自動(dòng)立體車庫PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)【三層十車位升降橫溢式自動(dòng)立體車庫】
自動(dòng)立體車庫PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)【三層十車位升降橫溢式自動(dòng)立體車庫】,三層十車位升降橫溢式自動(dòng)立體車庫,自動(dòng)立體車庫PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)【三層十車位升降橫溢式自動(dòng)立體車庫】,自動(dòng),立體車庫,plc,控制系統(tǒng),設(shè)計(jì),三層,10,車位,升降,橫溢
任 務(wù) 書
一、題目及專題：
1、題目 自動(dòng)立體車庫PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
2、專題
二、課題來源及選題依據(jù)
隨著我國城市經(jīng)濟(jì)和汽車工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展，擁有私家車的家庭越來越多，而與此相對應(yīng)的是城市停車狀況的尷尬。自動(dòng)立體車庫是專門實(shí)現(xiàn)各種車輛的自動(dòng)停放及科學(xué)寄存的倉儲(chǔ)設(shè)施。它可充分利用上地資源，發(fā)揮空間優(yōu)勢，最大限度地停放車輛，成為解決城市靜態(tài)交通問題的重要途徑。
近年來，我國許多大城市如北京、上海、深圳都開始大力發(fā)展自動(dòng)立體車庫產(chǎn)業(yè)。機(jī)械車庫與傳統(tǒng)的自然地下車庫相比，在許多方面都顯示出了無比的優(yōu)越性。
三、本設(shè)計(jì)（論文或其他）應(yīng)達(dá)到的要求：
① 了解自動(dòng)立體車庫的工作原理，以及最近十幾年來國內(nèi)外的研究狀況；
② 完成自動(dòng)立體車庫電氣控制系統(tǒng)整體設(shè)計(jì)；
③ 掌握PLC編程軟件；
④ 完成有關(guān)控制系統(tǒng)的主電路、控制電路及控制元?dú)饧倪x型設(shè)計(jì)；并完成PLC程序編制；
⑤ 完成自動(dòng)立體車庫PLC控制方案設(shè)計(jì)；
四、接受任務(wù)學(xué)生：
班 姓名
五、開始及完成日期：
自2012年11月12日 至2013年5月25日
六、設(shè)計(jì)（論文）指導(dǎo)（或顧問）：
指導(dǎo)教師 簽名
簽名
簽名
教研室主任
〔學(xué)科組組長研究所所長〕 簽名
系主任 簽名
2012年11月12日
無無錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院 2013 屆屆畢畢業(yè)業(yè)作作業(yè)業(yè)周周次次進(jìn)進(jìn)度度計(jì)計(jì)劃劃、檢檢查查落落實(shí)實(shí)表表 系別：信機(jī)系 班級(jí)：機(jī)械93 學(xué)生姓名：祁鵬 課題（設(shè)計(jì)）名稱：自動(dòng)立體車庫PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 開始日期：2012年11月12日周次起止日期工作計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度每周主要完成內(nèi)容1-32012年11月12日-2012年12月2日查閱相關(guān)資料，完成開題報(bào)告按照任務(wù)書要求查閱論文相關(guān)參考資料，填寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告書4-102012年12月3日-2013年1月20日指導(dǎo)專業(yè)實(shí)訓(xùn)，要求了解企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)入工廠實(shí)習(xí)，了解企業(yè)生產(chǎn)流程112013年2月11日-2月16日查找一篇與論文相關(guān)的學(xué)術(shù)性英文資料，要求是期刊論文查找一篇關(guān)于自動(dòng)立體車庫PLC控制系統(tǒng)的學(xué)術(shù)性英文資料122013年2月18日-2月23日嚴(yán)格按照要求翻譯英文資料，其中公式必須用公式編輯器輸入翻譯英文資料132013年3月4日-3月8日指導(dǎo)完成總體結(jié)構(gòu)方案設(shè)計(jì)選擇所要設(shè)計(jì)的自動(dòng)立體車庫架構(gòu)，確定PLC控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)方案，整理設(shè)計(jì)思路142013年3月4日-3月9日指導(dǎo)完成電機(jī)的選擇通過計(jì)算所需功率完成電機(jī)的選擇152013年3月11號(hào)-3月16日指導(dǎo)完成輸入輸出點(diǎn)分配完成輸入輸出點(diǎn)分配并繪制表格162013年3月18日-3月23日指導(dǎo)完成PLC選型完成PLC選型172013年3月25日-3月30日指導(dǎo)完成接線圖和流程圖完成接線圖和流程圖182013年4月1日-4月6日完成各個(gè)模塊梯形圖的繪制完成工作方式選擇模塊、自動(dòng)工作車位選擇模塊和復(fù)位模塊的梯形圖192013年4月8日-4月13日完成各個(gè)模塊梯形圖的繪制完成4、5、6號(hào)車位下降模塊和7、8、9、10號(hào)車位下降模塊的梯形圖202013年4月15日-4月20日完成各個(gè)模塊梯形圖的繪制完成手動(dòng)方式車位選擇模塊和手動(dòng)方式車位運(yùn)動(dòng)模塊的梯形圖212013年4月22日-4月27日指導(dǎo)說明書初稿寫作根據(jù)所下載的資料，構(gòu)思并開始寫說明書222013年4月29日-5月3日指導(dǎo)說明書二稿寫作、修改將整篇文章的脈絡(luò)、細(xì)節(jié)加以完善，用詞準(zhǔn)確，不出現(xiàn)病句等。232013年5月6日-5月10指導(dǎo)修改說明書并定稿說明書按照模板進(jìn)行修改242013年5月13日-5月18日說明書及相關(guān)資料、圖紙打印裝訂打印說明書和圖紙及相關(guān)資料252013年5月20日-5月25日指導(dǎo)學(xué)生整理資料，準(zhǔn)備答辯整理資料，并熟讀資料，做好充分準(zhǔn)備 說明：1、“工作計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度”、“指導(dǎo)教師意見并簽字”由指導(dǎo)教師填寫，“每周主要完成內(nèi)容”，“存在問題、改進(jìn)方法”由學(xué)生填寫。2、本表由各系妥善歸檔，保存?zhèn)洳椤４鏅n編碼：存在問題、改進(jìn)方法指導(dǎo)教師意見并簽字參考資料不太詳細(xì)，論文中相關(guān)的設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)比較分散，要將各論文中設(shè)計(jì)的部件整合起來一起研究分析雖然不是第一次進(jìn)入工廠實(shí)習(xí)，但是各方面任然都很欠缺，要增強(qiáng)動(dòng)手能力，加強(qiáng)熟悉工作流程學(xué)術(shù)性英文資料比較難找，大多是綜述性文章，要多加查閱翻譯中遇到很多專業(yè)術(shù)語，翻譯語句不通順，加強(qiáng)專業(yè)英語的練習(xí)，使語句通順設(shè)計(jì)思路不夠完善，存在漏洞，設(shè)定計(jì)劃計(jì)算的時(shí)候忽略了一些損耗，重復(fù)計(jì)算，把損耗考慮進(jìn)去對于各輸入輸出點(diǎn)關(guān)系不太清楚，要理清各點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系對各個(gè)PLC型號(hào)功能不了解，查閱資料，了解各個(gè)型號(hào)和功能畫法出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤，參考一些接線圖和流程圖對梯形圖的畫法已經(jīng)STEP 7的使用不夠熟練，多次使用，是自己對畫法和STEP 7更加熟練。對各章應(yīng)寫哪些內(nèi)容比較模糊，可根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)的圖紙，著重介紹個(gè)部件有很多細(xì)節(jié)錯(cuò)誤，將文章再復(fù)查一邊，避免出現(xiàn)語句上的和細(xì)節(jié)方面的錯(cuò)誤格式經(jīng)常出錯(cuò)，耐心修改，要熟練使用word各項(xiàng)功能論文格式嚴(yán)格按照學(xué)校的規(guī)范進(jìn)行修改,完善存在很多細(xì)節(jié)方面的錯(cuò)誤，應(yīng)認(rèn)真檢查并及時(shí)改正無無錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院 2013 屆屆畢畢業(yè)業(yè)作作業(yè)業(yè)周周次次進(jìn)進(jìn)度度計(jì)計(jì)劃劃、檢檢查查落落實(shí)實(shí)表表 系別：信機(jī)系 班級(jí)：機(jī)械93 學(xué)生姓名：祁鵬 課題（設(shè)計(jì)）名稱：自動(dòng)立體車庫PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 開始日期：2012年11月12日 說明：1、“工作計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度”、“指導(dǎo)教師意見并簽字”由指導(dǎo)教師填寫，“每周主要完成內(nèi)容”，“存在問題、改進(jìn)方法”由學(xué)生填寫。備 注 系別：信機(jī)系 班級(jí)：機(jī)械93 學(xué)生姓名：祁鵬 課題（設(shè)計(jì)）名稱：自動(dòng)立體車庫PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 開始日期：2012年11月12日 存檔編碼：編號(hào)
設(shè)計(jì)
相關(guān)資料
題目： 自動(dòng)立體車庫PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
系 專業(yè)
學(xué) 號(hào)：
學(xué)生姓名：
指導(dǎo)教師： （職稱：副教授 ）
2013年5月25日
目 錄
一、開題報(bào)告
二、外文資料翻譯及原文
三、計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度、檢查及落實(shí)表”
四、實(shí)習(xí)鑒定表
設(shè)計(jì)
開題報(bào)告
題目： 自動(dòng)立體車庫PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
系 專業(yè)
學(xué) 號(hào)：
學(xué)生姓名：
指導(dǎo)教師： （職稱：副教授 ）
2012年11月25日
課題來源
自擬題目
科學(xué)依據(jù)（包括課題的科學(xué)意義；國內(nèi)外研究概況、水平和發(fā)展趨勢；應(yīng)用前景等）
（1）課題科學(xué)意義
隨著城市規(guī)模越來越大，城市人口、車輛日漸增多，市區(qū)尤其是中心商業(yè)區(qū)“停車難”的問題已成為制約城市發(fā)展的一大難題。
立體車庫與傳統(tǒng)的自然地下車庫相比，在許多方面都顯示出優(yōu)越性。首先，立體車庫具有突出的節(jié)地優(yōu)勢。以往的地下車庫由于要留出足夠的行車通道，平均一輛車就要占據(jù)40平方米的面積，而如果采用雙層機(jī)械立體車庫，可使地面的使用率提高80％—90％，如果采用地上多層（21層）立體式車庫的話，50平方米的土地面積上便可存放40輛車，這可以大大地節(jié)省有限的土地資源，并節(jié)省土建開發(fā)成本。
立體車庫與地下車庫相比可更加有效地保證人身和車輛的安全，人在車庫內(nèi)或車不停準(zhǔn)位置，由電子控制的整個(gè)設(shè)備便不會(huì)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。應(yīng)該說，機(jī)械車庫從管理上可以做到徹底的人車分流。
在地下立體車庫中采用機(jī)械存車，還可以免除采暖通風(fēng)設(shè)施，因此，運(yùn)行中的耗電量比工人管理的地下車庫低得多。機(jī)械車庫一般不做成套系統(tǒng)，而是以單臺(tái)集裝而成。這樣可以充分發(fā)揮其用地少、可化整為零的優(yōu)勢，在住宅區(qū)的每個(gè)組團(tuán)中或每棟樓下都可以隨機(jī)設(shè)立機(jī)械停車樓。這對眼下車庫短缺的小區(qū)解決停車難的問題提供了方便條件。
（2）自動(dòng)立體車庫PLC控制系統(tǒng)的研究狀況及其發(fā)展前景
立體車庫在中國是個(gè)新興行業(yè)。但隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和人民生活水平的提高，小轎車的數(shù)量增長迅猛，人們對車庫的需求也越來越高，生產(chǎn)廠家逐漸增多。由于絕大部分的轎車集中在大、中城市,城市轎車數(shù)量的大幅度增加必然引起對停車位需求的增加,預(yù)計(jì)在今后5年內(nèi)我國城市至少要有約250萬個(gè)停車庫才能滿足需求。車庫門的年需求量高達(dá)300萬套,而實(shí)際產(chǎn)量為150萬套。自動(dòng)門、工業(yè)門的需求量為460萬平方米,其中自動(dòng)門的需求量為250萬平方米，前景十分明朗。
研究內(nèi)容
① 了解自動(dòng)立體車庫的工作原理，國內(nèi)外的研究發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀；
② 完成自動(dòng)立體車庫PLC控制方案設(shè)計(jì)；
③ 完成有關(guān)控制系統(tǒng)的主電路、控制電路及控制元?dú)饧倪x型設(shè)計(jì)；并完成PLC程序編制；
④ 完成設(shè)計(jì)說明書的撰寫，并翻譯外文資料1篇。
擬采取的研究方法、技術(shù)路線、實(shí)驗(yàn)方案及可行性分析
實(shí)驗(yàn)方案：
結(jié)合現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中已經(jīng)建成的升降橫移式立體車庫的項(xiàng)目，了解立體車庫運(yùn)行的基本原理和轎車停車流程，記錄立體車庫使用注意事項(xiàng)等。參閱了國內(nèi)外的幾種升降橫移式立體車庫的相關(guān)資料，對當(dāng)前的車庫技術(shù)發(fā)展前沿有了大概的了解，從而把握國內(nèi)外車庫技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢和方向；通過網(wǎng)上檢索，了解立體車庫最新國內(nèi)外發(fā)展概況等。了解建設(shè)立體車庫的鋼材選用，電機(jī)選擇，建設(shè)方法等。
研究計(jì)劃及預(yù)期成果
研究計(jì)劃：
1012年11月12日—2012年12月12日：查閱與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的資料，并填寫開題報(bào)告。
2012年12月03日—2013年01月20日：進(jìn)入工廠實(shí)習(xí)，填寫畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告。
2013年02月11日—2013年02月23日：查找一篇有關(guān)于自動(dòng)立體車庫PLC控制系統(tǒng)的學(xué)術(shù)性英文文獻(xiàn)并翻譯。
2013年03月04日—2013年04月20日：自動(dòng)立體車庫PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。
2013年04月22日—2010年05月23日：說明書的寫作及相關(guān)資料、圖紙的打印裝訂，并準(zhǔn)備答辯
預(yù)期成果：
這套低成本、高效率、高可靠性、人性化的自動(dòng)車庫門,能在市場競爭中處于有利地位。自動(dòng)車庫應(yīng)用范圍廣泛,既可用于商業(yè)性車庫,又可用于住房配套用車庫,其推廣應(yīng)用社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益十分顯著,對改善城市面貌有重大意義。
特色或創(chuàng)新之處
① 使用PLC編程軟件編程仿真，效果明顯，方便改變參量，能夠直觀判斷設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果。
② 采用固定某些參量、改變某些參量來研究問題的方法，思路清晰，簡潔明了，行之有效。
已具備的條件和尚需解決的問題
① 實(shí)驗(yàn)方案思路已經(jīng)非常明確，已經(jīng)具備使用PLC編程軟件編程仿真的能力和數(shù)據(jù) 處理方面的知識(shí)
② 使用PLC編程軟件編程的能力尚需加強(qiáng)。
指導(dǎo)教師意見
指導(dǎo)教師簽名：
年 月 日
教研室（學(xué)科組、研究所）意見
教研室主任簽名：
年 月 日
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英文原文
A study on PLC by means of the direct conversion of the ladder diagram to circuit design language
1.PLC overview
Programmable controller is the first in the late 1960s in the United States, then called Plc programmable logic controller (Programmable Logic Controller) is used to replace relays. For the implementation of the logical judgment, timing, sequence number, and other control functions. The concept is presented Plc General Motors Corporation. Plc and the basic design is the computer functional improvements, flexible, generic and other advantages and relay control system simple and easy to operate, such as the advantages of cheap prices combined controller hardware is standard and overall. According to the practical application of target software in order to control the content of the user procedures memory controller, the controller and connecting the accused convenient target.
In the mid-1970s, the Plc has been widely used as a central processing unit microprocessor, import export module and the external circuits are used, large-scale integrated circuits even when the Plc is no longer the only logical (IC) judgment functions also have data processing, PID conditioning and data communications functions. International Electro technical Commission (IEC) standards promulgated programmable controller for programmable controller draft made the following definition : programmable controller is a digital electronic computers operating system, specifically for applications in the industrial design environment. It used programmable memory, used to implement logic in their internal storage operations, sequence control, timing, counting and arithmetic operations, such as operating instructions, and through digital and analog input and output, the control of various types of machinery or production processes. Programmable controller and related peripherals, and industrial control systems easily linked to form a whole, to expand its functional design. Programmable controller for the user, is a non-contact equipment, the procedures can be changed to change production processes. The programmable controller has become a powerful tool for factory automation, widely popular replication. Programmable controller is user-oriented industries dedicated control computer, with many distinctive features.
First, high reliability, anti-interference capability;
Second，programming visual, simple;
Third, adaptability good;
Fourth functional improvements, strong functional interface.
2.History of PLC
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), a computing device invented by Richard E. Morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facilities, and many others. At that time, the PLC replaced the hardwired logic with soft-wired logic or so-called relay ladder logic (RLL), a programming language visually resembling the hardwired logic, and reduced thereby the configuration time from 6 months down to 6 days [Moody and Morley, 1999].
Although PC based control has started to come into place, PLC based control will remain the technique to which the majority of industrial applications will adhere due to its higher performance, lower price, and superior reliability in harsh environments. Moreover, according to a study on the PLC market of Frost and Sullivan [1995], an increase of the annual sales volume to 15 million PLCs per year with the hardware value of more than 8 billion US dollars has been predicted, though the prices of computing hardware is steadily dropping. The inventor of the PLC, Richard E Morley, fairly considers the PLC market as a 5-billion industry at the present time.
Though PLCs are widely used in industrial practice, the programming of PLC based control systems is still very much relying on trial-and-error. Alike software engineering, PLC software design is facing the software dilemma or crisis in a similar way. Morley himself emphasized this aspect most forcefully by indicating
`If houses were built like software projects, a single woodpecker could destroy civilization.”
Particularly, practical problems in PLC programming are to eliminate software bugs and to reduce the maintenance costs of old ladder logic programs. Though the hardware costs of PLCs are dropping continuously, reducing the scan time of the ladder logic is still an issue in industry so that low-cost PLCs can be used.
In general, the productivity in generating PLC is far behind compared to other domains, for instance, VLSI design, where efficient computer aided design tools are in practice. Existent software engineering methodologies are not necessarily applicable to the PLC based software design because PLC-programming requires a simultaneous consideration of hardware and software. The software design becomes, thereby, more and more the major cost driver. In many industrial design projects, more than of the manpower allocated for the control system design and installation is scheduled for testing and debugging PLC programs.
In addition, current PLC based control systems are not properly designed to support the growing demand for flexibility and reconfigurability of manufacturing systems. A further problem, impelling the need for a systematic design methodology, is the increasing software complexity in large-scale projects.
The objective of this thesis is to develop a systematic software design methodology for PLC operated automation systems. The design methodology involves high-level description based on state transition models that treat automation control systems as discrete event systems, a stepwise design process, and set of design rules providing guidance and measurements to achieve a successful design. The tangible outcome of this research is to find a way to reduce the uncertainty in managing the control software development process, that is, reducing programming and debugging time and their variation, increasing flexibility of the automation systems, and enabling software reusability through modularity. The goal is to overcome shortcomings of current programming strategies that are based on the experience of the individual software developer.
3.Now of PLC
From the structure is divided into fixed PLC and Module PLC, the two kinds of PLC including CPU board, I/O board, display panel, memory block, power, these elements into a do not remove overall. Module type PLC including CPU module, I/O modules, memory, the power modules, bottom or a frame, these modules can be according to certain rules combination configuration.
In the user view, a detailed analysis of the CPU's internal unnecessary, but working mechanism of every part of the circuit. The CPU control works, by it reads CPU instruction, interprets the instruction and executes instructions. But the pace of work by shock signal control.
Unit work under the controller command used in a digital or logic operations.In computing and storage register of computation result, it is also among the controller command and work. CPU speed and memory capacity is the important parameters fot PLC . its determines the PLC speed of work, IO PLC number and software capacity, so limits to control size.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you’ll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output.
System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development.
User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/ each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory.
PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today’s transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs).
Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines), program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions.
Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. On some PLC controllers you’ll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current.
This electrical supply is usually not used to start external input or output. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs because then you can ensure so called “pure” supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.
4.PLC design criteria
A systematic approach to designing PLC software can overcome deficiencies in the traditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ramifications in several industrial applications. Automation control systems are modeled by formal languages or, equivalently, by state machines. Formal representations provide a high-level description of the behavior of the system to be controlled. State machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired goals. Secondly, a state machine description provides a structured representation to convey the logical requirements and constraints such as detailed safety rules. Thirdly, well-defined control systems design outcomes are conducive to automatic code generation- An ability to produce control software executable on commercial distinct logic controllers can reduce programming lead-time and labor cost. In particular, the thesis is relevant with respect to the following aspects.
In modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product and process innovation, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requirements. A major challenge is therefore to provide enabling technologies that can economically reconfigure automation control systems in response to changing needs and new opportunities. Design and operational knowledge can be reused in real-time, therefore, giving a significant competitive edge in industrial practice.
Studies have shown that programming methodologies in automation systems have not been able to match rapid increase in use of computing resources. For instance, the programming of PLCs still relies on a conventional programming style with ladder logic diagrams. As a result, the delays and resources in programming are a major stumbling stone for the progress of manufacturing industry. Testing and debugging may consume over 50% of the manpower allocated for the PLC program design. Standards [IEC 60848, 1999; IEC-61131-3, 1993; IEC 61499, 1998; ISO 15745-1, 1999] have been formed to fix and disseminate state-of-the-art design methods, but they normally cannot participate in advancing the knowledge of efficient program and system design.
A systematic approach will increase the level of design automation through reusing existing software components, and will provide methods to make large-scale system design manageable. Likewise, it will improve software quality and reliability and will be relevant to systems high security standards, especially those having hazardous impact on the environment such as airport control, and public railroads.
The software industry is regarded as a performance destructor and complexity generator. Steadily shrinking hardware prices spoils the need for software performance in terms of code optimization and efficiency. The result is that massive and less efficient software code on one hand outpaces the gains in hardware performance on the other hand. Secondly, software proliferates into complexity of unmanageable dimensions; software redesign and maintenance-essential in modern automation systems-becomes nearly impossible. Particularly, PLC programs have evolved from a couple lines of code 25 years ago to thousands of lines of code with a similar number of 1/O points. Increased safety, for instance new policies on fire protection, and the flexibility of modern automation systems add complexity to the program design process. Consequently, the life-cycle cost of software is a permanently growing fraction of the total cost. 80-90% of these costs are going into software maintenance, debugging, adaptation and expansion to meet changing needs.
Today, the primary focus of most design research is based on mechanical or electrical products. One of the by-products of this proposed research is to enhance our fundamental understanding of design theory and methodology by extending it to the field of engineering systems design. A system design theory for large-scale and complex system is not yet fully developed. Particularly, the question of how to simplify a complicated or complex design task has not been tackled in a scientific way. Furthermore, building a bridge between design theory and the latest epistemological outcomes of formal representations in computer sciences and operations research, such as discrete event system modeling, can advance future development in engineering design.
From a logical perspective, PLC software design is similar to the hardware design of integrated circuits. Modern VLSI designs are extremely complex with several million parts and a product development time of 3 years [Whitney, 1996]. The design process is normally separated into a component design and a system design stage. At component design stage, single functions are designed and verified. At system design stage, components are aggregated and the whole system behavior and functionality is tested through simulation. In general, a complete verification is impossible. Hence, a systematic approach as exemplified for the PLC program design may impact the logical hardware design.
5.AK 1703 ACP
Following the principle of our product development, AK 1703 ACP has high functionality and flexibility, through the implementation of innovative and reliable technologies, on the stable basis of a reliable product platform.
For this, the system concept ACP (Automation, Control and Protection) creates the technological preconditions. Balanced functionality permits the flexible combination of automation, telecontrol and communication tasks. Co
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