點(diǎn)兩格）。其它均不能點(diǎn)在一行的第一格。、（等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，不能單獨(dú)點(diǎn)在一行的最后一格，應(yīng)點(diǎn)在另一行的第一格內(nèi)。如一行的末端點(diǎn)和這兩種標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，又只剩下一個(gè)格，就將標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)提出格外一部分，不可分為兩截，前一半后一半。句號(hào)要求用“?！北硎尽Ｒ?hào)用“”(雙引號(hào))和(單引號(hào))。單層引號(hào)時(shí)只使用雙引號(hào)。引號(hào)套引號(hào)時(shí)，雙引號(hào)在外，單引號(hào)在內(nèi)，如“什么是趨膚作用”。書名號(hào)“”用來(lái)表示文件名稱和書、刊、報(bào)名或它們當(dāng)中的文章名。破折號(hào)“”常用來(lái)標(biāo)明行文中的注釋部分或同義詞，占兩格書寫，如：“可惜愛(ài)因斯坦相對(duì)論的作者并沒(méi)有正確的解釋他所得到的公式。”連接號(hào)中的半字線即“-”，占半個(gè)字寬，書寫時(shí)不占格，寫在兩格之間。用于結(jié)合各種并列的從屬關(guān)系，例如并列詞組(應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線，溫度-時(shí)間曲線)，合金系列(Fe-Cr-Al)產(chǎn)品型號(hào)(SZB-4-真空泵)，化合物(3-羥基丙酸，丁酮-2，a-丁烯酸，甲烷-d)，幣制(盧布-戈比)，圖、表、公式的序號(hào)(圖3-1，表2-5，式7-6)。省略號(hào)在正文中占兩格“”，在公式中占一格“”乘號(hào)用“”，不用“”。括號(hào)一般用圓括號(hào)。有雙重括號(hào)時(shí)，可在圓括號(hào)外面再加方括號(hào)。數(shù)學(xué)式中的括號(hào)分三層，即()，層次不得改變。如果括號(hào)中的文字不是針對(duì)正文句中的局部文字，而是對(duì)正文的整個(gè)名詞或整段的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，則將括號(hào)放在正文的名號(hào)之后。如果括號(hào)中是完整的句子，應(yīng)將括號(hào)中句子的句號(hào)放在括號(hào)之內(nèi)。小數(shù)點(diǎn)用下圓點(diǎn)，不用逗號(hào)，應(yīng)寫成4.56，而不是寫成4，56。約等于號(hào)用“”，不用其它符號(hào)。多位數(shù)的“千位點(diǎn)”，以往習(xí)慣用逗號(hào)，現(xiàn)改用空四分之一個(gè)漢字，例如：23 446，2.344 67。如數(shù)值只用四位，則可以不留空位，如：3600，0.0036。不要一個(gè)句子長(zhǎng)達(dá)幾十個(gè)字或甚至一二百個(gè)字，中間一個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)也沒(méi)有；另一方面，也不要使用過(guò)多的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，而把句子分得過(guò)于零碎。中文的并列字、詞一般用頓號(hào)分開，如：“依該種的特征、習(xí)性、產(chǎn)地或用途等確定名稱?！痹谖闹袏A用外文、符號(hào)及數(shù)碼時(shí)，遇并列字、詞仍用頓號(hào)分開。阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字及外文的并列字、詞則用逗號(hào)分開，如，當(dāng)x2，3，4時(shí)，函數(shù)f(x)的值分別等于14，16，20或“A，B，C”等等，如參考文獻(xiàn)等全名都是外文，遇有并列字、詞、用逗號(hào)分開。在并列的詞組和短句之中又包含并列詞的較復(fù)雜情況下，為避免并列的范圍混淆不清起見(jiàn)，外層的并列詞組或短句可用逗號(hào)或分號(hào)分開，其中的并列詞用頓號(hào)分開。例如：“須解決鄰位效應(yīng)，飽和鏈中的中性質(zhì)交遞，有機(jī)物中氫分子、鹵分子的活動(dòng)性，瓦耳登轉(zhuǎn)化等問(wèn)題?！?. 名詞、名稱畢業(yè)論文中的科學(xué)技術(shù)名詞術(shù)語(yǔ)盡量采用全國(guó)自然科學(xué)名詞審定委員會(huì)審定公布的科技名詞或國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中編寫的名詞，尚末編定和叫法有爭(zhēng)議的，可采用慣用的名稱。相同名詞術(shù)語(yǔ)和物理量的符號(hào)應(yīng)前后統(tǒng)一。不同物理量的符號(hào)應(yīng)避免混淆。使用外文縮寫代替某一名詞術(shù)語(yǔ)時(shí)，首次出現(xiàn)應(yīng)在括號(hào)內(nèi)注明其含義，如CPU(Central Processing Unit,計(jì)算機(jī)中央處理器。)除一般很熟知的外國(guó)人名（如牛頓、愛(ài)因斯坦、門捷列夫、達(dá)爾文、馬克思等）只須按通常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)譯法寫譯名外，其余采用英文原名，不譯成中文。其他語(yǔ)種的人名可譯可不譯。英文人名按名在前姓在后的原則書寫，如P.Cray。不可把外國(guó)人姓名中的名的部分漏寫，如不能只寫Cray.國(guó)內(nèi)工廠、機(jī)關(guān)、單位的名稱應(yīng)使用全稱，不得簡(jiǎn)化，如不得把北京大學(xué)寫成“北大”。4. 量和單位畢業(yè)論文中量的單位必須符合我國(guó)法定計(jì)量單位。它以國(guó)際單位(SI)為基礎(chǔ)。請(qǐng)參看有關(guān)文件，如GB31003102-93等。有些單位的名稱既可用全稱,也可用簡(jiǎn)稱表示(如“安培”和“安”，“伏”，“摩爾”和“摩”等等)，可以任意采用一種表示法，但在全文中用法要一致，要兩者并用。建議量和單位的名稱用英文縮寫。非物理量的單位，如件、臺(tái)、人、周、月、元等，可用漢字與單位構(gòu)成組合的單位，如件/臺(tái)h，元/km。表和圖中的數(shù)值采用量與單位的比值形式表示，如/(nm)58.9。在文中不要用物理量符號(hào)、計(jì)量單位和數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)代替相應(yīng)的名稱。在表示一個(gè)物理量的量值時(shí)，應(yīng)在阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字之后用計(jì)量單位符號(hào)。例如：“試樣高度h為25 mm”不要寫成“試樣h為25 mm”，“鋼軌每米質(zhì)量”不要寫成“鋼軌每m質(zhì)量”，“繞組電阻小于1”不要寫成“繞組電阻1”，“鐵的百分含量”不要寫成“鐵的%含量”“加15 mol的硫酸”不要寫成加“加15 mol的H2SO4”,“正負(fù)相消”不要寫成“+-相消”，“隨著壓力F的下降減少”不要寫“隨著壓力F的減少”“氮?dú)馐紫壬伞辈灰獙懗伞薄癗2首先生成”，“因?yàn)闅湓幼钔鈱又挥幸粋€(gè)電子”不要寫成“因?yàn)镠原子最外層只有一個(gè)電子”。5. 數(shù)字畢業(yè)論文中的測(cè)量、統(tǒng)計(jì)的數(shù)據(jù)一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，如“5.25eV”等。公歷的年、月、日一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，如”1949年10月1日”；夏歷的年、月、日一律用漢字。歷史上的朝代和年號(hào)須加注公元紀(jì)年。普通敘述中不很大的數(shù)目，一般不宜用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字。例如：“他發(fā)現(xiàn)兩顆小行星”、“三力作用于一點(diǎn)”，不宜寫成“他發(fā)現(xiàn)2顆小行星”、“3力作用于1點(diǎn)”。大約的數(shù)目可用中文數(shù)字，也可用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字。例如：“約一百五十人”、“八百公里”、“約二十萬(wàn)人”，也可寫成“約150人”、“約800公里”、“約20萬(wàn)人”。分?jǐn)?shù)可用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字表示，亦可用中文數(shù)字表示，但兩者寫法不同，前者要寫成“5/8”（不要寫成“8分之5”），后者要寫成“八分之五”。6. 標(biāo)題層次畢業(yè)論文的全部標(biāo)題層次有條不紊，整齊清晰，相同的層次應(yīng)采用統(tǒng)一的表示體例。正文中各級(jí)標(biāo)題下的內(nèi)容應(yīng)同各自的標(biāo)題對(duì)應(yīng)，不應(yīng)有同標(biāo)題無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容。注意在正文的每個(gè)自然段前不得濫加序號(hào)。章節(jié)編號(hào)方法應(yīng)采用分段編號(hào)方法，一般不超過(guò)三級(jí)。正文層次標(biāo)題應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)短明確，以不超過(guò)15字為宜，題末不用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。各層次用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字編號(hào)，不同符號(hào)的數(shù)字間不用圓點(diǎn)“.”相隔，如“1”，“2.1”，“3.1.2”，一律須左格，后空一格書寫標(biāo)題。7. 注釋畢業(yè)論文中有個(gè)別名詞或情況需要解釋時(shí)，可加注說(shuō)明。注釋用頁(yè)末注（即把注文放在加注處那一頁(yè)稿紙的下端），而不用行中注（夾在正文中的注）或篇末注（把全部的注文集中在論文末）。8. 公式公式一般居中對(duì)齊，公式編號(hào)用小括號(hào)括起，右對(duì)齊，其間不加線條。公式可按全文統(tǒng)編序號(hào)，也可按章單獨(dú)序號(hào)，如：（49）、（7.11），采用哪一種序號(hào)應(yīng)和文中的圖序、表序編法一致。不得有的章里的公式編序號(hào)，有的則不編序號(hào)。子公式可不編序號(hào)，需要引用時(shí)可加編a、b、c等，重復(fù)引用的公式不得另編新序號(hào)。公式序號(hào)必須連續(xù)，不得重復(fù)或跳缺。文中引用某一公式時(shí)，寫成“由式（16.20）可見(jiàn) ”，而不寫成“16.20可見(jiàn)”，或“由第16.20式可見(jiàn)”等等。將分?jǐn)?shù)的分子和分母平列在一行而用斜線分開時(shí)，注意避免含義不清，例如，a/b*cos x就會(huì)既可能被認(rèn)為是a/（bcos x），也可被認(rèn)為是（a/b）cos x。公式中分?jǐn)?shù)的橫分?jǐn)?shù)線要寫清楚，特別是連分?jǐn)?shù)（即分子、分母也出現(xiàn)分?jǐn)?shù)時(shí)）更要注意分?jǐn)?shù)線的長(zhǎng)短，并把主要分?jǐn)?shù)線和等號(hào)對(duì)齊。9. 表格表格必須同方案敘述有直接聯(lián)系，不得有同方案敘述脫節(jié)的表格。表格中的內(nèi)容在技術(shù)上不得與正文矛盾。每個(gè)表格都有自己的表題和表序。全文的表格可以統(tǒng)一編序，也可以逐章單獨(dú)編序。采用哪一種方式應(yīng)和插圖的編序方式統(tǒng)一。表序必須連續(xù)，不得跳缺。正文中引用時(shí)“表”字在前，序號(hào)在后，如寫“表2”，而不寫“第2表”或“2表”。表格允許下頁(yè)接寫，接寫時(shí)表題省略，表頭應(yīng)重復(fù)書寫，并在右上方寫“表（續(xù)）或表（完）”。多項(xiàng)大表可以分割成塊多頁(yè)書寫，接口處必須注明“接下頁(yè)”、“接上頁(yè)”、“接第頁(yè)”字樣。表格應(yīng)寫在離正文首次出現(xiàn)處最近的地方，不應(yīng)超前和過(guò)分拖后。10. 排版、裝訂要求標(biāo)題采用黑體字、正文采用小四號(hào)宋體字，行距為固定值1.5倍行距。上邊距2.5cm，下邊距2.5cm，左邊距2.5cm，右邊距2.0cm，頁(yè)眉下橫線為上粗下細(xì)文武線（1.5磅）；頁(yè)碼為“-n-”，采用單面復(fù)印且頁(yè)碼排在頁(yè)腳居中位置。線上居中為黑龍江八一農(nóng)墾大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)字樣(宋體小五號(hào)宋體字)。嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)科學(xué)技術(shù)報(bào)告、學(xué)位論文和學(xué)術(shù)論文的編寫格式(GB7713)。裝訂線位置：左側(cè)，1.4cm。附件1學(xué)士學(xué)位畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（黑體、小四號(hào)字）論文（設(shè)計(jì)）題目（黑體、小初）學(xué)生姓名：（宋體、三號(hào)）學(xué) 號(hào)：（宋體、三號(hào)）指導(dǎo)教師：（宋體、三號(hào)）所在學(xué)院：（宋體、三號(hào)）專 業(yè)：（宋體、三號(hào)）中國(guó)大慶（宋體、三號(hào)、字間距加寬1磅）2010（times new roman） 年 6 月（宋體、三號(hào)）樣本封面的頁(yè)面設(shè)置學(xué)士學(xué)位畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）（黑體、小四號(hào)字）樣本數(shù)控機(jī)床進(jìn)給伺服系統(tǒng)位置環(huán)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)生姓名：陳小二學(xué) 號(hào)：20064024101指導(dǎo)教師：王 紅 （教授或副教授或講師）所在學(xué)院：工程學(xué)院專 業(yè)：機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化中國(guó)大慶2010 年 6 月Mechanical Parts Processing Technology and Fixture DesignPick to : the machining parts of the structure and process analysis, identified the machine-finishing craft route, fixture in the mechanical processing of the status and importance, as well as the fixture design. With the increasingly development of scientific progress and the adjustment of national industry policy, project machinery industry already became no policy barriers of perfectly competitive industryKey words: technical background / development / process / positioning scheme1 Mechanical Processing Historical Background and Its SignificanceMachinery manufacturing industry is an old and eternal industry full of vitality. With the development of modern industry, the mechanical product of the increasingly high demand, machinery manufacturing technology are developing rapidly. Since the founding of new China, our countrys manufacturing technology and manufacturing industry to obtain the considerable development, a considerable size and technical basis of mechanical industry system is formed basically. Years of reform and opening up, Chinas manufacturing industry to make full use of domestic and foreign two aspects of technological resources, there are plans to promote the technical transformation of enterprises, guide enterprises to take the road to rely on progress of science and technology, manufacturing technology, product quality and level and the economic benefit produced marked change, in order to promote the development of the national economy has made great contribution. Although our country manufacturing industry comprehensive technical level has been greatly improved, but compared with developed country, still have level sex difference. Enter the twenty-first Century, the economic development of our country s leading industry still is the manufacturing industry, especially after our country joins WTO, the worlds manufacturing center is developed from migration to Asia, China has cheap labor and the general consumer market, accordingly, industry of our country wants to develop, need to have appropriate technology and equipment support.Machinery industry is the equipment industry of national economy; it is content of science and technology of foundation; is new and high technology industrialization; is the basis of national defense building; is to achieve rapid economic growth of the important pillar; is to improve peoples living quality, provide consumer electrical products supply industry. It runs to national economy, the quality and efficiency of industrial structure adjustment and optimization is a very important role.2 The Status of Machinery Industry and Development TrendWith the development of society, all kinds of machinery and gradually applied to the various industry, whether in the agricultural, military, industrial, mechanical operation, leaving no efficiency, therefore, in some sense, the strength of a countrys economy, social status, and the development of machinery industry is close separable. The industrialized countries economic development course indicated that, without a strong equipment manufacturing industry, is impossible to achieve national economy industrialization, modernization and information 3 . At present, the equipment manufacturing industry development lag is restricting Chinas economic development and industrial upgrading of the important factors, increase structural adjustment strength, promote mechanical industry lasts, healthy, steady development, to change the mode of economic growth, improve quality of national economy whole, enhance the international competitiveness of the economy, security and national defense security has important and far-reaching meaning of.3 Of Machining Process Planning3.1 Machining Process DefinitionThe machining process is the use of mechanical processing method of change in rough shape, size, the relative position and the nature, make its become finished or semi-finished products of the whole process. Machining process directly determines the parts and the quality and performance of products, product cost, production period has great influence, is an important part of the whole process.3.2 Mechanical ProcessesThe composition of mechanical machining process of the basic unit is a process. Process and is formed by mounting, station, working steps and take the knife.The process is a group of workers, in a work of the same or simultaneously on several workpieces are completed for that part of the process. Process is the formulation of labor quota, with workers and machine tool equipment, arranging operation plan and quality testing of the basic unit.The installation is a workpiece by a fixture after the completion of the procedures.The application of switch ( or displacement) when processing machine tool ( or fixture ) processing, in a fixture, the workpiece ( or cutter ) relative to the machine tool passes through several locations in order processing, in each position is done on that part of the process, called station. The multi-station processing can reduce the times of clamping, reduce the mounting error, improve productivity.The step is processing the surface in the cutting tool and the cutting parameters ( only refers to the spindle speed and feed rate ) are the same circumstances completed part of the process.3.3 Machining Process DefinitionProducts or components manufacturing process and operation methods of the process, called process, it is the enterprise in the production of technical guidance document.3.4 Machining Process Planning Function and ContentMachining process is ready for production work mainly on the basis of. According to its raw material and semifinished product supply, machine tool adjustment, special process equipment design and manufacturing, production scheduling, allocation of labor force, and the production cost accounting.The machining process planning and organization of production, planning and scheduling based on. It can make production schedule and the corresponding scheduling, and can be connected to the scientific process, production is balanced, smooth, to realize high quality, high yield and low consumption.Machining process card and machining process card, are the two main process documents. Machining process card, is illustrated parts machining process technology files. In a single, small batch production, to machining process card guiding production, process card various projects in the preparation of more detailed. Machining process card for each process detailed formulation, used to direct workers, used for mass production parts and mass production of the important parts in the.3.5 Making The Machining Process Planning Principles and StepsUnder certain production conditions, with minimal consumption of labor and the lowest cost, according to plans processing parts that meet requirements of the drawings, is to develop the basic principle of machining process.Formulation of machining process steps are as follows:The under parts of the production program decision production type;The analysis of parts processing technology;The choice of blank type and manufacturing method;The technological process;The process design;The process documentation.4 Fixture Design4.1 Fixture Design SenseIn the machinery industry, how to guarantee the high precision of workpiece, the costs of processing and other substantive issues, has been engaged in the mechanical industry research questions, which in the design of fixture when we should consider the problems above, efficient fixture is the workpiece precision guarantee, how to make the fixture more efficient, more economical, the industry is the urgent need to resolve.With the development of society, the continuous improvement of technology, various high-tech technology gradually infiltrated into all sectors, how to use these high-tech to serve mankind, how to make full use of the technology in mechanical industry, it also requires machinery industry staff continued efforts, innovation.With the development of science and technology, and social needs of the market, the fixture design in progressive super to the flexible manufacturing system development. To date, the fixture is mechanical and electrical products manufacturing in the four indispensable tools, tool itself is already highly standardized, the user only needs to press varieties, specifications selection and procurement. While the mold and fixture and related products products, there is a need to make changes, usually belong to the special properties of the tool, mould has become an independent industry; fixture at home and abroad is also gradually form a dependent or independent small industry of machine tool industry. Combined clamp not only has the standardization, modularization, modular and other contemporary advanced design ideas, and in line with resource conservation principle, more suitable for green manufacturing environment protection principle. So the next fixture technology is an important direction of development unit.Machine tool fixture is usually refers to the use of clamping workpiece clamping device: for the device with various tools, also known as tool. The auxiliary tool is sometimes generalized to include in the range of machine tool fixture. According to the application range of machine tool fixture, generally can be divided into general jig, fixture and adjustable fixture.Universal jig is on general machine tools are generally accompanied by a common fixture, such as a lathe chuck, milling machine rotary table, dividing head, top seat. They have a standardized, with certain universality, can be used to install certain shape and size within the range of the workpiece without the need for special adjustment. However, in actual production, a universal fixture often can not meet the needs of various parts processing; or because of low productivity and must have the universal fixture for proper improvement; or because the shape of the workpiece, the processing requirements to be different specialized design and manufacture of a special jig, in order to solve the actual production needs.Jig is adapted to a workpiece in a processing requirements and the design and manufacturing expertise, its function mainly has the following several aspects: 1 ensure that the surface of the workpiece being processed mainly includes processing workpieces need maneuvering time of loading and unloading workpieces need the auxiliary time of two part. 2 using a dedicated fixture, workpiece installation and conversion work work can be greatly simplified, no longer need to draw the line and to find it, to shorten the working procedure non-cutting time and save line drawing this process, thereby improving the labor productivity. In production due to the adoption of multiple parallel processing workpiece fixture, enabling the simultaneous processing several parts of the motor will time and processing time of the same motor. The rotary multi-station continuous processing fixture, can be used for machining a workpiece at the same time, other workpiece loading and unloading, thereby enabling the auxiliary time and motor time coincides. In short, with the special fixture using and further improvement, can effectively shorten the process time, production to meet the evolving needs of. 3 using a dedicated fixture can expand the scope of machine tool technology. For example in lathe boring jig attached, can replace boring work; special fixture can be installed after turning the molding surface, so as to give full play to the role of general machine tools. 4, reduce the labor intensity, and ensuring safety production. According to the demand of production, using pneumatic, hydraulic or other mechanical changes, a higher degree of automation of the special fixture, to reduce the labor intensity of workers, protection of production safety and the stability of product quality and high yield of a great role. Processing large workpieces, such as the lathe bed, the lower surfaces of the screw holes on the bed, need to flip several times for processing workpieces, high labor intensity and safety. The use of electric rotary drill furniture, can improve production efficiency, reduce labor intensity, ensure safety in production.4.2 Fixture of The Development TrendIndustrial design is the development of human society and the progress of science and technology of the product, from Maurices the arts and Crafts Movement, to the German Bauhaus design revolution and the United States of America wide dissemination and promotion, industrial design after brewing, exploration, formation, development history of more than 100 years of vicissitudes. Today, industrial design has become an independent subject, and a complete set of research system.In 1980 the International Council of societies of industrial design ( ICSID ) to the industry as a clearly defined: production of industrial products, by training, technical knowledge, experience and visual experience, and indicates the material, structure, morphology, structure, color, surface processing, decoration to the new quality and specification, called industrial design. According to the specific circumstances of the time, industrial designer in the industry products are all side or a few aspects of the work, but also the need for industrial designers of packaging, publicity, display, market development and other issues to resolve pay their own technical knowledge and experience and ability of the visual evaluation, which also belongs to the scope of industrial design.Material, structure, technology is the product design material and technical basis, on one hand, technology restrict the design; on the other hand, technology is also promoting design. From the point of view of design aesthetics, technology is not only the material basis but also has its own function action, as long as good application properties of the materials, to the corresponding structure and suitable processing technology, can create a practical, aesthetic, economic products, namely in the product technology potential function.Any design are the product of the times, its different features, different features reflect the different historical periods of level of science and technology. Technology is the product of the morphological development of the pilot, new material, new technology products, is bound to bring new structure, new forms and new style. Materials, processing technology, structure, product image organic ground is contacted together, a part of the change, it will cause the whole body changes.Now, the machining process and fixture with the development of manufacturing technology also make a spurt of progress. Machining process to the various factories in different circumstances, its processing procedures are very different. Break through the past death mode. Make it with different cases has more reasonable technological process. So that product quality greatly improved. Develop processing technology can be rational, but also to meet the basic requirements: guarantee product quality under the premise, as far as possible to improve labor productivity and reduce the processing cost. And to make full use of the existing factory production conditions, as far as possible, using domestic and foreign advanced technology and experience. Should also ensure that the good working conditions. But our country present stage still rely mainly on technology personnel experience to prepare process, often does not require step and cutting amount, man-hour quota is to be determined by experience, very rough, the lack of scientific basis, difficult to carry out reasonable economic accountingInternational Journal of production Research Association statistics show that, at present, small batch production of many varieties of workpiece varieties accounted for about 85% of the total number of the kind of workpiece. Modern manufacturing requirements of enterprises manufacturing products constantly upgrading, to meet the needs of the market and competition. However, the general enterprises are still accustomed to the traditional special fixture, generally in the medium having a production capacity of the plant, some have thousands or even nearly 10000 sets of special fixture; on the other hand, in the production of many varieties of the company, every 3 to 4 years to update 50 80% special jig, fixture actual wear only 10 20% or so. Especially in recent years, CNC machine tools, machining center, group technology, flexible manufacturing system ( FMS ), a new processing technology of machine tool fixture, proposed the following new requirements:1) can rapidly and conveniently and equipment of new products put into production, so as to shorten the production cycle, reduce the production cost;2) capable of clamping a group with similar characteristics of the workpiece;3) can be applied to precision machining of high precision machine tool fixture;4) can be applied to all the modern manufacturing technology of new machine tool fixture;5) adopts the hydraulic station for power efficient clamping device, in order to further reduce the labor intensity and improve labor productivity;6) improve the standardization degree of machine tool fixture.The development trend of modern machine tool fixture mainly for standardization, efficiency, precision and flexibility in four aspects.Use better fixture, can improve labor productivity, improve processing accuracy, reduce waste, machine tool technology can expand the scope, improve the operation of labor conditions. Therefore, the fixture machinery manufacturing is an important process equipment. A good fixture is the processing of qualified products of the first condition, in order to allow the clamp has the better development, fixture industry should strengthen the production, learning and research, collaborative efforts, accelerate the use of high technology to transform and upgrade the level of technology to create the pace of jig, fixture professional technology website, make full use of modern information and network technology, and when in keeping with the innovation and development of fixture technology. Active and foreign fixture manufacturer, for joint venture and cooperation, the introduction of technology, it is the reform and development of our country industry is more effective ways of fixture.
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