動(dòng)靜態(tài)液壓試驗(yàn)臺(tái)液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
動(dòng)靜態(tài)液壓試驗(yàn)臺(tái)液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì),靜態(tài),液壓,試驗(yàn)臺(tái),系統(tǒng),設(shè)計(jì)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答答答答辯辯展示展示展示展示作者作者作者作者 侯鵬程侯鵬程侯鵬程侯鵬程動(dòng)靜態(tài)液壓試驗(yàn)臺(tái)液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)1目錄伺服液壓缸機(jī)械部分設(shè)計(jì) 選擇液壓元件 擬定動(dòng)靜態(tài)液壓試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的液壓原理圖液壓原理圖液壓原理圖 液壓阻尼器在靜態(tài)時(shí),不會(huì)對(duì)正常的膨脹進(jìn)行阻止,當(dāng)遇到超出限定速度的突然運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),震動(dòng)吸收器立刻鎖住,形成剛性連結(jié)件。所以其性能包括靜態(tài)和動(dòng) 態(tài)特性,相應(yīng)地,試驗(yàn)臺(tái)也需要完成這兩種功能。其中:動(dòng)態(tài)試驗(yàn)包括正弦波振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)、半正弦波沖擊試驗(yàn)等。靜態(tài)試驗(yàn)包括低速阻力試驗(yàn)、鎖死試驗(yàn)和釋放試 驗(yàn)等。試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的主要性能指標(biāo)如下:沖擊振動(dòng)方向 為水平雙向;最大靜態(tài)負(fù)載為 1 100 kN;最大動(dòng)態(tài) 負(fù)載是當(dāng) 2 Hz時(shí)為 1 000 kN,15 Hz時(shí)為 700 kN;振幅為f=1 Hz,X 0=100 m m;f=15 Hz,X 0=6 mm;工作頻率范圍為 0.01 33 Hz;試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的靜態(tài)精度小于 1%。2 選擇液壓元件選擇液壓元件3伺服液壓缸閉環(huán)伺服控制,控制精度0.01毫米,精確控制的推力,提高壓力傳感器,控制精度可以達(dá)到1%;輕松連接到PLC控制系統(tǒng),比如高精度運(yùn)動(dòng)控制的實(shí)現(xiàn)。低噪音、節(jié)能、清潔、高硬度、抗沖擊、壽命長、操作簡單和維護(hù)。伺服油缸可以無故障糟糕的環(huán)境下,可以達(dá)到IP66保護(hù)等級(jí)。工作很長一段時(shí)間,實(shí)現(xiàn)高強(qiáng)度、高速度、高精度定位,運(yùn)動(dòng)平穩(wěn),噪音低。所以它可以廣泛應(yīng)用于造紙工業(yè)、化學(xué)工業(yè)、汽車工業(yè)、電子工業(yè)、機(jī)械自動(dòng)化行業(yè)、焊接等行業(yè)。4低成本維護(hù)伺服油缸工作復(fù)雜環(huán)境下只需要普通潤滑脂注入,沒有需要維護(hù)部分,比液壓系統(tǒng)、氣動(dòng)系統(tǒng)更換,減少大量的售后服務(wù)成本。最好的選擇:液壓缸缸伺服油缸液壓缸和氣缸完全可以替代,更環(huán)保,更節(jié)能,并實(shí)現(xiàn)環(huán)境清潔,容易連接到PLC控制系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn),比如高精密運(yùn)動(dòng)控制。配置的靈活性:可以提供靈活的安裝配置,全方位的安裝組件:安裝前法蘭,法蘭,法蘭,后方的耳軸安裝、指導(dǎo)模塊,等等,可以安裝與線性伺服電機(jī),或平行安裝,可以添加各種各樣的配飾:限位開關(guān),行星減速器,堅(jiān)果,等等,司機(jī)可以選擇交流制動(dòng)電機(jī),直流電機(jī),步進(jìn)電機(jī),伺服電機(jī)。普通溢流閥和比例溢流閥,閥芯,閥芯的液壓油的壓力,另一方面是機(jī)械力。普通的溢流閥通過調(diào)整彈簧力,調(diào)整液壓。和比例溢流閥電磁鐵直接產(chǎn)生推力,影響閥芯,電磁鐵的輸入電壓可以改變0至24 v,推力產(chǎn)生的變化,連續(xù)變化的液壓。5因?yàn)楸壤姶盆F推力不大,所以直接代理比例溢流閥流量很小,是70兆帕的壓力,流量只有1升/分鐘。需要大流量比例閥導(dǎo)向閥,比例閥做以下的內(nèi)徑溢流閥。蓄能器蓄能器蓄能器工作原理蓄能器工作原理6 液壓油是不可壓縮液體液壓油是不可壓縮液體,因此它是不可能積累的壓力可因此它是不可能積累的壓力可以使用液壓油以使用液壓油,必須依靠其他媒體來變換必須依靠其他媒體來變換,儲(chǔ)層壓力。例如儲(chǔ)層壓力。例如,利用氣體利用氣體(氮?dú)獾獨(dú)?開發(fā)的可壓縮特性包式空氣蓄電池設(shè)備的開發(fā)的可壓縮特性包式空氣蓄電池設(shè)備的液壓油箱。皮囊式蓄能器由石油和天然氣中的組件與氣體液壓油箱。皮囊式蓄能器由石油和天然氣中的組件與氣體密封部分密封部分,位于石油和周圍的皮膚油循環(huán)。壓力油進(jìn)入蓄位于石油和周圍的皮膚油循環(huán)。壓力油進(jìn)入蓄電池時(shí)電池時(shí),氣體被壓縮氣體被壓縮,系統(tǒng)管路壓力不再上升系統(tǒng)管路壓力不再上升;當(dāng)壓縮空氣當(dāng)壓縮空氣管路壓力降低通貨膨脹管路壓力降低通貨膨脹,液壓油會(huì)進(jìn)入電路液壓油會(huì)進(jìn)入電路,以減緩線路壓以減緩線路壓降。降。7伺服液壓缸機(jī)械部分設(shè)計(jì)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的技術(shù)指標(biāo)為了在一定頻率的交變載荷作用下,進(jìn)行液壓阻尼器的動(dòng)態(tài)性能試驗(yàn),測試液壓阻尼器在振動(dòng)狀態(tài)下的動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)特性,本試驗(yàn)臺(tái)須達(dá)到以下技術(shù)指標(biāo):1)振動(dòng)方向:水平雙向;2)最大動(dòng)態(tài)載荷:1000KN;3)工作頻率范圍:0133Hz;4)最大振幅:33Hz時(shí),3mm;5)液壓缸有效行程:25mm(活塞中位固定);6)試驗(yàn)波形:正弦波、三角波和方波;7)被測阻尼器最大質(zhì)量:750Kg;8)系統(tǒng)具有數(shù)據(jù)采集、存儲(chǔ)、查詢和打印等功能。供油的選擇是非常重要的,石油供應(yīng)的壓力,靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)參數(shù)的液壓動(dòng)力元件和液壓設(shè)備的大小,還與功率組件和負(fù)載匹配是否合理。選擇高石油供應(yīng)的壓力,輸出功率相同的情況下,可以減少液壓設(shè)備和管道的大小和質(zhì)量,使液壓削弱了系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,與空氣中的油混合體積彈性模量的影響,有利于改善系統(tǒng)速度,選擇低油壓,可以降低設(shè)備成本,有利于延長液壓系統(tǒng)和元件的壽命,泄漏的生活,低溫度、低噪音和易于維護(hù)。8 液壓缸內(nèi)徑D:320mm;活塞桿直徑d:200mm;活塞行程三:50mm。結(jié)合考慮試驗(yàn)臺(tái)液壓缸的安裝、連接、密封等情況,完成試驗(yàn)臺(tái)液壓缸的設(shè)計(jì)9THE ENDTHE END沈陽化工大學(xué)科亞學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)題 目: 動(dòng)靜態(tài)液壓試驗(yàn)臺(tái)液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 專 業(yè): 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 班 級(jí): 機(jī)制1203 學(xué)生姓名: 侯鵬程 指導(dǎo)教師: 王志成 論文提交日期: 年 月 日論文答辯日期: 年 月 日畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造 專業(yè) 1203班學(xué)生:侯鵬程畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目:動(dòng)靜態(tài)液壓試驗(yàn)臺(tái)液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)內(nèi)容: 針對(duì)液壓阻尼器的特性,設(shè)計(jì)同時(shí)滿足其靜態(tài)性能和動(dòng)態(tài)性能測試的試驗(yàn)臺(tái),要求最大輸出動(dòng)態(tài)力為200KN,頻率范圍0.0133Hz。設(shè)計(jì)液壓系統(tǒng)的原理圖;選擇液壓元件,主要包括電動(dòng)機(jī)、液壓泵、伺服閥、比例閥、電磁換向閥、單向閥等;對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行性能驗(yàn)算。 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)專題部分:液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢分析。液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的功能分析:包括靜態(tài)性能和動(dòng)態(tài)性能分析,建立液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的數(shù)學(xué)模型。擬定動(dòng)靜態(tài)液壓試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的液壓原理圖:包括油源回路,由比例閥控制的壓力回路、由電液伺服閥控制的動(dòng)靜態(tài)加載回路、卸荷回路等。選擇液壓元件:主要包括電液伺服閥和作動(dòng)器(伺服液壓缸),比例溢流閥,電磁換向閥,電磁單向閥,油箱,蓄能器等。液壓系統(tǒng)性能的驗(yàn)算:包括壓力損失計(jì)算,溫升計(jì)算,各壓力調(diào)節(jié)閥調(diào)節(jié)壓。伺服液壓缸機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)。液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖,液壓缸裝配圖檢查和完善。起止時(shí)間:2016/3/5到2016/5/28指導(dǎo)教師: 簽字 年 月 日摘要阻尼器是一種能夠吸收、衰減沖擊與振動(dòng)的控制裝置,隨著設(shè)計(jì)和制造技術(shù)的不斷提高,其應(yīng)用越來越廣泛鑒于阻尼器如此廣泛的使用,且其對(duì)系統(tǒng)的安全性起著至關(guān)重要的作用,必須確保阻尼器具備合格的性能指標(biāo)和制造質(zhì)量。因此,研制阻尼器振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)對(duì)測試阻尼器性能,保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量具有重要意義。本文調(diào)研了阻尼器振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,在分析了各類振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)性能特點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上,提出使用液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)檢測阻尼器的方法,并針對(duì)國內(nèi)外液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)研究中存在的不足,研究開發(fā)了一套具備高精度、大載荷、寬頻響等特點(diǎn)的百噸級(jí)液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)系統(tǒng),并完成了系統(tǒng)具體設(shè)計(jì)。對(duì)液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的系統(tǒng)原理進(jìn)行闡述,根據(jù)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的技術(shù)指標(biāo),對(duì)試驗(yàn)臺(tái) 液壓系統(tǒng)主要元件和試驗(yàn)臺(tái)機(jī)架進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),并針對(duì)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)中的技術(shù)難點(diǎn)進(jìn)行 分析。關(guān)鍵詞:阻尼器;液壓試驗(yàn)臺(tái);性能檢測;伺服控制AbstractDamper as an absorption and attenuation of shock and vibration control device, as the design and manufacturing technology The continuous improvement of operation, its application is more and more widely. In view of the damper is so widely used, and the system Security plays an important role, must ensure that the damping apparatus for manufacturing quality and qualified performance indicators. Therefore, the development to test the tester damper vibration damper performance, ensure the quality of products is of great significance. In this paper, the research of vibration damper test bench development present situation, the analysis of the various characteristics of vibration table Based on the analysis of using hydraulic method to detect damper vibration test rig, and in view of the hydraulic vibration test at home and abroad Test platform of the insufficiency in research, the research developed a high precision, large load, bandwidth, etc The tonnage hydraulic vibration test system, and completed the system design. On the system principle of hydraulic vibration test bench, according to the technical index of the test bench, main components and hydraulic system on test bench test bed frame design, and in view of the technical difficulties in the design of test bed are analyzed. Based on the above research results, the tonnage hydraulic vibration damper test rig is developed, and in jiangsu electric power Run the installation for co., LTD The damper test showed that this paper developed test rig, Load control accurate, reliable test data, fully meet the needs of enterprises on the damper performance test.Key words: damper; Hydraulic test bench; Performance testing; Servo control目 錄緒論1第一章 液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢分析21.1 國外液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀21.2阻尼器性能檢測方法4第二章 液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的功能分析71.1 液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)研制方案的提出71.2 本文的主要研究內(nèi)容81.3 論文組織架構(gòu)91.4液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的設(shè)計(jì)9第三章 擬定動(dòng)靜態(tài)液壓試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的液壓原理圖103.1 試驗(yàn)臺(tái)架功能和組成103.2 液壓系統(tǒng)103.3 效率問題103.4 動(dòng)靜態(tài)試驗(yàn)問題11第四章 選擇液壓元件134.1分類154.2 用途174.3分類功能17第五章 液壓系統(tǒng)性能的驗(yàn)算195.1 系統(tǒng)沖擊問題195.2 主機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)20第六章 伺服液壓缸機(jī)械部分設(shè)計(jì)236.1 試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的技術(shù)指標(biāo)236.2 供油壓力的選擇236.3 機(jī)架的設(shè)計(jì)說明27總結(jié)28參考文獻(xiàn)29致謝30沈陽化工大學(xué)科亞學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文 緒論緒論阻尼器是一種對(duì)速度反應(yīng)靈敏的振動(dòng)控制裝置,它能夠吸收、沖擊能量與衰減振動(dòng),減少結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)力反應(yīng),控制沖擊性的流體振動(dòng)(如主汽門快速關(guān)閉、安全閥排放、水錘、破管等沖擊激擾)和地震激擾的管系振動(dòng),主要適用于核電廠、火電廠、化工廠、鋼鐵廠等的管道及設(shè)備的減振。阻尼器是利用充滿液壓油的液壓缸,借助液壓缸內(nèi)活塞上的小孔來獲得阻 尼作用。其基本工作原理是,當(dāng)阻尼器的活塞受到外力沖擊時(shí),通過阻尼 控制閥和阻尼節(jié)流孔,在液壓缸兩腔產(chǎn)生壓力差,從而對(duì)外產(chǎn)生阻尼力, 該阻尼力的大小與負(fù)載速度有關(guān)。近年來,隨著阻尼器的設(shè)計(jì)和制造技術(shù)的不斷改進(jìn),各種各樣的測試和檢驗(yàn)阻尼器的測試技術(shù)的改進(jìn),應(yīng)用越來越廣泛。不僅現(xiàn)在,阻尼器應(yīng)用于重要軍事工程,并已大量應(yīng)用于土木工程。針對(duì)阻尼器的使用廣泛,系統(tǒng)安全起著至關(guān)重要的作用。因此,為了測試和保證阻尼器的技術(shù)性能指標(biāo)和產(chǎn)品制造質(zhì)量,必須建立相應(yīng)的阻尼器進(jìn)行測試系統(tǒng),阻尼性能測試和質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)。33沈陽化工大學(xué)科亞學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文 第一章 液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢分析第一章 液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢分析液壓振動(dòng)臺(tái)的殘余,長沖程,承載能力強(qiáng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn),阻尼器測試領(lǐng)域獲得了極其廣泛的應(yīng)用。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,計(jì)算機(jī)振動(dòng)臺(tái)可以預(yù)先設(shè)置參數(shù),如振幅、頻率、負(fù)載測試方法和起止時(shí)間等等。這使得液體壓力振動(dòng)臺(tái)具有更好的可操作性和較高的工作效率,成為最廣泛使用的阻尼器方法。國內(nèi)外對(duì)液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)進(jìn)行了廣泛而深入的研究,具體的研究接口紹如下:1.1 國外液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)在國外企業(yè)技術(shù)方面的研究和應(yīng)用起步較早,到20世紀(jì)九十年代初,國外試驗(yàn)臺(tái)行業(yè)幾大公司比較知名的,如美國的MTS、英國的Iasdn、德國的Shenck、日本島津等,已推出其代表性的數(shù)字控制試驗(yàn)臺(tái)系統(tǒng)。這些公司在其原有??丶夹g(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,采用了計(jì)算機(jī)控制與電液伺服相結(jié)合的技術(shù),提高了試驗(yàn)精度和增強(qiáng)了系統(tǒng)功能。目前,液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)生產(chǎn)主要以美國、英國和德國為主,另外日本島津制作所也有少量的產(chǎn)品f。美國的MTS公司作為世界上液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)生產(chǎn)、銷售量最大的廠商,其產(chǎn)品在技術(shù)和品種方面處于絕對(duì)的領(lǐng)先地位。MTS數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)TeSt star具有靈活的多參量控制補(bǔ)償功能,實(shí)現(xiàn)了P、I、D參數(shù)數(shù)字設(shè)定和對(duì)系統(tǒng)的非線性修正,配置靈活、適應(yīng)面廣,性能指標(biāo)很高。減小摩擦力方面,MTS公司采用的方式有:靜壓支撐、動(dòng)壓支撐、特殊噴涂技術(shù)等。伺服作動(dòng)器滑動(dòng)配合表面采用非金屬噴涂處理,實(shí)現(xiàn)了較小的阻尼。在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)產(chǎn)品上,MTS公司擁有全系列的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)產(chǎn)品。該公司生產(chǎn)的824系列液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)除有MTs通用的液壓伺服系統(tǒng)外還有諧振系統(tǒng),對(duì)試樣施加平均載荷,并以其固有頻率激勵(lì)質(zhì)量振動(dòng),以便提供和控制動(dòng)載荷。英國的Insaon公司的液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)有1300系列、8000系列和8500系列等。在8000系列中,原有的全部電子控制柜被一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)取代。所有的試驗(yàn)程序均錄于微型盒式磁帶上,通過按鍵指令的操作,可快速自動(dòng)完成整個(gè)試驗(yàn)過程。而8500系列可以連接計(jì)算機(jī),使用數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器和動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)自適應(yīng)控制,具有P、I、D參數(shù)數(shù)字設(shè)定和測量系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)調(diào)零,對(duì)材料試驗(yàn)全過程進(jìn)行32位全數(shù)字化閉環(huán)控制和高速數(shù)據(jù)采集。由于引入了各種功能附件及計(jì)算機(jī),其功能、可靠性、測試精度大大提高。但由于其量程小,價(jià)格昂貴,在國內(nèi)應(yīng)用較少嗍。德國的Schenck公司推出了諧振非諧振液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái),這種試驗(yàn)臺(tái)有雙作動(dòng)器和單作動(dòng)器兩種。其中750KN諧振非諧振液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)為四立柱雙作動(dòng)器。該試驗(yàn)臺(tái)有兩個(gè)伺服控制通道,一是在試樣上產(chǎn)生平均載荷,另一是以其固有頻率激勵(lì)彈簧質(zhì)量系統(tǒng),諧振狀態(tài)工作完全是自動(dòng)進(jìn)行的以諧振狀態(tài)工作時(shí),試驗(yàn)臺(tái)在諧振曲線的峰值工作,此時(shí)只需低功率便可在高頻率下獲得高試驗(yàn)負(fù)荷。伺服控制器的每個(gè)通道都有獨(dú)立的PID控制,具有最佳的伺服控制回路的響應(yīng)特性。國內(nèi)液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀國內(nèi)液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的研制起步較晚,技術(shù)儲(chǔ)備與研究水平落后于國外先進(jìn)企業(yè)。直至上世紀(jì)七十年代,長春試驗(yàn)機(jī)研究所以及甘肅天水紅山試驗(yàn)機(jī)廠研制出液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái),才邁出我國動(dòng)態(tài)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)研制的步伐。上世紀(jì)八十年代后期,國內(nèi)許多單位加強(qiáng)了相關(guān)方面的研究。如天津大學(xué)研制了PwS100A液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái),開發(fā)的預(yù)拉應(yīng)力橫梁央緊結(jié)構(gòu)、非金屬支撐高速作動(dòng)器、拉壓對(duì)稱循環(huán)的液壓強(qiáng)迫夾頭等多項(xiàng)技術(shù)屬國內(nèi)首創(chuàng)?,F(xiàn)已開發(fā)出lOKN。1000l(選擇法蘭接口,根據(jù)用戶的需求自由選擇。根據(jù)流體參數(shù)選擇電磁閥:材料、溫度組1)腐蝕性液體:宜選用耐腐蝕電磁閥,不銹鋼;超級(jí)清潔液:宜選用食品級(jí)不銹鋼材料電磁閥;2)高溫液體,應(yīng)選擇使用耐高溫的電氣電磁閥材料和密封材料,和選擇活塞結(jié)構(gòu)類型;3)流體狀態(tài):氣體,液體或混合狀態(tài),尤其是當(dāng)直徑大于DN25必須區(qū)分;4)流體的粘滯性:通常在50個(gè)春秋國旅可以任意選擇,如果超過這個(gè)值,應(yīng)該選擇高粘度電磁閥。根據(jù)參數(shù)選擇壓力電磁閥:品種的原理和結(jié)構(gòu)1)公稱壓力:這個(gè)參數(shù)的意義與其他通用閥是一樣的,是根據(jù)管道公稱壓力;2)工作壓力:如果低工作壓力必須選擇或一步一步的直接代理原則;最低工作壓力差連續(xù)超過0.04 Mpa,一步一步直接表演,指導(dǎo)類型都可以選擇。電氣選擇:電壓規(guī)格應(yīng)盡量優(yōu)先選用AC220V、DC24較為方便。根據(jù)持續(xù)工作時(shí)間長短來選擇:常閉、常開、或可持續(xù)通電1)當(dāng)電磁閥需要長時(shí)間開啟,并且持續(xù)的時(shí)間多于關(guān)閉的時(shí)間應(yīng)選 用常開型;2)要是開啟的時(shí)間短或開和關(guān)的時(shí)間不多時(shí),則選常閉型;3)但是有些用于安全保護(hù)的工況,如爐、窯火焰監(jiān)測,則不能選常開的,應(yīng)選可長期通電型。根據(jù)環(huán)境要求選擇輔助功能:防爆、止回、手動(dòng)、防水霧、水淋、潛水。工作原理:電磁閥封閉空腔,打開一個(gè)孔在不同的位置,每個(gè)孔連接不同的油管,腔中間是活塞,兩邊是兩個(gè)電磁鐵,將吸引磁鐵線圈電身體哪邊,通過控制閥體的移動(dòng)來打開或關(guān)閉不同放電的油孔、油孔永遠(yuǎn)是敞開的,液壓油就會(huì)進(jìn)入不同4.的排油管,然后通過油的壓力來推動(dòng)油缸的活塞,活塞推動(dòng)活塞桿,活塞桿驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)制。這個(gè)流的電力通過控制電磁鐵斷層控制了機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)。電磁單向閥:只有一個(gè)方向氣流,不能反向流動(dòng)的方向控制閥門。它的工作原理和液壓單向閥。壓縮空氣從入口,克服彈簧力和摩擦力使單向閥口打開,單向閥應(yīng)用于不允許空氣流通,如空氣壓縮機(jī),膨脹水箱,水箱和安裝一個(gè)止回閥之間的空氣壓縮機(jī),壓縮機(jī)停止工作時(shí),可以防止壓縮空氣罐回空氣壓縮機(jī)。止回閥通常是結(jié)合節(jié)流閥,順序閥用單向節(jié)流閥,單向順序閥更換。蓄能器:工作原理:液壓油是不可壓縮液體,因此它是不可能積累的壓力可以使用液壓油,必須依靠其他媒體來變換,儲(chǔ)層壓力。例如,利用氣體(氮?dú)?開發(fā)的可壓縮特性包式空氣蓄電池設(shè)備的液壓油箱。皮囊式蓄能器由石油和天然氣中的組件與氣體密封部分,位于石油和周圍的皮膚油循環(huán)。壓力油進(jìn)入蓄電池時(shí),氣體被壓縮,系統(tǒng)管路壓力不再上升;當(dāng)壓縮空氣管路壓力降低通貨膨脹,液壓油會(huì)進(jìn)入電路,以減緩線路壓降。4.1分類彈簧式這取決于壓縮彈簧液壓系統(tǒng)壓力過??梢赞D(zhuǎn)化為彈簧勢能存儲(chǔ),在必要的時(shí)候。其結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,成本低。但是因?yàn)閺椈缮炜s的數(shù)量有限和規(guī)模擴(kuò)張壓力的變化不敏感,消振功能差,所以只適合小容量和低壓系統(tǒng)(1.0 1.2 MPa P),或用作緩沖裝置?;钊剿ㄟ^提高密封活塞上的負(fù)載質(zhì)量塊的液壓系統(tǒng)的壓力能轉(zhuǎn)化為重力勢能積蓄。其結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、穩(wěn)定的壓力。缺陷設(shè)置限制,只有垂直安裝,不容易密封,慣性大,質(zhì)量不敏感。這種類型的蓄能器僅供臨時(shí)使用。圖4.1活塞式蓄能器這兩個(gè)蓄電池因?yàn)槠渚窒扌允呛苌偈褂?。但值得注意的?一些研究從經(jīng)濟(jì)的觀點(diǎn)在兩個(gè)蓄電池的結(jié)構(gòu)做新的東西,在某種程度上,克服其缺點(diǎn)。如國內(nèi)工廠改進(jìn)的彈簧式蓄能器的結(jié)構(gòu)。(如圖2所示,增加彈簧直徑大于液壓室直徑),合格的春天之旅(將彈簧最大負(fù)載限制在容許極限載荷)方法提高了工作壓力,和蓄電池的容量,降低成本。圖4.2外彈簧式蓄能器氣體式它以波義爾定律(PVn=K=常數(shù))為基礎(chǔ),通過壓縮氣體完成能量轉(zhuǎn)化,使用時(shí)首先向蓄能器充入預(yù)定壓力的氣體。當(dāng)系統(tǒng)壓力超過蓄能器內(nèi)部壓力時(shí),油液壓縮氣體,將油液中的壓力轉(zhuǎn)化為氣體內(nèi)能;當(dāng)系統(tǒng)壓力低于蓄能器內(nèi)部壓力時(shí),蓄能器中的油在高壓氣體的作用下流向外部系統(tǒng),釋放能量。選擇適當(dāng)?shù)某錃鈮毫κ沁@種蓄能器的關(guān)鍵。這類蓄能器按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為管路消振器、氣液直接接觸式、活塞式、隔膜式、氣囊式等。4.2 用途有兩種類型的蓄電池。(1)當(dāng)?shù)退龠\(yùn)動(dòng)負(fù)載流量小于液壓泵流量、液壓泵冗余流量累加器,當(dāng)負(fù)載流量大于液壓泵流量的需求,從蓄電池集流體,以彌補(bǔ)短缺的液壓泵的流量。(2)當(dāng)停機(jī),但仍需要保持一定的壓力,能阻止泄漏的液壓泵和蓄電池的補(bǔ)償系統(tǒng),為了保證系統(tǒng)的壓力。蓄電池也可以用來吸收壓力脈動(dòng)的液壓泵或吸收液壓沖擊壓力系統(tǒng)。蓄電池可以使用壓縮氣體的壓力,重錘或彈簧生產(chǎn),因此蓄電池分為氣體類型、錘式和彈簧。氣體和液體氣體蓄電池直接接觸,稱為接觸,其結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,容量大,但容易在氣液混合,通常用于液壓機(jī)。氣體和液體接觸不叫隔離類型,常用的皮和隔膜隔離,皮的大量的體積變化,隔膜體積變化量很小,通常用于吸收壓力脈動(dòng)。重錘式容量較大,常用于軋機(jī)等系統(tǒng),能源存儲(chǔ)。4.3分類功能蓄能器的種類主要分為:彈簧式和充氣式。蓄能器的功用(1)短期大量供油(2)系統(tǒng)保壓(3)應(yīng)急能源(4)緩和沖擊壓力(5)吸收脈動(dòng)壓力蓄能器的功能主要分為存儲(chǔ)能量、吸收液壓沖擊、消除脈動(dòng)和回收能量四大類。第一類:儲(chǔ)存能量。這種功能在實(shí)際使用,可以分為:1)作為輔助電源,減少裝機(jī)容量;(2)補(bǔ)償泄漏;(3)熱膨脹補(bǔ)償;(4)對(duì)應(yīng)急電源;(5)恒壓油源。第二類:吸收液壓沖擊。換向閥換向突然突然停止,執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)將在液壓系統(tǒng)沖擊壓力,系統(tǒng)壓力在短時(shí)間內(nèi)迅速增加,造成儀器的損壞,組件和密封裝置,并產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)和噪聲。為了確保吸收的影響,蓄電池應(yīng)設(shè)置在碰撞點(diǎn)附近,所以蓄電池通常是安裝在控制閥和液壓缸的影響源之前,是一個(gè)很好的方式來吸收和緩沖液壓沖擊。第三類:消除脈動(dòng),降低噪音。柱塞泵和液壓系統(tǒng),少量的柱塞泵流量周期變化使系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)??梢蕴峁┬铍姵?大量吸收脈動(dòng)壓力和流量的能量,在流量脈動(dòng)的一個(gè)周期。瞬時(shí)流量高于平均的一部分石油被蓄能器吸收,低于平均流量的一部分蓄電池,它吸收的能量脈沖,降低紋波,減少損傷敏感的儀器和設(shè)備常規(guī)精液。第四類:回收能量。與回收能源蓄電池是目前更多的研究領(lǐng)域。能量回收可以提高能源的利用率是節(jié)能的重要途徑。蓄電池可以儲(chǔ)存能量,因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)結(jié)束,所以可以用來回收多種功能,位置勢能。該領(lǐng)域的主要研究有:(1)回收車輛制動(dòng)能量;(2)回收工程機(jī)械動(dòng)臂機(jī)構(gòu)的人;(3)復(fù)蘇的液壓挖掘機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)制動(dòng)能量;(4)回收石油修井機(jī)和鉆機(jī)的下落的重力勢能;(5)回收電梯向下的重力勢能。沈陽化工大學(xué)科亞學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文 第五章 液壓系統(tǒng)性能的驗(yàn)算第五章 液壓系統(tǒng)性能的驗(yàn)算5.1 系統(tǒng)沖擊問題系統(tǒng)在動(dòng)態(tài)試驗(yàn)的過程中 ,從蓄能器和泵源獲 得的峰值流量為 1 704 L /min,如果按此指標(biāo)來設(shè)計(jì) 整個(gè)系統(tǒng) ,顯然不經(jīng)濟(jì)也沒有必要。但如果僅僅按照 油泵的流量來選擇管道、過濾器和冷卻器等 ,則峰值 流量將會(huì)對(duì)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生沖擊和破壞。為此 ,在系統(tǒng)的回 油路增設(shè)了蓄能器組。 蓄能器組的最高工作壓力為 回油路管道和元件能耐受的最高壓力。設(shè)冷卻器進(jìn)油管通徑為 50 mm ,油流速度按 2 m /s計(jì)算 ,則 5 s內(nèi)通過的流量為 19. 6 L,作動(dòng)器在 5 s內(nèi)排出的最大流量為V =1704 0. 64 /60 5 =90. 88 (5-1)需要蓄能器的有效容積為V = 90. 88 - 19. 6=71. 28 (5-2)選用氣囊式折合型蓄能器。 出口的壓力不超過0. 63 M Pa,即蓄能器的最高工作壓力為 P1 = 0. 63 M Pa,最低工作壓力為油液回油過程中克服管道、冷 卻器、過濾器等需要的壓力 ,其中過濾器的阻力為最 主要的部分 ,取 P3= 0. 35 M Pa,則蓄能器充氣壓力為:P1=(0.80.85)P3=0.28*106 (5-3)則蓄能器的總?cè)莘e為: = (5-4)選取 3個(gè)容積為 100 L的蓄能器可以滿足要求。 這樣可以避免回油管路中流量過大而造成的對(duì)低壓 元器件的破壞。5.2 主機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)主機(jī)安裝阻尼器和測試樣本,結(jié)構(gòu)原理如圖2所示。主機(jī)為臥式結(jié)構(gòu),主要部件包括前軸承、軸承、移動(dòng)橫梁后,指導(dǎo)的帖子,和夾緊缸體執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu),等。試驗(yàn)過程中,阻尼器安裝在連接法蘭之間。在前軸承、軸承、橫梁、導(dǎo)柱,形成一個(gè)剛性的盒子。阻尼力等于框架的內(nèi)力,兩個(gè)指南列和橫梁前后軸承,軸承是主要的承載部件,因此,變形很容易控制,低要求的平臺(tái)和基礎(chǔ)。阻尼器的自尊的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)承擔(dān)。通過磁位移傳感器位移測量,內(nèi)置的致動(dòng)器的活塞。輪輻式負(fù)荷傳感器,安裝阻尼器和梁之間。執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)由伺服閥控制。伺服閥和閥塊安裝在傳動(dòng)裝置上,以減少連接的閥門和執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)之間的距離,提高頻率響應(yīng)。圖5.1試驗(yàn)臺(tái)主機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)原理圖主機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì),以確保足夠的剛度,有利于提高測試精度。同時(shí),主機(jī)系統(tǒng)的固有頻率,以避免工作頻率,以免引起共鳴。這些是主機(jī)的總體設(shè)計(jì)需要注意的問題。在主人面前,軸承,軸承將固定的驅(qū)動(dòng)器,梁可以沿導(dǎo)柱滑動(dòng),并根據(jù)需要調(diào)整測試空間。調(diào)整位置后,依靠液壓夾緊裝置將梁和柱是固定的。與普通螺母固定方式相比,液壓夾緊空間調(diào)整更方便,導(dǎo)柱兩光束同時(shí),消除預(yù)應(yīng)力安裝時(shí)無需添加線程間隙。液壓夾緊可靠,不是由于選擇高工作壓力和過度的夾緊缸和浪費(fèi)資源,液壓夾緊裝置的合理設(shè)計(jì)是至關(guān)重要的。橫梁與導(dǎo)向柱的夾緊過程如圖 3所示 ,圖 3( a) 為初始狀態(tài) ,假設(shè)導(dǎo)向柱正好在孔的中心。當(dāng)橫梁受到夾緊力 P 的作用后 ,橫梁產(chǎn)生懸臂 梁變形 ,最先變形的是橫梁最薄弱的位置 ,即沿孔的 中心縱向截面處。 夾緊的第一步是橫梁和導(dǎo)向柱兩 點(diǎn)接觸 ,如圖 3( b)所示。由于導(dǎo)向柱的一端基本處于自由狀態(tài) ,在夾緊 力的進(jìn)一步作用下 ,立柱被推向右端 ,最終近似為圖 3( c)所示的 3點(diǎn)夾持狀態(tài)。 此時(shí)導(dǎo)向柱的受力狀況 如圖 3( d)所示。橫梁受到的力與圖 3( d)所示的力方 向相反。選取夾緊缸的直徑為 D,活塞桿的直徑為 d ,則夾緊缸產(chǎn)生的夾緊力為 F = ( D2 - d2 ) (5-5)選擇橫梁與導(dǎo)向柱之間的最大配合間隙為 y。 在橫梁與導(dǎo)向柱處于夾緊狀態(tài) (如圖 3( c) )時(shí) ,沿作 用力 P 的方向橫梁的變形量約為 2y ,此變形量需要消耗一部分夾緊力 Ft ,根據(jù) 2y= 可計(jì)算得到 Ft ,其中: I 為橫梁的極慣性矩 ,則作用在導(dǎo)向柱上的力 為 P= F- Ft。對(duì)橫梁的最先變形點(diǎn) B 取力矩 ,可得 MB =0 Pl = (5-6)則每個(gè)立柱每側(cè)的正壓力 N =p (5-7)夾緊力為橫梁與導(dǎo)向柱產(chǎn)生的摩擦力為 Ff = 2Ff= 2_ N (5-8)其中: _ 為橫梁與導(dǎo)向柱間的摩擦系數(shù)。 根據(jù)此計(jì)算方法 ,液壓夾緊裝置選擇每側(cè) 3個(gè) 夾緊缸 ,每個(gè)夾緊缸產(chǎn)生的夾緊力為 0. 46 106 N , 則兩根導(dǎo)向柱產(chǎn)生的夾緊力為 F = 6 Ff =2. 22 106 =2 220 kN (5-9)取摩擦系數(shù)為 0. 1,則橫梁與導(dǎo)向柱之間的摩擦 力為 2 220 kN ,可以滿足 1 000 kN 試驗(yàn)力的要求 (安 全系數(shù)為 2. 22)。圖5.2夾緊過程示意圖沈陽化工大學(xué)科亞學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文 第六章 伺服液壓缸機(jī)械部分設(shè)計(jì) 第六章 伺服液壓缸機(jī)械部分設(shè)計(jì)6.1 試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的技術(shù)指標(biāo)為了在一定頻率的交變載荷作用下,進(jìn)行液壓阻尼器的動(dòng)態(tài)性能試驗(yàn),測試液壓阻尼器在振動(dòng)狀態(tài)下的動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)特性,本試驗(yàn)臺(tái)須達(dá)到以下技術(shù)指標(biāo): 1)振動(dòng)方向:水平雙向;2)最大動(dòng)態(tài)載荷:1000KN;3)工作頻率范圍:0133Hz;4)最大振幅:33Hz時(shí),3mm;5)液壓缸有效行程:25mm(活塞中位固定);6)試驗(yàn)波形:正弦波、三角波和方波;7)被測阻尼器最大質(zhì)量:750Kg;8)系統(tǒng)具有數(shù)據(jù)采集、存儲(chǔ)、查詢和打印等功能。6.2 供油壓力的選擇供油的選擇是非常重要的,石油供應(yīng)的壓力,靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)參數(shù)的液壓動(dòng)力元件和液壓設(shè)備的大小,還與功率組件和負(fù)載匹配是否合理。選擇高石油供應(yīng)的壓力,輸出功率相同的情況下,可以減少液壓設(shè)備和管道的大小和質(zhì)量,使液壓削弱了系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,與空氣中的油混合體積彈性模量的影響,有利于改善系統(tǒng)速度,選擇低油壓,可以降低設(shè)備成本,有利于延長液壓系統(tǒng)和元件的壽命,泄漏的生活,低溫度、低噪音和易于維護(hù)。液壓系統(tǒng)的供油壓力與液壓設(shè)備的工作環(huán)境、精度要求等有關(guān),常用的液壓系統(tǒng)供油壓力推薦如表6.1所示表6.1各類液壓常用的供油壓力根據(jù)本液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的具體工作情況,參考現(xiàn)有同類試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的供油壓力,選擇供油壓力B=3lMPa。液壓缸主要參數(shù)的確定 液壓缸是試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的執(zhí)行元件,負(fù)責(zé)輸出位移、力、速度等運(yùn)動(dòng)參量。液壓缸的設(shè)計(jì)在滿足動(dòng)態(tài)出力、位移行程要求的基礎(chǔ)上,還要考慮液壓動(dòng)力源的設(shè)計(jì)、伺服閥的匹配等系統(tǒng)因素,以及解決液壓缸的安裝、連接、密封等具體問題。液壓缸按基本結(jié)構(gòu)可分為活塞缸(單桿活塞缸和雙桿活塞缸)、柱塞缸和擺動(dòng)缸(單葉片式和雙葉片式)。按作用方式可分為單作用和雙作用兩種,單作用缸是一個(gè)方向的運(yùn)動(dòng)靠液壓油驅(qū)動(dòng),反向運(yùn)動(dòng)必須靠外力(如彈簧或重力)來實(shí)現(xiàn);雙作用缸是兩個(gè)方向的運(yùn)動(dòng)均靠液壓油驅(qū)動(dòng)由于本試驗(yàn)臺(tái)提供水平雙向振動(dòng),水平兩方向須靠液壓油驅(qū)動(dòng),因而本試驗(yàn)臺(tái)采用雙活塞桿雙作用式液壓缸。接著對(duì)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)液壓缸進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。伺服閥輸出功率為最大值時(shí)的負(fù)載壓力最與供油壓力只的關(guān)系為:式(2-1)可以計(jì)算此時(shí)的負(fù)載壓力PL=21MPa上式中,F(xiàn)為最大動(dòng)態(tài)負(fù)載力。根據(jù)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的技術(shù)指標(biāo)可得,F(xiàn)=1000KN。經(jīng)由式(2-2)計(jì)算得 A=47619mm2??紤]到本試驗(yàn)臺(tái)振動(dòng)方向?yàn)樗诫p向,正負(fù)方向輸出的特性要求一致,因而采用雙作用雙桿液壓缸。按GB/T2348-1993液壓缸缸內(nèi)內(nèi)徑和活塞桿直徑系列的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)液壓缸內(nèi)徑D、活塞桿直徑d進(jìn)行圓整,確定液壓缸內(nèi)徑D=320mm,活塞桿直徑d=200mm。這樣液壓缸的實(shí)際作用面積為: A=(D2-d2)/4(2.經(jīng)計(jì)算得液壓缸實(shí)際作用面積A=48984mm。由上可得,液壓缸主要參數(shù)為: 液壓缸內(nèi)徑D:320mm; 活塞桿直徑d:200mm; 活塞行程三:50mm。結(jié)合考慮試驗(yàn)臺(tái)液壓缸的安裝、連接、密封等情況,完成試驗(yàn)臺(tái)液壓缸的設(shè)計(jì),其結(jié)構(gòu)示意如下圖所示:圖6.2 伺服液壓缸裝配圖電液伺服閥選擇液壓振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的核心組件,既是電液轉(zhuǎn)換元素和功率放大器,試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的設(shè)計(jì)是很重要的。電液伺服閥的輸入微小電信號(hào)的大功率液壓壓力和流量的輸出。伺服閥試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的電氣與液壓系統(tǒng)可以連接的一部分,實(shí)現(xiàn)電動(dòng)和液壓信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換和液壓執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)(活塞桿)控制。首先,根據(jù)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)的技術(shù)指標(biāo)計(jì)算活塞的最大速度Vmax“,其計(jì)算公式為: Vmax=APP=2AP=fP (6-1)式中,AP為頻率最大時(shí)的最大振幅,國P為頻率最大時(shí)的角速度,為試驗(yàn)最大頻率。本試驗(yàn)臺(tái)中,AP=3mm,fP=33Hz式(2-4)可得Vmax=622mm/s。其次,計(jì)算試驗(yàn)臺(tái)系統(tǒng)的最大負(fù)載流量Qmax,由此確定伺服閥的選型。最大負(fù)載流量級(jí)的計(jì)算如下: Qmax=Avmax (6-2)其中,液壓缸實(shí)際作用面積A=48984mm2,最大速度Vmax=622mm/s,計(jì)算得Qmax=1826L/min最后,根據(jù)最大負(fù)載流量Qmax。及系統(tǒng)供油壓力Ps,并參考美國MOOG公司的伺服閥技術(shù)資料,最終選定MOOG公司的D792-S99JR06VSA0-P型伺服閥。該閥的額定流量為1000Lmin、額定壓力為35MPa,結(jié)構(gòu)圖如圖23所示MOOG公司 D792 - S99JR06vSA0- P是一個(gè)兩級(jí)伺服閥,閥芯。閻套結(jié)構(gòu),主閥芯提供了一個(gè)線性位置閉環(huán)反饋控制。主要的燕在關(guān)閉位置四通閥的產(chǎn)出水平。導(dǎo)閥是機(jī)械反饋式兩級(jí)伺服閥,雙噴嘴擋板閥的流量控制。伺服閥將放大器和相關(guān)路集成到身體,使設(shè)計(jì)簡單,耐用,可以提供可靠和長期運(yùn)行順利??紤]到最大負(fù)載流Qmax = 1828升/分鐘,為了滿足交通系統(tǒng)的需求,測試臺(tái)上2臺(tái) D792 S99JR06VSA0 - P型伺服燕并行操作。提供線性的主閥閥芯閉環(huán)控制,通過伺服控制器的信號(hào)設(shè)置函數(shù)修正階段兩個(gè)伺服閥操作,確保兩個(gè)閥高頻率的同步操作條件。液壓泵的選擇 液壓泵作為液壓系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)力元件,將原動(dòng)機(jī)(電動(dòng)機(jī)、柴油機(jī)等)輸入的機(jī)械能(轉(zhuǎn)矩和角速度)轉(zhuǎn)換為液壓能(壓力和流量)輸出,為系統(tǒng)的執(zhí)行元件提 供液壓油。因而液壓液壓控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì) 作為現(xiàn)代機(jī)械設(shè)備實(shí)現(xiàn)傳動(dòng)與控制的重要技術(shù)手段,液壓技術(shù)在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)各領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。與其他傳動(dòng)控制技術(shù)相比,液壓技術(shù)具有能量密度高配置靈活方便調(diào)速范圍大工作平穩(wěn)且快速性好易于控制并過載保護(hù)易于實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化和機(jī)電液一體化整合系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)制造和使用維護(hù)方便等多種顯著的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢,因而使其成為現(xiàn)代機(jī)械工程的基本技術(shù)構(gòu)成和現(xiàn)代控制工程的基本技術(shù)要素。 液壓鑿巖機(jī)是礦上機(jī)械的一種,作為開采礦山的主要設(shè)備,適用于各類礦石的開采。本文根據(jù)液壓鑿巖機(jī)的用途特點(diǎn)和要求,利用液壓傳動(dòng)的基本原理,擬定出合理的液壓系統(tǒng)圖,再經(jīng)過必要的計(jì)算來確定液壓系統(tǒng)的參數(shù),然后按照這些參數(shù)來選用液壓元件的規(guī)格和進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。液壓鑿巖機(jī)的液壓系統(tǒng)呈長方形布置,外形新穎美觀,動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)采用液壓系統(tǒng),結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、緊湊、動(dòng)作靈敏可靠。該機(jī)并設(shè)有腳踏開關(guān),可實(shí)現(xiàn)半自動(dòng)工藝動(dòng)作的循環(huán)。液壓傳動(dòng)和氣壓傳動(dòng)稱為流體傳動(dòng),是根據(jù)17世紀(jì)帕斯卡提出的液體靜壓力傳動(dòng)原理而發(fā)展起來的一門新興技術(shù),是工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中廣為應(yīng)用的一門技術(shù)。如今,流體傳動(dòng)技術(shù)水平的高低已成為一個(gè)國家工業(yè)發(fā)展水平的重要標(biāo)志。第一個(gè)使用液壓原理的是1795年英國約瑟夫布拉曼(JosephBram,以水壓機(jī)的形式將其應(yīng)用于工業(yè)上,誕生了世界上第一臺(tái)水壓機(jī)。1905年他又將工作介質(zhì)水改為油,進(jìn)一步得到改善。我國的液壓工業(yè)開始于20世紀(jì)50年代,液壓元件最初應(yīng)用于機(jī)床和鍛壓設(shè)備。60年代獲得較大發(fā)展,已滲透到各個(gè)工業(yè)部門,在機(jī)床、工程機(jī)械、冶金、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械、汽車、船舶、航空、石油以及軍工等工業(yè)中都得到了普遍的應(yīng)用。當(dāng)前液壓技術(shù)正向高壓、高速、大功率、高效率、低噪聲、低能耗、長壽命、高度集成化等方向發(fā)展。同時(shí),新元件的應(yīng)用、系統(tǒng)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算機(jī)仿真和優(yōu)化、微機(jī)控制等工作,也取得了顯著成果。目前,我國的液壓件已從低壓到高壓形成系列,并生產(chǎn)出許多新型元件,如插裝式錐閥、電液比例閥、電液伺服閥、電業(yè)數(shù)字控制閥等。我國機(jī)械工業(yè)在認(rèn)真消化、推廣國外引進(jìn)的先進(jìn)液壓技術(shù)的同時(shí),大力研制、開發(fā)國產(chǎn)液壓件新產(chǎn)品,加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量可靠性和新技術(shù)應(yīng)用的研究,積極采用國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn),合理調(diào)整產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu),對(duì)一些性能差而且不符合國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的液壓件產(chǎn)品,采用逐步淘汰的措施。由此可見,隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展,液壓技術(shù)將獲得進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,在各種機(jī)械設(shè)備上的應(yīng)用將更加廣泛。本機(jī)器適用于各種各樣礦山的開采等,本機(jī)器具有獨(dú)立的動(dòng)力機(jī)構(gòu)和電氣系統(tǒng)。采用按鈕集中控制,可實(shí)現(xiàn)調(diào)整、手動(dòng)及半自動(dòng)三種操作方式。 19世紀(jì)問世以來發(fā)展很快,液壓機(jī)在工作中的廣泛適應(yīng)性,使其在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)各部門獲得了廣泛的應(yīng)用。由于液壓機(jī)的液壓系統(tǒng)和整機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)方面,已經(jīng)比較成熟,目前國內(nèi)外液壓機(jī)的發(fā)展不僅體現(xiàn)在控制系統(tǒng)方面,也主要表現(xiàn)在高速化、高效化、低能耗;機(jī)電液一體化,以充分合理利用機(jī)械和電子的先進(jìn)技術(shù)促進(jìn)整個(gè)液壓系統(tǒng)的完善;自動(dòng)化、智能化,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)系統(tǒng)的自動(dòng)診斷和調(diào)整,具有故障預(yù)處理功能;液壓元件集成化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,以有效防止泄露和污染等四個(gè)方面。作為液壓機(jī)兩大組成部分的主機(jī)和液壓系統(tǒng),由于技術(shù)發(fā)展趨于成熟,國無較大差距,主要差別在于加工工藝和安裝方面。良好的工藝使機(jī)器在過濾、冷卻及防止沖擊和振動(dòng)方面,有較明顯改善。在油路結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)方面,國內(nèi)外液壓機(jī)都趨向于集成化、封閉式設(shè)計(jì),插裝閥、疊加閥和復(fù)合化元件及系統(tǒng)在液壓系統(tǒng)中得到較廣泛的應(yīng)用。特別是集成塊可以進(jìn)行專業(yè)化的生產(chǎn),其質(zhì)量好、性能可靠而且設(shè)計(jì)的周期也比較短。近年來在集成塊基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的新型液壓元件組成的回路也有其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)點(diǎn),不需要另外的連接件其結(jié)構(gòu)更為緊湊,體積也相對(duì)更小,重量也更輕無需管件連接,從而消除了因油管、接頭引起的泄漏、振動(dòng)和噪聲。邏輯插裝閥具有體積小、重量輕、密封性能好、功率損失小、動(dòng)作速度快、易于集成的從70年代初期開始出現(xiàn),至今已得到了很快的發(fā)展。我國從液壓機(jī)具有點(diǎn)動(dòng)、手動(dòng)和半自動(dòng)等工作方式,操作方便;The design of hydraulic control system Beijing Institute of Aviation Technology Liu xin Ya introduced a concurrent engineering, agile manufacturing and sophisticated production, and other advanced manufacturing technology and the characteristics of the development of machine tools in the portfolio of applications, how to deepen and extend the application of specific measures.In the machine tool industry, with the social demands of the continuous improvement of products, along with the growing competition in the market to meet user requirements, including the improvement of product quality, shorten production cycles, reduce costs, improve service and win market has become a breakthrough. In order to achieve this goal and win market, it should be the introduction of modern and advanced manufacturing technology: concurrent engineering, agile manufacturing and sophisticated production, in order to promote the development of combination machine.Concurrent Engineering is also known as concurrent engineering, integrated, parallel to optimize product design and its related processes (including manufacturing and support) system approach, which guide the product development staff began to consider a product from concept to design to the demise of throughout the life cycle of all the factors, including quality, cost, programming and user needs.Concurrent Engineering is the first to shorten product development cycles as a means to develop. Products will be characterized by the development, production engineering involved in the acts broken down into a series of tasks, such as market analysis, design, process design, production plans and equipment purchases, processing, quality assurance, testing and after sales service. These sub-tasks as far as possible and consider synchronous parallel to achieve improved design to shorten the cycle and improve quality, reduce costs, optimize the design purpose. It stressed that integrated, coordinated and parallel, namely: (1) management, design, production, and service of all project-related personnel and product information integration as a whole, and stressed that all relevant departments and the interests of the overall goal line (2) to the establishment of a competent and reasonable charge of the project personnel structure of the working group coordinated management model, by the Working Group in the ministries responsible for project elements, and the promotion of the coordination of tasks, (3) parallel processing stages of the work. According to the project in the different tasks of the linkages between the different ministries mandate of the elements of the work process can be completely overlap or duplication. In accordance with these principles, formulate a reasonable, and optimize the work plan, and the location in which the necessary settings assessment, the Working Group by the project implementation so that all sub-tasks in parallel, to move forward in an orderly manner, so as to ensure the smooth implementation of the whole project .According to the traditional methods of work, the work of the various stages in a row serial. In such a product development approach, divorced from each other at various stages, are not related, resulting in increased design error, and difficult to discover such a design rework, to lengthen the development cycle, adding to the costs.Parallel working methods used, the process will be integrated with parallel consideration, the work can be carried out duplication. Problems can be promptly coordinate the changes so that the follow-up stage left to increase the difficulty of correction And costs. Thus, the application of concurrent engineering can significantly shorten the product development cycle, reduce costs, it is suitable for the development of professional portfolio machine.Concurrent engineering methods will be applied to product development, the effect was very significant. March 1997, Beijing Institute of Aviation Technology with a motorcycle design and manufacturing plants to sign the 6-crank machine project contract for delivery end of the year, and the requirements of machine tools in the past quite different. In the project using a concurrent engineering approach, in parallel, cross-operation , greatly reducing the design, manufacture period, the successful completion of the tasks.Parallel development of the combination of machine specific methods are:(1) the establishment of a multi-composed of professionals to develop working groups. By the Working Group of the specific part of the implementation of the project, members of the Working Group in collaboration division of duties, timely and coordinated in order to achieve optimization of the design. Such as a machine tool demand in the clamping fixture parts to the process of floating, if separate consideration from the mechanical structure to meet this requirement more difficult, complex structure of the fixture. Later, with the hydraulic design of electrical control and coordinate, control procedures proposed amendments to change the order clamping action, adjusting the hydraulic pressure of solutions to meet the requirements of the clamping.(2) in the formulation of programmes, the signing of the contract stage, on the preliminary identified a number of standard components.(3) Multiple Multi-accreditation programme. Machine Tool Technology in determining the overall programme, key components in the overall design process, many times by the Solidworks committee to review the design plan, and put into production before the user in the design plan joint trials. Thus, from the design to take into account the beginning of a process design, tooling design, manufacturing, assembly and other downstream various stages of debugging problems that may arise, thus greatly reducing the number of design changes Rated meet user requirements, to achieve design best.(4) a design pre-release method. Machine overall plans in a formal drawing ago, has been released in stages set by the main structure and the major components of data, process design, tooling design can be carried out ahead of schedule. In the design of the machine tool to determine some components such as fixtures, tools such as the coordination of size, and at the same time began to design and tool fixture, and, also identified slider, mobile workstations and other components, these components have the choice as far as possible Standard components, in the design of its operation will be completed. And the overall design of the various components such as fixtures, and timely coordination between the tool, linked to changes in the size of each other timely coordination so that the size of other relevant drawings are promptly corrected.(5) components in the design of the processing cycle can be long specific parts such as folders, such as casting stereotypes as soon as possible to advancing the process design, production.(6) completion of the various components of a design, process design and ready to enter the production stage. Therefore, the various components of the parts is in the workshop, parallel processing.Adopt this approach, the Working Group 4 were used only four weeks time on the part of generic components such as the slider, mobile platforms and power first went into operation at the same time, the completion of the mechanical design of the machine and outsourcing of orders. Machine tool production process, the various components in the Beijing Institute of Aviation Technology Association, and several manufacturers at the same time. In the machine, installation and debugging, but also several machine at the same time, through these work, and machine tools for the timely delivery of valuable time.Agile manufacturing in the United States of the Caspian Sea, the 21st century manufacturing strategy in the report of a new manufacturing paradigm. After development, the United States lacocca Institute will be defined as: a company that is agile in the market for the unpredictable changes in the competitive environment in the development and prosperity of a capability, that is rapidly changing global market a rapid response capability, with the company computer network and the global production system, the market, competitors to link up in the high-quality, high-performance, low-cost, customer product configuration settings, such as user demand-driven market situation demonstrated a capability. Characterized by the flexible production technology, flexible organization management and professional skills of the staff have integrated into a coordinated, interconnected systems, in order to achieve the strategic goal of reunification, the same industry in different enterprises through joint infrastructure links, past life-and-death competition will become friendly and cooperative competition, thereby changing market faster response. Therefore, this technology is suitable for the development of professional portfolio machine.(1) promote the Agile first modular products, reflected in the composition of the machine is in the machine tool components and the standardization of serialization. Crankshaft Machine Tool in the development and design, can greatly shorten the design cycle, the application of concurrent engineering is a factor, large number of standard components, the application of common components is a key element.(2) In the Agile Manufacturing, must reflect the people and organizations is the most valuable asset. In the production of large quantities, people are always Solidworks solution as manufacture and sale of the crux of the problem, and in Agile Manufacturing, the best use of people is the key to solve the problem, technology is only a method or means. Therefore, the need for the Project Working Group organizational model advocated hard working, give full play to their initiative.Sophisticated production is the United States in the 1990s, Japans Toyota Motor Corporation summed up production management methods on the basis of summing up by the production. It stressed that by improving the production of enterprises in the management of the activities, including the efficiency of various activities and cost accounting, to achieve the fastest speed of response to the market, the lowest cost of production, the optimal product design to design and Manufacturing of products needed by the market. Its features are user-God, a people-centred, as a means to streamline, to zero defect goal.Can be seen from the above analysis, and advanced manufacturing technology in the Beijing Institute of Aviation Technology Portfolio machine has been developed in a number of applications, but still need to further deepen and extend the application. In later work, Should pay attention to the following aspects:(1) Working Group on the further implementation of the project model, a responsibility to the people, by the use of concurrent engineering group responsible for the completion of the way from the machine tool technology programme to design, manufacture, testing and delivery of the work of the staff at the same time strengthen the knowledge and skills training, keep track machine tool industry at home and abroad combination of the latest developments.(2) market changes and the development of pre-study plan at the same time maintain close ties with users, users who regularly visit provides its users with quality after-sales service, and equipment operation and understanding of user needs, in order to improve the design.(3) high-quality products to win customers. Machine Tool in the development portfolio, in addition to enhancing the sense of quality, the new technology, the application of new technology in the market is also an important means. Now users generally require machine efficiency, flexibility, and adapt to small quantities and variety of processing. Portfolio Tool to enhance the efficiency of production and increase in the design should be cutting speed, the use of advanced tools, centralized processing consider three aspects.(4) attention to the development of products can be reconstructed so as to achieve the structure of modular machine. In the design, the use of group technology, and promote common machine combination of the development and application of functional modules, can be flexible coordinates NC unit model.(5) the application of agile manufacturing technology, the establishment of an effective Union dynamic virtual forms of cooperation. Further strengthen and outsourcing of production plants and factories, HS cooperation. Make full use of existing community technology, information equipment and personnel resources, strong - strong alliance, complementary advantages, the use of the virtual company model to expand our production capacity.(6) In combination with the design of machine tools to further promote the production of computer and information network technology applications. Promote the application of technology, the realization of a map designed to establish works Design environment.(7) to further strengthen Solidworks cooperation and exchanges and enhance my portfolio in the machine tool industry and the status of visibility, at the same time actively explore new markets and customers. Efforts should be made to explore the international market, such as the Toyota Motor Co., Japans exports to the body of the cars engine of vertical machining deep hole biaxial deep hole drilling machine, I have a combination of machine to enter the international market and made a good start.12
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