Chapter 3 International Cargo Transportation 國際貨物運(yùn)輸國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)雙語教案
Chapter 3 International Cargo Transportation
國際貨物運(yùn)輸
In international trade, the seller delivers the goods in exchange for the buyer’s payment. It is the seller’s basic duty to deliver the goods to the buyer or the specified carrier in due time, place and transport means according to the contract after signing it.
在國際貿(mào)易中，賣方交付貨物與買方支付貨款是對(duì)流條件。買賣合同簽訂后，按照合同規(guī)定的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和方式將貨物運(yùn)交買方或裝上指定的承運(yùn)工具，是賣方所承擔(dān)的基本義務(wù)。
In common law, according to the cases over the past years, common law countries regard quality clauses, quantity clauses and time of delivery as the fundamentals of the contract. The consequences could be very serious once the rules are broken. In this chapter, time of delivery is the priority of shipment clauses. Time of shipment and time of delivery are totally different concepts, but under FOB, CFR and CIF terms, the seller delivers the documents instead of the goods, which means, once the goods are sent to the ship or shipping conveyance in the shipping port, the seller’s duty to deliver goods is accomplished. The date indicated by the carrier on the shipping documents is the time of delivery and the place of shipment is rightly the place of delivery. That is to say, under CIF, FOB and CIF trade terms which indicate symbolic delivery, shipment just means delivery and time of shipment is rightly time of delivery.
在英美法中，根據(jù)歷年的判例，英美法的國家把品質(zhì)條款、數(shù)量條款、交貨期作為合同的要件條款。如果違反了要件條款，后果十分嚴(yán)重。在本章中的裝運(yùn)條款要首先講到裝運(yùn)期。裝運(yùn)期和交貨期是兩個(gè)不同的概念，但是在FOB、CFR、CIF條件下，賣方以交單代替了交貨，也就是說只要把貨交到裝運(yùn)港的船上或運(yùn)輸工具上，賣方的交貨義務(wù)就算完成，承運(yùn)人在運(yùn)輸單據(jù)上所注明的日期即作為交貨日期，貨物的裝運(yùn)地點(diǎn)即作為交貨地點(diǎn)。也就是說，在CIF、FOB、CFR象征性交貨的貿(mào)易術(shù)語下，“裝運(yùn)”就意味著交貨，成為同一個(gè)概念，交貨期等于裝運(yùn)期。
3.1 Means of Transportation運(yùn)輸方式
In international trade, there are various kinds of modes of transportation: ocean transportation, rail transportation, air transportation, river transportation, postal transportation, road transportation, channel transportation, container transportation, international multimodal transportation and continental-bridge transportation, etc., of which ocean transportation is the most important, traditional and time honored means of transport. Currently, as the most preferred mode of transport, ocean transportation accounts for 80% of the total capacity. We’ll introduce a few significant means of transportation in international trade hereinafter.
在國際貿(mào)易中，運(yùn)輸方式有許多種，如：海洋運(yùn)輸、鐵路、航空、河流、郵政、公路、管道、集裝箱運(yùn)輸、國際多式聯(lián)運(yùn)、大陸橋運(yùn)輸（重點(diǎn)在海洋運(yùn)輸）等。其中最重要的方式是海洋運(yùn)輸，海洋運(yùn)輸是國際貿(mào)易中歷史最悠久的一種傳統(tǒng)的運(yùn)輸方式。目前，在國際貨物運(yùn)輸總量中，海洋運(yùn)輸占80%以上，是目前國際貿(mào)易中最重要的一種運(yùn)輸方式。以下我們主要介紹國際貿(mào)易中比較重要的幾種方式。
Ocean Transport 海洋運(yùn)輸
Ocean transport is mostly preferred due to its large capacity, low cost, massive passing ability and freedom from road and railway limitations, while it’s comparatively slow, risky and vulnerable to bad weather.
海洋運(yùn)輸還有以下特點(diǎn)：通過能力大、運(yùn)量大、運(yùn)費(fèi)低、不受道路、軌道限制。
缺點(diǎn)是：受自然條件影響較大，航行速度較慢，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大。
There are two main types of ocean transportation: liner transportation and charter transportation.
海洋運(yùn)輸?shù)拇斑\(yùn)輸方式主要有兩種：租船運(yùn)輸和班輪運(yùn)輸。
Liner Transport 班輪運(yùn)輸
1．Definition定義
A liner is vessel with regular sailings and arrivals and sails on a fixed (regular) sailing route and calls at fixed (regular) base ports. It adopts a comparatively fixed timetable and charges at comparatively fixed rates. Liner transport is suitable for goods in small lots and high frequency. Most goods are transported through liner transport in international trade.
班輪運(yùn)輸又稱定期船運(yùn)輸，簡稱班輪，指船舶按照預(yù)定的航行時(shí)間表，在固定的航線和港口往返航行，從事客貨運(yùn)輸業(yè)務(wù)并按事先公布的費(fèi)率收取運(yùn)費(fèi)。班輪運(yùn)輸適合批量小、次數(shù)多的商品。國際貿(mào)易中大部分的貨物還是采用班輪運(yùn)輸。
2. Characteristics特點(diǎn)
a. Fixity, namely fixed routes, fixed ports of call, fixed dates and fixed rates.
“四固定”。即固定的航線、固定的?？扛?、固定的船期、固定運(yùn)費(fèi)率。
b. Responsibility: goods are subject to the loading and unloading by the liners and handling charges are already included in the freight. Liners and the consignor are free from handling charges, demurrage charges and dispatch money.
一負(fù)責(zé)：貨物由班輪公司負(fù)責(zé)配載和裝卸，裝卸費(fèi)已包含在運(yùn)費(fèi)內(nèi)，班輪公司和托運(yùn)人雙方不計(jì)裝卸費(fèi)、滯期費(fèi)和速遣費(fèi)。
c. Liabilities, obligations and exemptions of liners and the shipper are all on the basis of the bill of lading issued by liners. In terms of goods with large transport volume and low value like grains, beans, mines and coals, the price is negotiated by both parties.
班輪公司和貨主雙方的權(quán)利、義務(wù)和責(zé)任豁免均以班輪公司簽發(fā)的提單條款為依據(jù)。對(duì)某些運(yùn)量大、貨價(jià)低的貨物。如：糧食、豆類、礦石、煤炭，由船貨雙方協(xié)商定價(jià)。
Shipping by Charter租船運(yùn)輸
Charter transport refers to a cargo ship not operating on regular routes and schedules. A ship may be hired wholly or just some shipping space for transportation.
又稱不定期船運(yùn)輸，指包租整船或部分艙位進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸。
Contrary to a liner, a charter vessel does not follow a fixed route, freight rate or timetable and has no fixed ports of call. Charter vessels fall into three types: voyage charter, time charter and bare boat charter. This chapter focuses on voyage charter here because of its high relativity with export enterprises.
與班輪運(yùn)輸相反：四不固定，沒有固定航線、固定?？扛?、固定船期、固定的運(yùn)費(fèi)。
租船運(yùn)輸又分為期租船、程租船和光船運(yùn)輸。與出口企業(yè)關(guān)系較為密切的是程租船運(yùn)輸。與出口企業(yè)關(guān)系較為密切的是程租船運(yùn)輸。在這里著重講述程租船運(yùn)輸。
1. Voyage Charter 程租船
Voyage charter is also named irregular charter, dividing into one-way charter, round-way charter and consecutive voyage charter according to the way of financing leasing.
又稱為不定期船、航次租船。程租船按其租賃方式的不同，可分為單程租船、來回航次租船、連續(xù)航次租船。
(1) Definition定義
A voyage charter is the hire of a ship for the carriage of goods from one specified port to another, or for a round trip and is characterized by shipping low-value and bulk commodities like grains, coals, wood, and mines.
由船舶所有人負(fù)責(zé)提供船舶在指定港口之間進(jìn)行一個(gè)航次或數(shù)個(gè)航次承運(yùn)指定貨物的租船運(yùn)輸。特點(diǎn)是：運(yùn)輸價(jià)值較低廉的糧食、煤炭、木材、礦石等大宗貨物為主。
(2) Freight Calculation程租船運(yùn)費(fèi)的計(jì)算方法
l By rate of freight, the total freight is determined by unit weight or size.
按運(yùn)費(fèi)率計(jì)算方式，按貨物單位重量或體積若干金額計(jì)費(fèi)。
l By lump sum freight, the total freight is based on the entire ship.
包干運(yùn)費(fèi)，按整船定一個(gè)總值。
(3) Stipulations of Loading and Unloading Cost程租船裝卸費(fèi)的規(guī)定方法
Loading and unloading costs are stipulated in the contract after negotiation and five methods are usually used to divide the expenses of loading and unloading:
程租船的裝卸費(fèi)，由租方和船方共同協(xié)商后，在合同中做出規(guī)定?？捎纱截?fù)擔(dān)，也可由貨方負(fù)擔(dān)，規(guī)定的方法：
l liner terms/gross terms/berth terms班輪條件
The ship-owner bears loading and unloading cost. 船方負(fù)擔(dān)裝卸費(fèi)
l free in and out (FIO) 船方不管裝，不管卸
The ship-owner does not bear loading and unloading cost
船方不負(fù)擔(dān)裝卸費(fèi)
l free in（FI）船方管卸不管裝
The ship-owner is only responsible for unloading cost.
船方不負(fù)擔(dān)裝船費(fèi)
l free out(FO) 船方管裝不管卸
The ship-owner is only responsible for loading cost.
船方不負(fù)擔(dān)卸貨費(fèi)
l free in and out, stowed and trimmed (FIOST)
The ship-owner does not bear loading and unloading cost, not even bear the expenses of stowing and trimming.
船方不管裝、不管卸、不管理艙、不管平艙
(4) Lay Time裝卸時(shí)間
In voyage charter transport, the lay time is directly related to the operating cycles and benefits of the ship-owner, so lay time should be stipulated in details when both parties comes into a contract. If the charterer fails to finish loading the goods within the limited time resulting in extended staying time and trip time, it would increase expenses as well as decrease cycling rates for the ship-owner. So lay time stipulations are closely related to the benefits of both parties.
程租船運(yùn)輸方式，貨物在裝卸港口裝卸時(shí)間長短直接關(guān)系到船舶的使用周期和船方的利益。租方在和船方簽定租船合同時(shí)，要就船舶在港裝卸的時(shí)間作出具體的規(guī)定。如租船人未能在約定的裝卸時(shí)間內(nèi)將貨物裝完或卸完，而延長了船舶在港停留時(shí)間，從而延長了航次時(shí)間，這對(duì)船舶所有人來說，既可能增加船舶在港口停泊的時(shí)間而增加了港口費(fèi)用的開支，又因航次時(shí)間延長而降低了船舶的周轉(zhuǎn)率。裝卸時(shí)間的規(guī)定直接關(guān)系到船方和租方的切身利益。
2. The Difference Between Voyage Charter and Time Charter
程租船運(yùn)輸與期租船的區(qū)別
Ship-owner of a voyage charter is responsible for hiring the crew and providing fuel while the charterer is in the latter case.
前者船員、燃料配備都由船方負(fù)責(zé)，后者由租方負(fù)責(zé)。
Ship-owner of a voyage charter takes on sailing and maintaining of the ship while the charterer does in the latter case.
船舶經(jīng)營調(diào)度，前者都由船方負(fù)責(zé)，后者由租方自己負(fù)責(zé)。
Rail Transport鐵路運(yùn)輸
In international transportation, the importance of rail transport is only secondary to the maritime transportation; moreover the cargo imported or exported by ship are mostly distributed or collected overland by rail.
在國際貨物運(yùn)輸中，鐵路運(yùn)輸是一種僅次于海洋運(yùn)輸?shù)闹饕\(yùn)輸方式，海洋運(yùn)輸?shù)倪M(jìn)出口貨物，也大多是靠鐵路運(yùn)輸進(jìn)行貨物的集中和分散的。
For China with a vast territory, the cargoes imported by ships are usually transported by rail to the consumers across the country, and most of cargoes for export are pooled to the ports by rail. Therefore, railway plays an important role in the distribution or collection of goods in China for international trade. The movement of the raw materials, semi-final products, and packing materials for international trade throughout the country are mainly by rail too. Generally speaking, the railway is one of the necessary parts in international transport chains.
由于我國幅員遼闊，海運(yùn)進(jìn)口貨物大部分利用鐵路運(yùn)往內(nèi)地各用貨單位，海運(yùn)出口貨物也多是通過鐵路向港區(qū)集中，因此，鐵路運(yùn)輸是我國國際貿(mào)易貨物集散的重要工具。國內(nèi)各省和地區(qū)調(diào)運(yùn)外貿(mào)物資、各種原料、半成品、和包裝物料，也主要是依靠鐵路運(yùn)輸來完成。我國國際貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口貨物運(yùn)輸一般都要通過鐵路這一環(huán)節(jié)，鐵路運(yùn)輸在國際貨物運(yùn)輸中發(fā)揮著重要作用。
With the characteristics of large carrying load, high speed, and low risk, the carrying capacity of railway is the largest other than the maritime transportation. Rail transport may be classified in the following two modes:
鐵路運(yùn)輸具有運(yùn)量大、速度快、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)小的特點(diǎn)。在國際貨運(yùn)總量中，鐵路貨運(yùn)量僅次于海洋貨運(yùn)量。鐵路運(yùn)輸可分為國際鐵路貨物聯(lián)運(yùn)，和國內(nèi)鐵路貨物運(yùn)輸兩種。
International Carriage of Goods by Rail 國際鐵路貨物聯(lián)運(yùn)
With one set of uniform transportation documents, the goods are moved through two or more countries by rail as a whole, without the involvement of the consigner and consignee when the goods are delivered from one country to the other country.
凡是使用一份統(tǒng)一的國際聯(lián)運(yùn)票據(jù)由鐵路負(fù)責(zé)經(jīng)過兩國或兩國以上鐵路的全程運(yùn)送，并由一國鐵路向另一國鐵路移交貨物時(shí)，不需要發(fā)貨人和收貨人參加這種運(yùn)輸稱為國際鐵路貨物聯(lián)運(yùn)。
For the transport mode, the goods are free from the check-in again at the frontier office, and carried over the frontier by train. It benefits to the international trade and transaction, urging the development of the integrative economy.
國際鐵路貨物聯(lián)運(yùn)免除了貨物在國境站重新辦理托運(yùn)的手續(xù)，火車可以直接過軌運(yùn)輸；有利于各國之間的國際貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟(jì)交往，加速了經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的發(fā)展。
National Rail Transport 國內(nèi)鐵路運(yùn)輸
The mode of national rail transport means the transportation is made by rail in one country according to the concerning rules and regulation of the country. In China, the transportation by rail to the loading port for the goods to be exported or from the discharging port to throughout the country for the imported goods both fall in the mode. The transportation by rail for the cargo or goods supplied to HK and Macao is also included in the mode, which comprises 2 parts, one is national rail transport and the other is HK or Macao rail transport. The detailed processes are as follows: after the goods are carried to Shenzhen station by rail with the consignee named as a transportation agent in Shenzhen such as SINOTRANS Shenzhen, SINOTRANS Shenzhen will get through the concerning customs procedures and transit the goods to HK, when the goods arrive in HK, the HK agent will take the goods and send them to Kowloon station of Hong Kong.
國內(nèi)鐵路運(yùn)輸是指僅在本國范圍內(nèi)按《國內(nèi)鐵路貨物運(yùn)輸規(guī)程》的規(guī)定辦理的貨物運(yùn)輸。我國出口貨物經(jīng)鐵路運(yùn)至港口裝船及進(jìn)口貨物卸船后經(jīng)鐵路運(yùn)往各地，均屬國內(nèi)鐵路運(yùn)輸?shù)姆懂牎９?yīng)港、澳地區(qū)的物資經(jīng)鐵路運(yùn)往香港、九龍，也屬于國內(nèi)鐵路運(yùn)輸?shù)姆秶?。它的全過程由兩部分組成，即國內(nèi)段鐵路運(yùn)輸和港段鐵路運(yùn)輸，貨車到達(dá)深圳后，要過軌至香港，繼續(xù)運(yùn)送至九龍車站，我國鐵路與香港鐵路不辦理直通聯(lián)運(yùn)，因此，就形成了現(xiàn)行的這種運(yùn)輸方式：發(fā)送地以國內(nèi)運(yùn)輸向鐵路部門辦理托運(yùn)至深圳北站，收貨人為深圳外運(yùn)分公司，深圳外運(yùn)分公司作為各外貿(mào)發(fā)貨單位的代理與鐵路部門辦理租車手續(xù)，并付給租車費(fèi)，然后租車去香港，貨車過軌后，香港中國旅行社則作為深圳外運(yùn)分公司的代理在港段重新起票托運(yùn)至九龍。
The above-mentioned shows that the characteristics of the rail transport for HK or Macao is 2 parts of rail transport linked by chartering. The national transportation documents cannot be taken as the documents for payment, but the carrier’s cargo receipt issued by the SINOTRANS local branch as the document for payment presented to bank.
由此可見，對(duì)香港地區(qū)的鐵路運(yùn)輸?shù)奶厣亲廛嚪绞絻善边\(yùn)輸。國內(nèi)運(yùn)單不能作為對(duì)外結(jié)匯的憑證，目前，由各地外運(yùn)公司以運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人的身份向外貿(mào)單位提供經(jīng)深圳中轉(zhuǎn)香港貨物的承運(yùn)貨物收據(jù)，作為向銀行結(jié)匯的憑證。
In China, there are 3 lines destined to HK and Macao which are No.751, 753, and 755; The goods are sent to Shenzhen station by the consigner or exporter, then have the local transportation agent in Shenzhen (such as SINOTRANS) to get through the customs procedures and transit the goods to the agent in HK or Macao who will deliver the goods to the final buyer in HK or Macao, and the exporter makes collection with the cargo receipt issued by the transportation agent.
我國開辟三趟快車：751、753、755往港澳運(yùn)輸：由發(fā)貨人將貨物托運(yùn)到深圳北站，由當(dāng)?shù)赝赓Q(mào)運(yùn)輸公司再辦理港段鐵路托運(yùn)手續(xù)，由香港中國旅行社收貨后轉(zhuǎn)交香港或九龍的買主，出口企業(yè)憑外貿(mào)運(yùn)輸公司出具的承運(yùn)貨物收據(jù)（Cargo Receipt）辦理收匯手續(xù)。
Air Transport 航空運(yùn)輸
As a modern transportation mode, air transport has developed rapidly with the advantages of being speedy, exact, safe and convenient. At the same time, the drastic growth of the goods adapted to air transport also pushes the development of air industry. More and more modern and big airplanes, big airports with perfect facilities and modern telecommunication facilities are produced and constructed to meet the demand of air transportation in international trade. In this way, international trade and air industry boost each other with the advancement of air technology and air transportation. For the time being, the proportion of air transportation occupied in the whole international transportation is increasing with the growing quantity of cargo transported by air.
一種現(xiàn)代化的運(yùn)輸方式。由于航空運(yùn)輸具有速度快、準(zhǔn)確、安全、方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，航空貨物運(yùn)輸在世界范圍內(nèi)得到迅速發(fā)展。同時(shí)，國際貿(mào)易中適合于航空運(yùn)輸?shù)呢浳锎罅吭黾?，促進(jìn)了航空事業(yè)的發(fā)展。航空事業(yè)的發(fā)展又給航空運(yùn)輸提供了現(xiàn)代化、大型化的飛機(jī)，機(jī)場(chǎng)規(guī)模宏大，設(shè)施完善，航空公司不斷增加，通訊手段現(xiàn)代化。這些都為國際貿(mào)易貨物的空運(yùn)提供了更為便利的條件，促進(jìn)了國際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。國際貿(mào)易與航空業(yè)務(wù)互相促進(jìn)，航空技術(shù)與航運(yùn)共同發(fā)展。目前，在整個(gè)國際貿(mào)易運(yùn)輸中，航空貨物運(yùn)輸所占的比重不斷增加，貨運(yùn)量也越來越大。
The goods which are the most adapted to air transport are including urgent cargo, fresh and alive products, precise appliances, valuables, putrescible and seasonal items etc.
航空運(yùn)輸最適合運(yùn)輸急需物質(zhì)、鮮活產(chǎn)品、精密儀器、貴重物品、易腐、鮮活、季節(jié)性強(qiáng)的物質(zhì)。
Since 1974, China has joined International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
我國于1974年加入國際民航組織（International Civil Aviation Organization；ICAO）
Classification of Air Transport Modes航空運(yùn)輸主要采用以下幾種運(yùn)輸方式：
1. Scheduled Airline班機(jī)運(yùn)輸
Scheduled airline refers to the airlines that transport regularly by fixed route, between fixed departure and destination at fixed time schedule. Usually this kind of flights uses passenger-cargo airplane, some bigger air companies have opened up regular full air cargo flight. With the advantage of its fixed time, route and stop station, the scheduled airline is more suitable for the transport of emergency items, fresh and live produce or seasonal commodities.
班機(jī)是指在固定時(shí)間、固定航線、固定始發(fā)站和目的站運(yùn)輸?shù)娘w機(jī)，通常班機(jī)是使用客貨混合型飛機(jī)，一些大的航空公司也有開辟定期全貨機(jī)航班的。班機(jī)因有定時(shí)、定航線、定站等特點(diǎn)，因此適用于運(yùn)送急需物品、鮮活商品以及節(jié)令性商品。
2. Chartered Carrier包機(jī)運(yùn)輸
Chartered carrier refers to the airplane that is hired by one consigner or hare-hired by several consigners (or air-freight service agency). Thus, chartered carrier could be divided into two kinds: whole-hired and share-hired. The former kind is suitable for transporting goods in large quantity, and the latter one is suitable for goods to be delivered to the same destination by different consigners.
包機(jī)是指包租整架飛機(jī)或由幾個(gè)發(fā)貨人（或航空貨運(yùn)代理公司）聯(lián)合包租一架飛機(jī)來運(yùn)送貨物。因此，包機(jī)又分為整包機(jī)和部分包機(jī)兩種形式，前者適用于運(yùn)送數(shù)量較大的商品，后者適用于多個(gè)發(fā)貨人，但貨物到達(dá)站又是同一地點(diǎn)的貨物運(yùn)輸。
3. Consolidation集中托運(yùn)
Consolidation is usually utilized by air-freight service agency, who combines scattered goods into one batch, with the airway bills for each shipment issued respectively for each consignor, then makes delivery of the whole batch of goods to the scheduled destination with one set of chief airway bill. After the arrival, the goods are cleared, sorted out and dispatched to the actual consignees respectively by the local agency of air-freight carrier. The price of consolidation flight is usually 7-10% lower than that of scheduled airliner fixed by International Air Transportation Association. For this reason, the consignors are more willing to commit the goods to air-freight agency for delivery.
集中托運(yùn)是指航空貨運(yùn)公司把若干單獨(dú)發(fā)運(yùn)的貨物（每一貨主貨物要出具一份航空運(yùn)單）組成一整批貨物，用一批總運(yùn)單（附分運(yùn)單）整批發(fā)運(yùn)到預(yù)定目的地，由航空公司在那里的代理人收貨、報(bào)關(guān)、分撥后交給實(shí)際收貨人。集中托運(yùn)的運(yùn)價(jià)比國際空運(yùn)協(xié)會(huì)公布的班機(jī)運(yùn)價(jià)低7-10%。因此發(fā)貨人比較愿意將貨物交給航空貨運(yùn)公司安排。
4. Air Express Service航空急件傳遞
Air Express is the fastest one in the current international air transportation modes. Differing from air paravion and air freight, air express service is operated by the organizations specialized in this business field , who is in a close cooperation with airline companies, with urgent mails transferred by specially-assigned person, between consignor, airport and consignee at the fastest speed. It is most suitable for delivery of medicine and medical equipment in urgent needs, valuables, blue print documents and other goods and documents, therefore it is called “Desk to Desk Service”.
航空急件傳送是目前國際航空運(yùn)輸中最快捷的運(yùn)輸方式。它不同于航空郵寄和航空貨運(yùn)，而是由一個(gè)專門經(jīng)營此項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)的機(jī)構(gòu)與航空公司密切合作，設(shè)專人用最快的速度在貨主、機(jī)場(chǎng)、收件人之間傳送急件，特別適用于急需的藥品、醫(yī)療器械、貴重物品、圖紙資料、貨及單證等的傳送，被稱為“桌到桌運(yùn)輸”。
Air Carrier航空運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人
1. Airline Company航空運(yùn)輸公司
Airline company is the actual carrier of the goods transported by air, who is in charge of the whole transportation.
航空運(yùn)輸公司是指航空運(yùn)輸?shù)膶?shí)際承運(yùn)人，對(duì)全程運(yùn)輸負(fù)責(zé)。
2. Air Freight Logistics or Agent航空貨運(yùn)代理公司
It is the agent of the consignor and airline company as well. It is usually nominated by the consignor or consignee to offer the services including booking flights, chartering and the like works as well as the movement and delivery of the goods, making documents, customs clearance and getting through inspection etc.
既是貨主代理，也是航空公司代理。接受收、發(fā)貨人的委托，代辦進(jìn)出口貨物的航空定艙、包機(jī)等業(yè)務(wù)，并代辦發(fā)運(yùn)、接交、制單、報(bào)關(guān)和報(bào)驗(yàn)等工作。
Air Freight Rates航空運(yùn)價(jià)
The rate of air freight is the freight from the departure airport to the arrival airport, not including other extra expenses for the services like picking up, storage etc. The rate is calculated generally as per weight (KG) or volumetric weight (6000 CBCM converted to 1KG), whichever is higher. The rate of the air freight is fixed according to general cargo rates (GCR), specific commodity rates (SCR) and commodity classification rates (CCR).
航空運(yùn)輸貨物的運(yùn)價(jià)是指從啟運(yùn)機(jī)場(chǎng)至目的機(jī)場(chǎng)的運(yùn)價(jià)，不包括其他額外費(fèi)用（如提貨、倉儲(chǔ)費(fèi)等）。運(yùn)價(jià)一般是按重量（公斤）或體積重量（6000立方厘米折合1公斤）計(jì)算的，而以兩者中高者為準(zhǔn)。空運(yùn)貨物是按一般貨物、特種貨物和貨物的等級(jí)規(guī)定運(yùn)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
Container Transport 集裝箱運(yùn)輸
Definition定義
Container, in a literal sense, it is a kind of tremendous holder with sort of intensity (most containers are made of steel now) for cycling and easy to be mechanically operated.
Container transport is a method of distributing merchandise in unitized form adopting an inter-modal system which provides a possible combination of sea, road and other modes of transportation.
集裝箱又稱“貨箱”、“貨柜”。按原文字面的含義，它是一種“容器”，必須具有一定的強(qiáng)度（現(xiàn)在集裝箱多為鋼制），專供周轉(zhuǎn)使用便于機(jī)械操作的大型貨物容器。
所謂集裝箱運(yùn)輸?shù)母拍罹褪菍⒁欢〝?shù)量的單件貨物裝入按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)格特制的集裝箱內(nèi)，并以該箱作為運(yùn)送單位的一種現(xiàn)代化的運(yùn)輸方式。它可適用于各種運(yùn)輸方式的單獨(dú)運(yùn)輸和不同運(yùn)輸方式的聯(lián)合運(yùn)輸。
Types and Specifications of Container集裝箱的種類、規(guī)格
The most widely adopted sizes are twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) and forty-foot equivalent unit (FEU). But recently, containers are becoming larger and larger. For instance, American President Lines adopt 53-foot container. The generally adopted sizes in China are:
8’X8’X20’ twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU)
8’X8’X40’ forty-foot equivalent unit (FEU)
目前在國際航運(yùn)上使用的集裝箱多為20英呎和40英呎集裝箱。但近年來，集裝箱的發(fā)展向大型化方向發(fā)展，如美國總統(tǒng)輪船公司采用53英呎型集裝箱。我國通常采用的規(guī)格為：
8’Ｘ8’Ｘ20’ 20英呎集裝箱
8’Ｘ8’Ｘ40’ 40 英呎集裝箱
In the metric system,
1. twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU): 5.925m(length)2.34m(width)2.379m(height)=33m
The real volume is 25m.
The door: 2.286m (width) 2.278m (height)
Dead weight: 1.9mt
Carrying capacity: 22.1mt
2. forty-foot equivalent unit (FEU):12.043m(length)2.336m(width)2.379m(height)=67m
The real volume is 55m
The door: 2.286m (width) 2.278m (height)
Dead weight: 3.48mt
Maximum Carrying capacity: 27.59mt
換算為公制為：
1. 20英呎柜：長5.925mＸ寬2.34mＸ高2.379m=33(立方米)
實(shí)際裝箱時(shí)有效容積為25立方米
箱門：寬2.286mＸ高2.278m
自重：1.9mt
載重：22.1mt
2. 40英呎柜：長12.043mＸ寬2.336mＸ高2.379m=67(立方米)
實(shí)際裝箱時(shí)有效容積為55立方米
箱門：寬2.286mＸ高2.278m
自重：3.48mt
最大載重：27.59mt
Goods handing over of container transportation集裝箱運(yùn)輸貨物的交接
1. Types of goods集裝箱貨物的分類
（1）Full Container Load; FCL整箱貨
The FCL consignments are packed into the container as one unit by the consigner for shipment. This means is adopted when the goods are of a container load or many containers load. Except that some consignors have containers, others generally lease a few to send to the production side or the warehouse, and then under the customs official’s supervision,
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Chapter 3 International Cargo Transportation
國際貨物運(yùn)輸
In international trade, the seller delivers the goods in exchange for the buyer’s payment. It is the seller’s basic duty to deliver the goods to the buyer or the specified carrier in due time, place and transport means according to the contract after signing it.
在國際貿(mào)易中，賣方交付貨物與買方支付貨款是對(duì)流條件。買賣合同簽訂后，按照合同規(guī)定的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和方式將貨物運(yùn)交買方或裝上指定的承運(yùn)工具，是賣方所承擔(dān)的基本義務(wù)。
In common law, according to the cases over the past years, common law countries regard quality clauses, quantity clauses and time of delivery as the fundamentals of the contract. The consequences could be very serious once the rules are broken. In this chapter, time of delivery is the priority of shipment clauses. Time of shipment and time of delivery are totally different concepts, but under FOB, CFR and CIF terms, the seller delivers the documents instead of the goods, which means, once the goods are sent to the ship or shipping conveyance in the shipping port, the seller’s duty to deliver goods is accomplished. The date indicated by the carrier on the shipping documents is the time of delivery and the place of shipment is rightly the place of delivery. That is to say, under CIF, FOB and CIF trade terms which indicate symbolic delivery, shipment just means delivery and time of shipment is rightly time of delivery.
在英美法中，根據(jù)歷年的判例，英美法的國家把品質(zhì)條款、數(shù)量條款、交貨期作為合同的要件條款。如果違反了要件條款，后果十分嚴(yán)重。在本章中的裝運(yùn)條款要首先講到裝運(yùn)期。裝運(yùn)期和交貨期是兩個(gè)不同的概念，但是在FOB、CFR、CIF條件下，賣方以交單代替了交貨，也就是說只要把貨交到裝運(yùn)港的船上或運(yùn)輸工具上，賣方的交貨義務(wù)就算完成，承運(yùn)人在運(yùn)輸單據(jù)上所注明的日期即作為交貨日期，貨物的裝運(yùn)地點(diǎn)即作為交貨地點(diǎn)。也就是說，在CIF、FOB、CFR象征性交貨的貿(mào)易術(shù)語下，“裝運(yùn)”就意味著交貨，成為同一個(gè)概念，交貨期等于裝運(yùn)期。
3.1 Means of Transportation運(yùn)輸方式
In international trade, there are various kinds of modes of transportation: ocean transportation, rail transportation, air transportation, river transportation, postal transportation, road transportation, channel transportation, container transportation, international multimodal transportation and continental-bridge transportation, etc., of which ocean transportation is the most important, traditional and time honored means of transport. Currently, as the most preferred mode of transport, ocean transportation accounts for 80% of the total capacity. We’ll introduce a few significant means of transportation in international trade hereinafter.
在國際貿(mào)易中，運(yùn)輸方式有許多種，如：海洋運(yùn)輸、鐵路、航空、河流、郵政、公路、管道、集裝箱運(yùn)輸、國際多式聯(lián)運(yùn)、大陸橋運(yùn)輸（重點(diǎn)在海洋運(yùn)輸）等。其中最重要的方式是海洋運(yùn)輸，海洋運(yùn)輸是國際貿(mào)易中歷史最悠久的一種傳統(tǒng)的運(yùn)輸方式。目前，在國際貨物運(yùn)輸總量中，海洋運(yùn)輸占80%以上，是目前國際貿(mào)易中最重要的一種運(yùn)輸方式。以下我們主要介紹國際貿(mào)易中比較重要的幾種方式。
Ocean Transport 海洋運(yùn)輸
Ocean transport is mostly preferred due to its large capacity, low cost, massive passing ability and freedom from road and railway limitations, while it’s comparatively slow, risky and vulnerable to bad weather.
海洋運(yùn)輸還有以下特點(diǎn)：通過能力大、運(yùn)量大、運(yùn)費(fèi)低、不受道路、軌道限制。
缺點(diǎn)是：受自然條件影響較大，航行速度較慢，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大。
There are two main types of ocean transportation: liner transportation and charter transportation.
海洋運(yùn)輸?shù)拇斑\(yùn)輸方式主要有兩種：租船運(yùn)輸和班輪運(yùn)輸。
Liner Transport 班輪運(yùn)輸
1．Definition定義
A liner is vessel with regular sailings and arrivals and sails on a fixed (regular) sailing route and calls at fixed (regular) base ports. It adopts a comparatively fixed timetable and charges at comparatively fixed rates. Liner transport is suitable for goods in small lots and high frequency. Most goods are transported through liner transport in international trade.
班輪運(yùn)輸又稱定期船運(yùn)輸，簡稱班輪，指船舶按照預(yù)定的航行時(shí)間表，在固定的航線和港口往返航行，從事客貨運(yùn)輸業(yè)務(wù)并按事先公布的費(fèi)率收取運(yùn)費(fèi)。班輪運(yùn)輸適合批量小、次數(shù)多的商品。國際貿(mào)易中大部分的貨物還是采用班輪運(yùn)輸。
2. Characteristics特點(diǎn)
a. Fixity, namely fixed routes, fixed ports of call, fixed dates and fixed rates.
“四固定”。即固定的航線、固定的?？扛?、固定的船期、固定運(yùn)費(fèi)率。
b. Responsibility: goods are subject to the loading and unloading by the liners and handling charges are already included in the freight. Liners and the consignor are free from handling charges, demurrage charges and dispatch money.
一負(fù)責(zé)：貨物由班輪公司負(fù)責(zé)配載和裝卸，裝卸費(fèi)已包含在運(yùn)費(fèi)內(nèi)，班輪公司和托運(yùn)人雙方不計(jì)裝卸費(fèi)、滯期費(fèi)和速遣費(fèi)。
c. Liabilities, obligations and exemptions of liners and the shipper are all on the basis of the bill of lading issued by liners. In terms of goods with large transport volume and low value like grains, beans, mines and coals, the price is negotiated by both parties.
班輪公司和貨主雙方的權(quán)利、義務(wù)和責(zé)任豁免均以班輪公司簽發(fā)的提單條款為依據(jù)。對(duì)某些運(yùn)量大、貨價(jià)低的貨物。如：糧食、豆類、礦石、煤炭，由船貨雙方協(xié)商定價(jià)。
Shipping by Charter租船運(yùn)輸
Charter transport refers to a cargo ship not operating on regular routes and schedules. A ship may be hired wholly or just some shipping space for transportation.
又稱不定期船運(yùn)輸，指包租整船或部分艙位進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸。
Contrary to a liner, a charter vessel does not follow a fixed route, freight rate or timetable and has no fixed ports of call. Charter vessels fall into three types: voyage charter, time charter and bare boat charter. This chapter focuses on voyage charter here because of its high relativity with export enterprises.
與班輪運(yùn)輸相反：四不固定，沒有固定航線、固定?？扛?、固定船期、固定的運(yùn)費(fèi)。
租船運(yùn)輸又分為期租船、程租船和光船運(yùn)輸。與出口企業(yè)關(guān)系較為密切的是程租船運(yùn)輸。與出口企業(yè)關(guān)系較為密切的是程租船運(yùn)輸。在這里著重講述程租船運(yùn)輸。
1. Voyage Charter 程租船
Voyage charter is also named irregular charter, dividing into one-way charter, round-way charter and consecutive voyage charter according to the way of financing leasing.
又稱為不定期船、航次租船。程租船按其租賃方式的不同，可分為單程租船、來回航次租船、連續(xù)航次租船。
(1) Definition定義
A voyage charter is the hire of a ship for the carriage of goods from one specified port to another, or for a round trip and is characterized by shipping low-value and bulk commodities like grains, coals, wood, and mines.
由船舶所有人負(fù)責(zé)提供船舶在指定港口之間進(jìn)行一個(gè)航次或數(shù)個(gè)航次承運(yùn)指定貨物的租船運(yùn)輸。特點(diǎn)是：運(yùn)輸價(jià)值較低廉的糧食、煤炭、木材、礦石等大宗貨物為主。
(2) Freight Calculation程租船運(yùn)費(fèi)的計(jì)算方法
l By rate of freight, the total freight is determined by unit weight or size.
按運(yùn)費(fèi)率計(jì)算方式，按貨物單位重量或體積若干金額計(jì)費(fèi)。
l By lump sum freight, the total freight is based on the entire ship.
包干運(yùn)費(fèi)，按整船定一個(gè)總值。
(3) Stipulations of Loading and Unloading Cost程租船裝卸費(fèi)的規(guī)定方法
Loading and unloading costs are stipulated in the contract after negotiation and five methods are usually used to divide the expenses of loading and unloading:
程租船的裝卸費(fèi)，由租方和船方共同協(xié)商后，在合同中做出規(guī)定?？捎纱截?fù)擔(dān)，也可由貨方負(fù)擔(dān)，規(guī)定的方法：
l liner terms/gross terms/berth terms班輪條件
The ship-owner bears loading and unloading cost. 船方負(fù)擔(dān)裝卸費(fèi)
l free in and out (FIO) 船方不管裝，不管卸
The ship-owner does not bear loading and unloading cost
船方不負(fù)擔(dān)裝卸費(fèi)
l free in（FI）船方管卸不管裝
The ship-owner is only responsible for unloading cost.
船方不負(fù)擔(dān)裝船費(fèi)
l free out(FO) 船方管裝不管卸
The ship-owner is only responsible for loading cost.
船方不負(fù)擔(dān)卸貨費(fèi)
l free in and out, stowed and trimmed (FIOST)
The ship-owner does not bear loading and unloading cost, not even bear the expenses of stowing and trimming.
船方不管裝、不管卸、不管理艙、不管平艙
(4) Lay Time裝卸時(shí)間
In voyage charter transport, the lay time is directly related to the operating cycles and benefits of the ship-owner, so lay time should be stipulated in details when both parties comes into a contract. If the charterer fails to finish loading the goods within the limited time resulting in extended staying time and trip time, it would increase expenses as well as decrease cycling rates for the ship-owner. So lay time stipulations are closely related to the benefits of both parties.
程租船運(yùn)輸方式，貨物在裝卸港口裝卸時(shí)間長短直接關(guān)系到船舶的使用周期和船方的利益。租方在和船方簽定租船合同時(shí)，要就船舶在港裝卸的時(shí)間作出具體的規(guī)定。如租船人未能在約定的裝卸時(shí)間內(nèi)將貨物裝完或卸完，而延長了船舶在港停留時(shí)間，從而延長了航次時(shí)間，這對(duì)船舶所有人來說，既可能增加船舶在港口停泊的時(shí)間而增加了港口費(fèi)用的開支，又因航次時(shí)間延長而降低了船舶的周轉(zhuǎn)率。裝卸時(shí)間的規(guī)定直接關(guān)系到船方和租方的切身利益。
2. The Difference Between Voyage Charter and Time Charter
程租船運(yùn)輸與期租船的區(qū)別
Ship-owner of a voyage charter is responsible for hiring the crew and providing fuel while the charterer is in the latter case.
前者船員、燃料配備都由船方負(fù)責(zé)，后者由租方負(fù)責(zé)。
Ship-owner of a voyage charter takes on sailing and maintaining of the ship while the charterer does in the latter case.
船舶經(jīng)營調(diào)度，前者都由船方負(fù)責(zé)，后者由租方自己負(fù)責(zé)。
Rail Transport鐵路運(yùn)輸
In international transportation, the importance of rail transport is only secondary to the maritime transportation; moreover the cargo imported or exported by ship are mostly distributed or collected overland by rail.
在國際貨物運(yùn)輸中，鐵路運(yùn)輸是一種僅次于海洋運(yùn)輸?shù)闹饕\(yùn)輸方式，海洋運(yùn)輸?shù)倪M(jìn)出口貨物，也大多是靠鐵路運(yùn)輸進(jìn)行貨物的集中和分散的。
For China with a vast territory, the cargoes imported by ships are usually transported by rail to the consumers across the country, and most of cargoes for export are pooled to the ports by rail. Therefore, railway plays an important role in the distribution or collection of goods in China for international trade. The movement of the raw materials, semi-final products, and packing materials for international trade throughout the country are mainly by rail too. Generally speaking, the railway is one of the necessary parts in international transport chains.
由于我國幅員遼闊，海運(yùn)進(jìn)口貨物大部分利用鐵路運(yùn)往內(nèi)地各用貨單位，海運(yùn)出口貨物也多是通過鐵路向港區(qū)集中，因此，鐵路運(yùn)輸是我國國際貿(mào)易貨物集散的重要工具。國內(nèi)各省和地區(qū)調(diào)運(yùn)外貿(mào)物資、各種原料、半成品、和包裝物料，也主要是依靠鐵路運(yùn)輸來完成。我國國際貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口貨物運(yùn)輸一般都要通過鐵路這一環(huán)節(jié)，鐵路運(yùn)輸在國際貨物運(yùn)輸中發(fā)揮著重要作用。
With the characteristics of large carrying load, high speed, and low risk, the carrying capacity of railway is the largest other than the maritime transportation. Rail transport may be classified in the following two modes:
鐵路運(yùn)輸具有運(yùn)量大、速度快、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)小的特點(diǎn)。在國際貨運(yùn)總量中，鐵路貨運(yùn)量僅次于海洋貨運(yùn)量。鐵路運(yùn)輸可分為國際鐵路貨物聯(lián)運(yùn)，和國內(nèi)鐵路貨物運(yùn)輸兩種。
International Carriage of Goods by Rail 國際鐵路貨物聯(lián)運(yùn)
With one set of uniform transportation documents, the goods are moved through two or more countries by rail as a whole, without the involvement of the consigner and consignee when the goods are delivered from one country to the other country.
凡是使用一份統(tǒng)一的國際聯(lián)運(yùn)票據(jù)由鐵路負(fù)責(zé)經(jīng)過兩國或兩國以上鐵路的全程運(yùn)送，并由一國鐵路向另一國鐵路移交貨物時(shí)，不需要發(fā)貨人和收貨人參加這種運(yùn)輸稱為國際鐵路貨物聯(lián)運(yùn)。
For the transport mode, the goods are free from the check-in again at the frontier office, and carried over the frontier by train. It benefits to the international trade and transaction, urging the development of the integrative economy.
國際鐵路貨物聯(lián)運(yùn)免除了貨物在國境站重新辦理托運(yùn)的手續(xù)，火車可以直接過軌運(yùn)輸；有利于各國之間的國際貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟(jì)交往，加速了經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的發(fā)展。
National Rail Transport 國內(nèi)鐵路運(yùn)輸
The mode of national rail transport means the transportation is made by rail in one country according to the concerning rules and regulation of the country. In China, the transportation by rail to the loading port for the goods to be exported or from the discharging port to throughout the country for the imported goods both fall in the mode. The transportation by rail for the cargo or goods supplied to HK and Macao is also included in the mode, which comprises 2 parts, one is national rail transport and the other is HK or Macao rail transport. The detailed processes are as follows: after the goods are carried to Shenzhen station by rail with the consignee named as a transportation agent in Shenzhen such as SINOTRANS Shenzhen, SINOTRANS Shenzhen will get through the concerning customs procedures and transit the goods to HK, when the goods arrive in HK, the HK agent will take the goods and send them to Kowloon station of Hong Kong.
國內(nèi)鐵路運(yùn)輸是指僅在本國范圍內(nèi)按《國內(nèi)鐵路貨物運(yùn)輸規(guī)程》的規(guī)定辦理的貨物運(yùn)輸。我國出口貨物經(jīng)鐵路運(yùn)至港口裝船及進(jìn)口貨物卸船后經(jīng)鐵路運(yùn)往各地，均屬國內(nèi)鐵路運(yùn)輸?shù)姆懂?。供?yīng)港、澳地區(qū)的物資經(jīng)鐵路運(yùn)往香港、九龍，也屬于國內(nèi)鐵路運(yùn)輸?shù)姆秶?。它的全過程由兩部分組成，即國內(nèi)段鐵路運(yùn)輸和港段鐵路運(yùn)輸，貨車到達(dá)深圳后，要過軌至香港，繼續(xù)運(yùn)送至九龍車站，我國鐵路與香港鐵路不辦理直通聯(lián)運(yùn)，因此，就形成了現(xiàn)行的這種運(yùn)輸方式：發(fā)送地以國內(nèi)運(yùn)輸向鐵路部門辦理托運(yùn)至深圳北站，收貨人為深圳外運(yùn)分公司，深圳外運(yùn)分公司作為各外貿(mào)發(fā)貨單位的代理與鐵路部門辦理租車手續(xù)，并付給租車費(fèi)，然后租車去香港，貨車過軌后，香港中國旅行社則作為深圳外運(yùn)分公司的代理在港段重新起票托運(yùn)至九龍。
The above-mentioned shows that the characteristics of the rail transport for HK or Macao is 2 parts of rail transport linked by chartering. The national transportation documents cannot be taken as the documents for payment, but the carrier’s cargo receipt issued by the SINOTRANS local branch as the document for payment presented to bank.
由此可見，對(duì)香港地區(qū)的鐵路運(yùn)輸?shù)奶厣亲廛嚪绞絻善边\(yùn)輸。國內(nèi)運(yùn)單不能作為對(duì)外結(jié)匯的憑證，目前，由各地外運(yùn)公司以運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人的身份向外貿(mào)單位提供經(jīng)深圳中轉(zhuǎn)香港貨物的承運(yùn)貨物收據(jù)，作為向銀行結(jié)匯的憑證。
In China, there are 3 lines destined to HK and Macao which are No.751, 753, and 755; The goods are sent to Shenzhen station by the consigner or exporter, then have the local transportation agent in Shenzhen (such as SINOTRANS) to get through the customs procedures and transit the goods to the agent in HK or Macao who will deliver the goods to the final buyer in HK or Macao, and the exporter makes collection with the cargo receipt issued by the transportation agent.
我國開辟三趟快車：751、753、755往港澳運(yùn)輸：由發(fā)貨人將貨物托運(yùn)到深圳北站，由當(dāng)?shù)赝赓Q(mào)運(yùn)輸公司再辦理港段鐵路托運(yùn)手續(xù)，由香港中國旅行社收貨后轉(zhuǎn)交香港或九龍的買主，出口企業(yè)憑外貿(mào)運(yùn)輸公司出具的承運(yùn)貨物收據(jù)（Cargo Receipt）辦理收匯手續(xù)。
Air Transport 航空運(yùn)輸
As a modern transportation mode, air transport has developed rapidly with the advantages of being speedy, exact, safe and convenient. At the same time, the drastic growth of the goods adapted to air transport also pushes the development of air industry. More and more modern and big airplanes, big airports with perfect facilities and modern telecommunication facilities are produced and constructed to meet the demand of air transportation in international trade. In this way, international trade and air industry boost each other with the advancement of air technology and air transportation. For the time being, the proportion of air transportation occupied in the whole international transportation is increasing with the growing quantity of cargo transported by air.
一種現(xiàn)代化的運(yùn)輸方式。由于航空運(yùn)輸具有速度快、準(zhǔn)確、安全、方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，航空貨物運(yùn)輸在世界范圍內(nèi)得到迅速發(fā)展。同時(shí)，國際貿(mào)易中適合于航空運(yùn)輸?shù)呢浳锎罅吭黾樱龠M(jìn)了航空事業(yè)的發(fā)展。航空事業(yè)的發(fā)展又給航空運(yùn)輸提供了現(xiàn)代化、大型化的飛機(jī)，機(jī)場(chǎng)規(guī)模宏大，設(shè)施完善，航空公司不斷增加，通訊手段現(xiàn)代化。這些都為國際貿(mào)易貨物的空運(yùn)提供了更為便利的條件，促進(jìn)了國際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。國際貿(mào)易與航空業(yè)務(wù)互相促進(jìn)，航空技術(shù)與航運(yùn)共同發(fā)展。目前，在整個(gè)國際貿(mào)易運(yùn)輸中，航空貨物運(yùn)輸所占的比重不斷增加，貨運(yùn)量也越來越大。
The goods which are the most adapted to air transport are including urgent cargo, fresh and alive products, precise appliances, valuables, putrescible and seasonal items etc.
航空運(yùn)輸最適合運(yùn)輸急需物質(zhì)、鮮活產(chǎn)品、精密儀器、貴重物品、易腐、鮮活、季節(jié)性強(qiáng)的物質(zhì)。
Since 1974, China has joined International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
我國于1974年加入國際民航組織（International Civil Aviation Organization；ICAO）
Classification of Air Transport Modes航空運(yùn)輸主要采用以下幾種運(yùn)輸方式：
1. Scheduled Airline班機(jī)運(yùn)輸
Scheduled airline refers to the airlines that transport regularly by fixed route, between fixed departure and destination at fixed time schedule. Usually this kind of flights uses passenger-cargo airplane, some bigger air companies have opened up regular full air cargo flight. With the advantage of its fixed time, route and stop station, the scheduled airline is more suitable for the transport of emergency items, fresh and live produce or seasonal commodities.
班機(jī)是指在固定時(shí)間、固定航線、固定始發(fā)站和目的站運(yùn)輸?shù)娘w機(jī)，通常班機(jī)是使用客貨混合型飛機(jī)，一些大的航空公司也有開辟定期全貨機(jī)航班的。班機(jī)因有定時(shí)、定航線、定站等特點(diǎn)，因此適用于運(yùn)送急需物品、鮮活商品以及節(jié)令性商品。
2. Chartered Carrier包機(jī)運(yùn)輸
Chartered carrier refers to the airplane that is hired by one consigner or hare-hired by several consigners (or air-freight service agency). Thus, chartered carrier could be divided into two kinds: whole-hired and share-hired. The former kind is suitable for transporting goods in large quantity, and the latter one is suitable for goods to be delivered to the same destination by different consigners.
包機(jī)是指包租整架飛機(jī)或由幾個(gè)發(fā)貨人（或航空貨運(yùn)代理公司）聯(lián)合包租一架飛機(jī)來運(yùn)送貨物。因此，包機(jī)又分為整包機(jī)和部分包機(jī)兩種形式，前者適用于運(yùn)送數(shù)量較大的商品，后者適用于多個(gè)發(fā)貨人，但貨物到達(dá)站又是同一地點(diǎn)的貨物運(yùn)輸。
3. Consolidation集中托運(yùn)
Consolidation is usually utilized by air-freight service agency, who combines scattered goods into one batch, with the airway bills for each shipment issued respectively for each consignor, then makes delivery of the whole batch of goods to the scheduled destination with one set of chief airway bill. After the arrival, the goods are cleared, sorted out and dispatched to the actual consignees respectively by the local agency of air-freight carrier. The price of consolidation flight is usually 7-10% lower than that of scheduled airliner fixed by International Air Transportation Association. For this reason, the consignors are more willing to commit the goods to air-freight agency for delivery.
集中托運(yùn)是指航空貨運(yùn)公司把若干單獨(dú)發(fā)運(yùn)的貨物（每一貨主貨物要出具一份航空運(yùn)單）組成一整批貨物，用一批總運(yùn)單（附分運(yùn)單）整批發(fā)運(yùn)到預(yù)定目的地，由航空公司在那里的代理人收貨、報(bào)關(guān)、分撥后交給實(shí)際收貨人。集中托運(yùn)的運(yùn)價(jià)比國際空運(yùn)協(xié)會(huì)公布的班機(jī)運(yùn)價(jià)低7-10%。因此發(fā)貨人比較愿意將貨物交給航空貨運(yùn)公司安排。
4. Air Express Service航空急件傳遞
Air Express is the fastest one in the current international air transportation modes. Differing from air paravion and air freight, air express service is operated by the organizations specialized in this business field , who is in a close cooperation with airline companies, with urgent mails transferred by specially-assigned person, between consignor, airport and consignee at the fastest speed. It is most suitable for delivery of medicine and medical equipment in urgent needs, valuables, blue print documents and other goods and documents, therefore it is called “Desk to Desk Service”.
航空急件傳送是目前國際航空運(yùn)輸中最快捷的運(yùn)輸方式。它不同于航空郵寄和航空貨運(yùn)，而是由一個(gè)專門經(jīng)營此項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)的機(jī)構(gòu)與航空公司密切合作，設(shè)專人用最快的速度在貨主、機(jī)場(chǎng)、收件人之間傳送急件，特別適用于急需的藥品、醫(yī)療器械、貴重物品、圖紙資料、貨及單證等的傳送，被稱為“桌到桌運(yùn)輸”。
Air Carrier航空運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人
1. Airline Company航空運(yùn)輸公司
Airline company is the actual carrier of the goods transported by air, who is in charge of the whole transportation.
航空運(yùn)輸公司是指航空運(yùn)輸?shù)膶?shí)際承運(yùn)人，對(duì)全程運(yùn)輸負(fù)責(zé)。
2. Air Freight Logistics or Agent航空貨運(yùn)代理公司
It is the agent of the consignor and airline company as well. It is usually nominated by the consignor or consignee to offer the services including booking flights, chartering and the like works as well as the movement and delivery of the goods, making documents, customs clearance and getting through inspection etc.
既是貨主代理，也是航空公司代理。接受收、發(fā)貨人的委托，代辦進(jìn)出口貨物的航空定艙、包機(jī)等業(yè)務(wù)，并代辦發(fā)運(yùn)、接交、制單、報(bào)關(guān)和報(bào)驗(yàn)等工作。
Air Freight Rates航空運(yùn)價(jià)
The rate of air freight is the freight from the departure airport to the arrival airport, not including other extra expenses for the services like picking up, storage etc. The rate is calculated generally as per weight (KG) or volumetric weight (6000 CBCM converted to 1KG), whichever is higher. The rate of the air freight is fixed according to general cargo rates (GCR), specific commodity rates (SCR) and commodity classification rates (CCR).
航空運(yùn)輸貨物的運(yùn)價(jià)是指從啟運(yùn)機(jī)場(chǎng)至目的機(jī)場(chǎng)的運(yùn)價(jià)，不包括其他額外費(fèi)用（如提貨、倉儲(chǔ)費(fèi)等）。運(yùn)價(jià)一般是按重量（公斤）或體積重量（6000立方厘米折合1公斤）計(jì)算的，而以兩者中高者為準(zhǔn)?？者\(yùn)貨物是按一般貨物、特種貨物和貨物的等級(jí)規(guī)定運(yùn)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
Container Transport 集裝箱運(yùn)輸
Definition定義
Container, in a literal sense, it is a kind of tremendous holder with sort of intensity (most containers are made of steel now) for cycling and easy to be mechanically operated.
Container transport is a method of distributing merchandise in unitized form adopting an inter-modal system which provides a possible combination of sea, road and other modes of transportation.
集裝箱又稱“貨箱”、“貨柜”。按原文字面的含義，它是一種“容器”，必須具有一定的強(qiáng)度（現(xiàn)在集裝箱多為鋼制），專供周轉(zhuǎn)使用便于機(jī)械操作的大型貨物容器。
所謂集裝箱運(yùn)輸?shù)母拍罹褪菍⒁欢〝?shù)量的單件貨物裝入按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)格特制的集裝箱內(nèi)，并以該箱作為運(yùn)送單位的一種現(xiàn)代化的運(yùn)輸方式。它可適用于各種運(yùn)輸方式的單獨(dú)運(yùn)輸和不同運(yùn)輸方式的聯(lián)合運(yùn)輸。
Types and Specifications of Container集裝箱的種類、規(guī)格
The most widely adopted sizes are twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) and forty-foot equivalent unit (FEU). But recently, containers are becoming larger and larger. For instance, American President Lines adopt 53-foot container. The generally adopted sizes in China are:
8’X8’X20’ twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU)
8’X8’X40’ forty-foot equivalent unit (FEU)
目前在國際航運(yùn)上使用的集裝箱多為20英呎和40英呎集裝箱。但近年來，集裝箱的發(fā)展向大型化方向發(fā)展，如美國總統(tǒng)輪船公司采用53英呎型集裝箱。我國通常采用的規(guī)格為：
8’Ｘ8’Ｘ20’ 20英呎集裝箱
8’Ｘ8’Ｘ40’ 40 英呎集裝箱
In the metric system,
1. twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU): 5.925m(length)2.34m(width)2.379m(height)=33m
The real volume is 25m.
The door: 2.286m (width) 2.278m (height)
Dead weight: 1.9mt
Carrying capacity: 22.1mt
2. forty-foot equivalent unit (FEU):12.043m(length)2.336m(width)2.379m(height)=67m
The real volume is 55m
The door: 2.286m (width) 2.278m (height)
Dead weight: 3.48mt
Maximum Carrying capacity: 27.59mt
換算為公制為：
1. 20英呎柜：長5.925mＸ寬2.34mＸ高2.379m=33(立方米)
實(shí)際裝箱時(shí)有效容積為25立方米
箱門：寬2.286mＸ高2.278m
自重：1.9mt
載重：22.1mt
2. 40英呎柜：長12.043mＸ寬2.336mＸ高2.379m=67(立方米)
實(shí)際裝箱時(shí)有效容積為55立方米
箱門：寬2.286mＸ高2.278m
自重：3.48mt
最大載重：27.59mt
Goods handing over of container transportation集裝箱運(yùn)輸貨物的交接
1. Types of goods集裝箱貨物的分類
（1）Full Container Load; FCL整箱貨
The FCL consignments are packed into the container as one unit by the consigner for shipment. This means is adopted when the goods are of a container load or many containers load. Except that some consignors have containers, others generally lease a few to send to the production side or the warehouse, and then under the customs official’s supervision,
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