挖掘機(jī)工作裝置研究及液壓泵設(shè)計(jì)【反鏟工作裝置】【直軸式軸向柱塞泵的設(shè)計(jì)】
挖掘機(jī)工作裝置研究及液壓泵設(shè)計(jì)【反鏟工作裝置】【直軸式軸向柱塞泵的設(shè)計(jì)】,反鏟工作裝置,直軸式軸向柱塞泵的設(shè)計(jì),挖掘機(jī)工作裝置研究及液壓泵設(shè)計(jì)【反鏟工作裝置】【直軸式軸向柱塞泵的設(shè)計(jì)】,挖掘機(jī),工作,裝置,研究,鉆研,液壓泵,設(shè)計(jì),直軸式,軸向,柱塞
第八章 直軸式軸向柱塞泵關(guān)鍵零部件的受力分析
8.1柱塞受力分析
柱塞是柱塞泵主要受力零件之一。單個(gè)柱塞隨缸體旋轉(zhuǎn)一周時(shí)，半周吸油﹑一周排油。柱塞在吸油過(guò)程與在排油過(guò)程中的受力情況是不一樣的。下面主要討論柱塞在排油過(guò)程中的受力分析，圖8.1是帶有滑靴的柱塞受力分析簡(jiǎn)圖。
圖 8.1柱塞受力分析
作用在柱塞上的力有：
（1）柱塞底部的液壓力
柱塞位于排油區(qū)時(shí)，作用于柱塞底部的軸向液壓力為
式中—泵最大工作壓力。
（2）柱塞慣性力
柱塞相對(duì)缸體往復(fù)直線運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，有直線加速度a，則柱塞軸向慣性力為
式中﹑為柱塞和滑靴的總質(zhì)量。
慣性力方向與加速度a的方向相反，隨缸體旋轉(zhuǎn)角a按余弦規(guī)律變化。當(dāng)和時(shí)，慣性力最大值為
（3）離心反力
柱塞隨缸體繞主軸作等速圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)，有向心加速度，產(chǎn)生的離心反力通過(guò)柱塞質(zhì)量重心并垂直軸線，是徑向力。其值為
（5-4）
（4）斜盤(pán)反力
斜盤(pán)反力通過(guò)柱塞球頭中心垂直于斜盤(pán)平面，可以分解為軸向力P及徑向力 即
軸向力P與作用于柱塞底部的液壓力及其它軸向力相平衡。而徑向力T則對(duì)主軸形成負(fù)載扭矩，使柱塞受到彎矩作用，產(chǎn)生接觸應(yīng)力，并使缸體產(chǎn)生傾倒力矩。
（5）柱塞與柱塞腔壁之間的接觸應(yīng)力和
該力是接觸應(yīng)力和產(chǎn)生的合力?？紤]到柱塞與柱塞腔的徑向間隙遠(yuǎn)小于柱塞直徑及柱塞腔內(nèi)的接觸長(zhǎng)度。因此，由垂直于柱塞腔的徑向力T和離心力引起的接觸應(yīng)力和可以看成是連續(xù)直線分布的應(yīng)力。
（6）摩擦力和
柱塞與柱塞腔壁之間的摩擦力為
式中 為摩擦系數(shù)，常取=0.05～0.12，這里取0.1。
分析柱塞受力，應(yīng)取柱塞在柱塞腔中具有最小接觸長(zhǎng)度，即柱塞處于上死點(diǎn)時(shí)的位置。此時(shí)，N﹑和可以通過(guò)如下方程組求得
式中 —柱塞最小接觸長(zhǎng)度，根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)=；
—柱塞名義長(zhǎng)度，根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)=；
—柱塞重心至球心距離，=- 。
以上雖有三個(gè)方程，但其中也是未知數(shù)，需要增加一個(gè)方程才能求解。
根據(jù)相似原理有
又有
所以
將式代入求解接觸長(zhǎng)度。為簡(jiǎn)化計(jì)算，力矩方程中離心力相對(duì)很小可以忽略，得
將式代入可得
計(jì)算得P1=20.1KN，P2=5823（N）
將以上兩式代入可得
8.2滑靴受力分析
液壓泵工作時(shí)，作用于滑靴上有一組方向相反的力。一是柱塞底部液壓力圖把滑靴壓向斜盤(pán)，稱(chēng)為壓緊力；另一是由滑靴面直徑為的油池產(chǎn)生的靜壓力與滑靴封油帶上油液泄漏時(shí)油膜反力，二者力圖使滑靴與斜盤(pán)分離開(kāi)，稱(chēng)為分離。當(dāng)壓緊力與分離力相平衡時(shí)，封油帶上將保持一層穩(wěn)定的油膜，形成靜壓油墊。下面對(duì)這組力進(jìn)行分析。
(1)分離力
圖8.2為柱塞結(jié)構(gòu)與分離力分布圖。根據(jù)流體學(xué)平面圓盤(pán)放射流動(dòng)可知，油液經(jīng)滑靴封油帶環(huán)縫流動(dòng)的泄漏量q的表達(dá)式為
若，則
式中為封油帶油膜厚度。
封油帶上半徑為的任儀點(diǎn)壓力分布式為
若，則
從上式可以看出，封油帶上壓力隨半徑增大而呈對(duì)數(shù)規(guī)律下降。封油帶上總的分離力可通過(guò)積分求得。
圖 8.2滑靴結(jié)構(gòu)及分離力分布
如圖8.2，取微環(huán)面，則封油帶分離力為
油池靜壓分離力為
總分離力為
計(jì)算得Pf=60(KN)
(2)壓緊力
滑靴所受壓緊力主要由柱塞底部液壓力引起的，即
(3)力平衡方程式
當(dāng)滑靴受力平衡時(shí)，應(yīng)滿足下列力平衡方程式
即
將上式代入式中，得泄漏量為
除了上述主要力之外，滑靴上還作用有其他的力。如滑靴與斜盤(pán)間的摩擦力，由滑靴質(zhì)量引起的離心力，球鉸摩擦力，帶動(dòng)滑靴沿斜盤(pán)旋轉(zhuǎn)的切向力等。這些力有的使滑靴產(chǎn)生自轉(zhuǎn)，有利于均勻摩擦；有的可能使滑靴傾倒而產(chǎn)生偏磨，并破壞了滑靴的密封。
8.3配油盤(pán)受力分析
不同類(lèi)型的軸向柱塞泵使用的配油盤(pán)是有差別的，但是功用和基本構(gòu)造則相同。圖8.3是常用的配油盤(pán)簡(jiǎn)圖。
液壓泵工作時(shí)，高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的缸體與配油盤(pán)之間作用有一對(duì)方向相反的力；即缸體因柱塞腔中高壓油液作用而產(chǎn)生的壓緊力；配油窗口和封油帶油膜對(duì)缸體的分離力。
1—吸油窗 2—排油窗 3—過(guò)度區(qū) 4—減振槽
5—內(nèi)封油帶 6—外封油帶 7—輔助支承面
圖 8.3配油盤(pán)基本構(gòu)造
（1）壓緊力
壓緊力是由于處在排油區(qū)是柱塞腔中高壓油液作用在柱塞腔底部臺(tái)階上，使缸體受到軸向作用力，并通過(guò)缸體作用到配油盤(pán)上。 對(duì)于奇數(shù)柱塞泵，
當(dāng)有12(Z+1)個(gè)柱塞處于排油區(qū)時(shí)，壓緊力FY1=12Z+1π4dz2P=24150（N）
當(dāng)有12(Z-1)個(gè)柱塞處于排油區(qū)時(shí)，壓緊力FY2=12Z-1π4dz2P=19320（N）
平均壓緊力FY=FY1+FY22=21735(N)
（2）分離力
分離力由三部分組成。即外封油帶分離力FL1，內(nèi)封油帶分離力FL2，排油窗高壓油對(duì)缸體的分離力FL3。
對(duì)于奇數(shù)泵，在缸體旋轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)程中，每一瞬時(shí)參加排油的柱塞數(shù)量和位置不同。封油帶的包角是變化的。實(shí)際包角比配油盤(pán)油窗包角φ有所擴(kuò)大，
當(dāng)有12(Z+1)個(gè)柱塞排油時(shí)，封油帶實(shí)際包角φ1=12Z-1a+a0
當(dāng)有12(Z-1)個(gè)柱塞排油時(shí)，封油帶實(shí)際包角φ2=12Z-3a+a0
平均有Z2個(gè)柱塞排油時(shí)，平均包角φ=φ1+φ22
式中 a----------柱塞間距角，a=2πZ=2π9；
a0----------柱塞腔通油孔包角，這里取a0=2π9。
外封油帶分離力FL1=φ(R42-R32)4lnR4R3P-φ2R32P=3.4(N)
內(nèi)封油帶分離力FL2=φ(R22-R12)4lnR2R1P+φ2R12P=5.2(N)
排油窗分離力FL3=φ2（R32-R22）P=1.6(N)
配油盤(pán)總分離力FL=FL1+FL2+FL3=10.2(N)
8.4斜盤(pán)受力分析
直軸式軸向柱塞泵通過(guò)泵的變量機(jī)構(gòu)改變斜盤(pán)傾斜角的大小來(lái)改變輸出流量。圖8.4為斜盤(pán)轉(zhuǎn)軸偏心結(jié)構(gòu)。
下面就以偏心結(jié)構(gòu)為例分析斜盤(pán)所受的各力矩。對(duì)于無(wú)偏心的結(jié)構(gòu)只要令a或b為零，推導(dǎo)出的公式仍然適用。
圖 8.4斜盤(pán)轉(zhuǎn)軸偏心結(jié)構(gòu)
在以下的分析中，規(guī)定使斜盤(pán)傾角減小的力矩為正，反之為負(fù)。本文采用帶卸荷槽非對(duì)稱(chēng)正重迭型配油盤(pán)，設(shè)帶卸荷槽的配油盤(pán)過(guò)渡區(qū)壓力角為﹑，如圖8.5所示，那么
同理可得
=+=350（N.m）
圖 8.5 配油盤(pán)過(guò)渡區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)
回程盤(pán)中心預(yù)壓彈簧力矩
附 錄
1 英文原文
Hydraulic Excavators
1.Hydraulic Excavators picture
2. Basic Concept
An excavator is an engineering vehicle consisting of an articulated arm (boom, stick), bucketand cab mounted on a pivot (a rotating platform) atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. Their design is a natural progression from the steam shovel.
The history of heavy excavating machinery began in 1835 when the dipper shovel was invented to excavate hard soil and rock and to load trucks. Of course, with the invention ofgasoline-and diesel-powered vehicles, construction equipment became even more adaptable. Most construction equipment is powered by diesel engines, although electric-power, battery power, and propane tanks are used on specialized equipment.
Design modifications are driven by customer demand. As of 2000, the two primary areas where customers would like to see more improvements are in the ease of operation and the operator's comfort. The need for simple operation is forced by the fact that there are fewer skilled operators in the marketplace. And operations and reliability are both improving because of the continuing integration of electronics, automation, better engine technology, and on-board diagnostics. It is now up to the manufacturers to cost-effectively incorporate improvements.
3. Applications
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
1. digging and loading 2. stonework 3. mining engineering
4. rock breaking 5. pipe laying
6. hoisting heavy object 7. clear up side slope
8. watercourse clearance 9. removal treatment
4. Components and Features
1）Overall Structure
1. diesel engine and hydraulic system 2.undercarriage 3. swing mechanism
4. work equipment assembly 5. steering andoperating system
2）Major Components
Diesel Engine and Hydraulic System:
1. diesel engine 2. hydraulic pump
Undercarriage:
1. main frame 2. track 3. track idler 4. track frame
5.final drive(driving motor and drive sprocket)
Work Equipment Assembly:
1. bucket 2. bucket linkage 3. bucket cylinder 4. arm 5. arm cylinder
6. boom 7. hydraulic pipeline 8.boom cylinder 9. bucket lip
General Purpose Bucket:
1.anti-torsion pipe fitted for increased strength 2.two piece side plates
3. wear straps fitted to increase base strength 4. cutting edge
Steering and Operating System:
1. driver’s Seat 2. arm rest 3. joystick control 4. control pedal
5. travel lever 6. monitor 7. console
5. Typical Hydraulic System
1.hydraulic pump 2、4. distributing valve group 3. check valve
5. speed limit valve 6. hydraulic cylinder 7、8. traveling hydraulic Motor
9. double speed valve 10. slewing hydraulic motor 11. boom cylinder
12. auxiliary cylinder 13. arm cylinder 14. bucket cylinder
15. back pressure valve 16. oil cooler 17. oilfilter
6. Dimensions
1. Shipping Height 2. Shipping Length 3. Tail Swing Radius
4. Length to Center of Rollers 5. Track Length 6. Ground Clearance
7. Track Gauge 8. Transport Width 9. Cab Height
10. Counterweight Clearance
7. Working Ranges
1. Maximum Digging Depth 2. Maximum Reach at Ground Level
3. Maximum Cutting Height 4. Maximum Loading Height 5. Minimum Loading Height
6. Maximum Depth Cut for Level Bottom 7. Maximum Vertical Wall Digging Depth
8. Small Excavator Features
1. Mustang introduces a new bucket series with innovative design improvements that achieve greater bucket volumes, higher breakout forces and improved vertical digging.
2. Standard headlights mounted on the boom and at the front of the cab provide excellent nighttime visibility.
3. To help avoid damage and downtime, Mustang securely routes bucket cylinder hoses
through the dipper stick. For faster attachment management and parts replacement, we connect boom and arm hoses on the outside of the machine.
4. Independent right and left boom swing, for offset digging.
5. Special digging situations call for specialized digging machines, which allow vertical digging even on slopes up to 15 degrees.
6. Mustang’s chassis includes edges reinforced with cast iron — nearly indestructible. This heavy-duty reinforced bumper protects components against accidental collisions.
9. New Technology of Typical Hydraulic Excavator
1）Introduction
The Hitachi ZAXIS-3 series new-generation hydraulic excavators are packed with a host of technological features – clean engine, Hitachi advanced hydraulic technologies, with strong undercarriage and front attachment, plus well matching of power and speed. The ZAXIS-3 series can get the job done with proven productivity, durability, and reliability, especially in heavy-duty excavation and quarry operations.
To yield high production yet maintain low fuel consumption, such was the objective of the development of a new engine and hydraulic system .
2）Advanced Hydraulic Technologies
1.Increased Digging Force
7% more bucket digging force and 8% more arm digging force.
2.Enhanced Boom Recirculation System
In combined operation of boom lower and arm, arm speed can be increased by approximately 15% over the conventional. Pressurized oil from boom cylinder bottom side is delivered to boom cylinder rod side to lower the boom, assisted by boom weight. Conventionally, pressurised oil from pump is delivered to boom cylinder rod side to lower the boom. The new system also allows an efficient combined operation of swing and lowering the boom.
3. Boom Mode Selector
The amount the body can be lifted or pulled by the front of machine can be ON or OFF selected. This helps to provide for more comfortable operation and contributes to longer component service life.
4. Larger-Diameter Front Piping
Arm piping is increased in diameter to reduce hydraulic loss (theoretically 7%) for speedy front operation.
5. Combined Operation of Boom and Arm
In combined operation of swing + boom lower + arm roll-out, or in leveling (boom lower + arm roll-out), arm roll-out speed can be increased greatly. Here’s why. A variable throttle, provided in the arm circuit, adjusts the flow when needed to reduce hydraulic loss in combined operation with arm roll-out.
6. New Bucket Regenerative System
Swift bucket actions can be done in combined operation for excavation through the new bucket regenerative circuit. When the load to the bucket is light, pressurized oil from bucket cylinder rod side is delivered through a regenerative valve to bucket cylinder bottom side for the effective use of hydraulic energy.
10. Strengthened Undercarriage
1.Increased Loading Capacity of Swing Bearing
The swing circle ball bearing ultilizes more balls to boost the loading capacity of the swing circle by approximately 6%, allowing stable swing even in tough operation.
2.Strengthened Track Links
The boss diameter of each track link is increased by approximately 19%. The thickness of each track link is also increased by approximately 57%. Thickened track links extend service life.
3.Strengthened Upper Roller Bracket
The upper roller bracket wall thickness is increased for higher strength.
4.Full Track Guard Provided Standard
On the H-specification machines, full track guards are provided standard. Full track guards protect track links and lower rollers from damage and deformation. Moreover, they also keep out stones, preventing the overload to the undercarriage to reduce wear and damage.
5.Pressed Master Pins
The master pin of each track link is pressed, instead of master pin using a pin retention to avoid disengagement.
6.Strengthened Idler Pedestal
The bearing length of the idler pedestal is extended by approximately 67% to increase durability and service life.
7. Strengthened Idler Bracket
The idler bracket is thickened for rigidity to prevent deformation and increase durability.
11. Strengthened Front Components
1. 5% Increase in Strength with Stronger Pin Material
The strength of pins, used in the arm and boom, is increased by 5%, using harder steel material.
2.Strengthened General-Purpose Bucket
Bucket teeth are reshaped as Super-V teeth for smooth penetration and higher production. Bushings are utilized at both ends of a bucket pin to eliminate clearances, preventing jerky
operation.
3.Strengthened H-Bucket for Heavy-Duty
The heavy-duty bucket is reshaped, and bucket parts are strengthened to increase durability.
12. Enhanced Operator Comfort
The spacious cab is ergonomically designed with excellent visibility to reduce operator fatigue and burden.
1. Excellent Visibility
The glass windows are widened for excellent visibility, especially improving right downward view during travel and excavation.
2. Ample Foot Space
Foot space is expanded forward, and pedals are reshaped for pleasant operation.
3. Short-Stroke Levers
Fingertip control of short-stoke levers, with the help of armrests, allows long, continuous operation with less fatigue（30% reduction in lever control effort）.
4. Comfort-Designed Operator
The operator seat is ergonomically designed for long-hour pleasant operation. The seatback is widened to hold the operator securely, and the headrest is reshaped. The operator seat is strengthened to reduce vibration and shocks, and increase durability.
5. Fluid-Filled Elastic Mounts
The cab rests on fluid-filled elastic mounts that absorb shocks and vibration to enhance operator comfort.
6. Large Multilanguage, Multi Function Monitor
The large color LCD monitor, teamed up with the rear view camera (optional) on the counterweight, gives the operator unobstructed rearward view. This system enhances safety during swing and reversing.
13. Simplified Maintenance
Focusing on simplified maintenance, including easy inspection, service and cleaning.
1. Simplified Cleaning around Engine
The radiator and oil cooler are laid out in parallel arrangement for easy demounting, instead of conventional inline arrangement. This new arrangement significantly helps facilitate cleaning around the radiater and oil cooler.
2. Dual Main Fuel Filters Provided Standard
In addition to a pre-filter, dual main fuel filters are provided standard to reduce clogging of the fuel line to the engine.
3. Easy Draining
The engine oil pan is fitted with a drain coupler. When draining, an associated drain hose is connected to the drain coupler. Unlike a cock, the drain coupler is reliable, avoiding oil spills and vandalism.
4. Automatic Lubrication
The front attachment is automatically lubricated, except for bucket lubricating points at the top of arm that are repositioned for side lubrication.
5. Extended Hydraulic Oil Filter Change Intervals
Hydraulic oil filter change intervals are extended from 500 hours to 1000 hours to help reduce running costs.
14. Environmental Preservation
Boarding a clean engine complying with the rigorous emission regulations.
1. Environmentally Friendly Designs
The clean engine complying with the emission regulations Stage III in EU and Tier 3 in US (EPA) is boarded to reduce emissions containing nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM).
2.Low Noise Engine
Engine noise is reduced by approximately 2 dB with the robust engine. It goes without saying that the engine meets the EU noise regulations.
3.Variable-Speed Fan
The engine cooling fan is a large 1120mm diameter variable-speed electro-hydraulic fan.This fan automatically starts when temperature comes into the high temperature range, ensuringlow noise operation.
4.Proven Muffler
A proven large muffler is provided to reduce sound and exhaust emissions greatly.
5. Marking of Recyclable Parts
All resin parts are marked for the sake of recycling. This helps ease the separation of recyclable wastes。
6.Reducing the Burden to the Environment
Lead-free design is achieved through the use of lead-free wire harness covering, radiator, oil cooler and others. No asbestos is used. The use of aluminum radiator, oil cooler and intercooler increases the durability of the machine.
7.Biodegradable Hydraulic Oil
Degradable hydraulic oil is ecological, which is decomposed into water and carbon dioxide in water and ground.
15. Enhanced Safety
1. CRES II Cab
The CRES II cab is designed to help with “just in case” protection for the operator. Safety in case of tipping is improved. The cab top can withstand nine-fold loading.
2. H/R Cab
The H/R cab utilizes the reinforced front window and FOPS at the roof for protection against falling objects. The front glass window, made of straight-laminated, is fixed to shut out dirt and debris. The cab provided with a full guard satisfies the OPG( Level II) cab requirements stipulated by ISO.
3.New Pilot Control Shut-Off Lever
The engine cannot start unless the lock lever is locked completely. This prevents unintended rapid lurching by unintended touching a control lever.
2 中文翻譯
液壓挖掘機(jī)
1. 液壓挖掘機(jī)圖片
2. 基本概念
挖掘機(jī)是一種由鉸接臂桿（動(dòng)臂和斗桿）、鏟斗和安裝于履帶或輪式底盤(pán)上的轉(zhuǎn)盤(pán)（一種旋轉(zhuǎn)平臺(tái)）所組成的工程機(jī)械（車(chē)輛）。挖掘機(jī)是在蒸汽鏟的基礎(chǔ)上自然發(fā)展起來(lái)的。
重型挖掘機(jī)的歷史始于1835 年，當(dāng)時(shí)發(fā)明了拉鏟式挖掘機(jī)用于開(kāi)挖堅(jiān)硬的土石方及裝載卡車(chē)。當(dāng)然，隨著汽油機(jī)和柴油機(jī)車(chē)輛的發(fā)明，工程機(jī)械也變得越來(lái)越適用。雖然在一些專(zhuān)用設(shè)備上使用了電力驅(qū)動(dòng)、蓄電池驅(qū)動(dòng)和丙烷氣罐，然而大多數(shù)工程機(jī)械仍然依靠柴油機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)。
客戶(hù)要求推動(dòng)著設(shè)計(jì)的改進(jìn)。自從2000 年以來(lái)，客戶(hù)所期望改進(jìn)的兩個(gè)主要方面為操作方便性和操作舒適性。操作簡(jiǎn)單的要求迫于在市場(chǎng)中很難找到熟練操作人員的事實(shí)。由于電子技術(shù)、自動(dòng)化、高性能發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)技術(shù)、在線診斷技術(shù)的不斷集成，操作性和可靠性均得到了不斷的改進(jìn)。目前，制造商在進(jìn)行各種成本效益方面的改進(jìn)。
3. 應(yīng)用
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
1.挖掘裝載 2.石方工程 3. 采掘工程
4.巖石破碎 5. 鋪設(shè)管道 6. 起吊重物
7. 整理邊坡 8. 疏通水道 9. 清理作業(yè)
4. 組成與特點(diǎn)
1）總體結(jié)構(gòu)
1.柴油機(jī)及液壓系統(tǒng) 2.行走支承機(jī)構(gòu) 3.回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu) 4. 工作裝置總成 5. 轉(zhuǎn)向操縱系統(tǒng)
2）主要部件
柴油機(jī)及液壓系統(tǒng)：
1. 柴油機(jī) 2. 液壓泵
行走支承機(jī)構(gòu)：
1.主機(jī)架 2. 履帶 3. 導(dǎo)向輪 4. 履帶臺(tái)車(chē)架 5. 最終傳動(dòng)裝置（液壓馬達(dá)與驅(qū)動(dòng)鏈輪）
工作裝置總成：
1.鏟斗 2. 鏟斗連接件 3. 鏟斗油缸 4. 斗桿 5. 斗桿油缸 6.動(dòng)臂 7. 液壓管路 8.動(dòng)臂油缸 9.斗齒
通用鏟斗：
1.抗扭增強(qiáng)鋼管 2. 兩邊側(cè)板 3. 斗底增強(qiáng)耐磨板條 4. 切削刃
轉(zhuǎn)向操縱系統(tǒng)：
1.駕駛員座椅 2. 扶手 3. 操縱控制手柄 4. 操縱踏板
5. 行走操縱桿 6. 工況監(jiān)視器 7. 儀表控制臺(tái)
5. 典型液壓系統(tǒng)
1. 液壓泵 2、4. 分配閥組 3. 單向閥 5. 速度限制閥 6. 液壓缸 7、8. 行走液壓馬達(dá) 9. 雙速閥 10.回轉(zhuǎn)液壓馬達(dá) 11. 動(dòng)臂油缸 12. 輔助油缸 13. 斗桿油缸 14.鏟斗油缸 15. 背壓閥 16. 冷卻器 17. 濾油器
6. 尺寸規(guī)格
1. 海運(yùn)高度 2. 海運(yùn)長(zhǎng)度 3. 尾部擺動(dòng)半徑 4. 滾輪中心距離 5. 履帶長(zhǎng)度 6. 離地間隙 7. 軌距 8. 運(yùn)輸寬度 9. 駕駛室高度 10. 配重離地間隙
7. 工作范圍
1. 最大挖掘深度 2. 最大水平移動(dòng)距離 3. 最大挖掘高度
4. 最大裝載高度 5. 最小裝載高度 6. 最大水平切削深度
7. 最大垂直挖掘深度
8.小型挖掘機(jī)特點(diǎn)
1. 新型鏟斗系列進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)，具有更大的斗容量、更強(qiáng)的破碎力和更好的垂直挖掘。
2. 安裝于動(dòng)臂上和駕駛室前方的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)照明燈提供了最佳的夜間視覺(jué)。
3. 為避免損壞和停機(jī)，沿桿臂安全布置液壓缸軟管。為快速處理附件和更換零件，在機(jī)器外部連接動(dòng)臂和斗桿軟管。
4. 動(dòng)臂左、右獨(dú)立擺動(dòng)，以適應(yīng)側(cè)向挖掘。
5. 特殊的挖掘環(huán)境需要專(zhuān)業(yè)的挖掘機(jī)械，即使在15°的坡道上也可進(jìn)行垂直挖掘作業(yè)。
6. 底盤(pán)進(jìn)行了鑄鐵棱邊強(qiáng)化，幾乎不可損壞。這種重型保險(xiǎn)裝置可在碰撞事故中保護(hù)機(jī)械部件。
9. 典型液壓挖掘機(jī)新技術(shù)
1)簡(jiǎn)介
日立ZAXIS-3系列新一代液壓挖掘機(jī)具有一系列技術(shù)特點(diǎn)：清潔發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，先進(jìn)的日立液壓技術(shù)，堅(jiān)固耐用的行走底盤(pán)和工作裝置附件，以及功率與速度的良好匹配。ZAXIS-3系列挖掘機(jī)所具有的生產(chǎn)率、壽命和可靠性得到了檢驗(yàn)證實(shí)，特別是在重型挖掘和采石場(chǎng)作業(yè)更加適用。
以較低的燃料消耗獲得更大的生產(chǎn)能力是新型發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和液壓系統(tǒng)研究的目標(biāo)。
2)先進(jìn)的液壓技術(shù)
1. 挖掘力增加。鏟斗挖掘力增加7%，桿臂挖掘力增加8%。
2. 加速型動(dòng)臂再循環(huán)系統(tǒng)
動(dòng)臂下降與桿臂組合作業(yè)時(shí)，與常規(guī)挖掘機(jī)相比較桿臂速度大約可增加15%。動(dòng)臂油缸底部一端的壓力油被輸送到動(dòng)臂油缸的活塞桿一邊，以降低動(dòng)臂，動(dòng)臂重量加速了降低過(guò)程。而在一般情況下，通過(guò)使來(lái)自液壓泵的壓力油流入動(dòng)臂油缸活塞桿一端降低動(dòng)臂。新系統(tǒng)也可以實(shí)現(xiàn)擺動(dòng)與降低動(dòng)臂的高效組合作業(yè)。
3.動(dòng)臂工作模式選擇
挖掘機(jī)前部工裝提升或推移機(jī)體的力量大小可通過(guò)一個(gè)ON/OFF選擇開(kāi)關(guān)進(jìn)行選擇。這種選擇有助于提高操作舒適性和延長(zhǎng)部件工作壽命。
4. 大直徑前部管路
增加桿臂油管直徑以減少液壓損失（理論上為7%）提高作業(yè)速度。
5. 動(dòng)臂與桿臂的組合作業(yè)
在回轉(zhuǎn)+動(dòng)臂下降+桿臂外伸的組合作業(yè)中，或者在平整作業(yè)（動(dòng)臂下降+桿臂外伸）中，可大大提高桿臂外伸速度。原因在于，在桿臂外伸的組合作業(yè)中當(dāng)需要減少液壓損失時(shí)，桿臂回路中的可變節(jié)流閥將對(duì)流量進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。
6. 新型鏟斗再循環(huán)系統(tǒng)
通過(guò)新型的鏟斗再循環(huán)回路能夠加快組合挖掘作業(yè)中鏟斗的動(dòng)作。當(dāng)鏟斗上的載荷較輕時(shí)，由鏟斗油缸活塞桿一端產(chǎn)生的壓力油通過(guò)再循環(huán)閥傳輸?shù)界P斗油缸底端以便有效利用液壓能量。
10. 加強(qiáng)型行走機(jī)構(gòu)
1. 回轉(zhuǎn)軸承承載能力增強(qiáng)
回轉(zhuǎn)循環(huán)滾珠軸承采用了更多的滾珠，使?jié)L圈的承載能力大約提高了6%，即使在重載工況下也能穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行。
2. 強(qiáng)化履帶鏈
每一履帶鏈條的凸臺(tái)直徑增加了大約19%。每一履帶鏈條的厚度也增加了大約57%。加厚的履帶鏈條延長(zhǎng)了使用壽命。
3. 強(qiáng)化了上托鏈輪支架。增加上托鏈輪支架壁厚以提高強(qiáng)度。
4. 全履帶防護(hù)裝置標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化
在H型挖掘機(jī)上，提供了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的全履帶防護(hù)裝置。全履帶防護(hù)裝置保護(hù)了履帶鏈條和支重輪，避免了損壞與變形。而且，履帶防護(hù)裝置也阻止了石塊，防止了行走機(jī)構(gòu)的過(guò)載，減少了磨損和損壞。
5. 壓力防松主銷(xiāo)。對(duì)每個(gè)履帶鏈條主銷(xiāo)進(jìn)行加壓，代替了使用釘型銷(xiāo)的防松工藝。
6. 增強(qiáng)型導(dǎo)向輪支座。導(dǎo)向輪支座支承長(zhǎng)度延長(zhǎng)了大約67%以增加耐久性和壽命。
7. 增強(qiáng)型導(dǎo)向輪支架。增加導(dǎo)向輪支架厚度以提高剛度，防止變形并增加耐久性。
11. 增強(qiáng)型工作裝置
1.高強(qiáng)度銷(xiāo)軸材料強(qiáng)度增加5%。應(yīng)用高強(qiáng)度鋼材，使桿臂和動(dòng)臂上的銷(xiāo)軸強(qiáng)度提高5%。
2.增強(qiáng)型通用鏟斗。
鏟斗斗齒改為超級(jí)V型齒，使鏟入平穩(wěn)、生產(chǎn)率提高。鏟斗銷(xiāo)軸兩端均使用襯套，以便消除間隙，防止急拉式作業(yè)。
3.H型重型強(qiáng)化鏟斗，改進(jìn)重型鏟斗，增強(qiáng)鏟斗零件，提高耐久性。
12. 提高駕駛員舒適性
寬敞的駕駛室符合人機(jī)工程學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)，具有最佳的視野，減少了駕駛員工作疲勞與負(fù)荷。
1. 最佳的視野
為獲得最佳視野加寬玻璃窗，特別是改善了行走和挖掘時(shí)右下方的視野。
2. 寬敞的足下空間，足下空間向前擴(kuò)展，改進(jìn)踏板形式保證愉快操作。
3. 短行程操縱桿
短行程操縱桿的指尖控制在扶手幫助下能夠長(zhǎng)時(shí)間進(jìn)行無(wú)疲勞連續(xù)操作（操縱桿操作力減小30%）。
4. 設(shè)計(jì)舒適的操作按鈕
駕駛員座椅依照人機(jī)工程學(xué)原理設(shè)計(jì)，以便使駕駛員長(zhǎng)時(shí)間愉快操作。加寬座椅靠背，使駕駛員操作安全穩(wěn)固，并且改進(jìn)了座椅頭靠的形狀。對(duì)座椅進(jìn)行增強(qiáng)以較小振動(dòng)和沖擊，并提高耐久性。
5. 充液彈性支座
駕駛室安裝于充液彈性支座上，從而吸收了沖擊和振動(dòng)，提高了駕駛員工作舒適性。
6. 大界面多語(yǔ)言多功能監(jiān)視器
彩色大界面監(jiān)視器與配重上方的后視攝像頭（可選件）組合，為駕駛員提供了機(jī)械后方的無(wú)障礙視野。該系統(tǒng)提高了挖掘機(jī)回轉(zhuǎn)與倒車(chē)時(shí)的安全性。
13. 維護(hù)簡(jiǎn)單方便
維護(hù)保養(yǎng)簡(jiǎn)單，其中包括方便的檢查、保養(yǎng)和清潔。
1. 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)清潔簡(jiǎn)單方便
與傳統(tǒng)的內(nèi)聯(lián)布置方法不同，對(duì)散熱器和機(jī)油冷卻器進(jìn)行并行布置，以方便拆卸。這一新型布置極大地方便了散熱器和機(jī)油冷卻器的清潔。
2. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化雙主燃油濾清器
除粗濾器外，設(shè)置了兩個(gè)主燃油濾清器以減小發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)油路的堵塞。
3. 排油方便
發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)油底殼設(shè)置有排油管接頭。需要排油時(shí)，將排油軟管與排油管接頭連接。與旋塞不同，這種排油管接頭使用可靠，避免了油的泄露和人為破壞。
4. 自動(dòng)潤(rùn)滑，前部工作裝置采用自動(dòng)潤(rùn)滑方式，將桿臂頂部的潤(rùn)滑點(diǎn)重新設(shè)置在側(cè)面。
5. 較長(zhǎng)的液壓油濾清器更換時(shí)間間隔
液壓油濾清器更換時(shí)間間隔由500h延長(zhǎng)至1000h以降低使用成本。
14．環(huán)境保護(hù)
提供符合嚴(yán)格排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的清潔發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。
1. 環(huán)境友好設(shè)計(jì)
清潔發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)符合歐III與美國(guó)環(huán)保局(EPA)3級(jí)排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，減少了氮氧化物(NOx)和微粒(PM)的排放。
2. 低噪聲發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)
發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)噪聲大約減小了2 dB。不言而喻，該發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)符合歐洲噪聲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
3. 變速風(fēng)扇，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)冷卻風(fēng)扇為大直徑（1120 mm）電液控制變速風(fēng)扇。當(dāng)溫度達(dá)到高溫區(qū)時(shí)，風(fēng)扇自動(dòng)啟動(dòng)，并保證低噪聲運(yùn)行。
4. 合格消聲器，使用較大規(guī)格的消聲器大大降低了噪聲與排放。
5. 標(biāo)記可再生零件，標(biāo)記樹(shù)脂材料零件以便再生利用。這種做法有助于再生廢料的分揀。
6. 減輕環(huán)境負(fù)擔(dān)
通過(guò)使用無(wú)鉛線束蓋、散熱器、機(jī)油冷卻器等實(shí)現(xiàn)了無(wú)鉛化設(shè)計(jì)。未使用任何石棉物。使用鋁制散熱器、機(jī)油冷卻器和內(nèi)置冷卻器提高了機(jī)械的耐久性。
7. 生物可降解液壓油，可降解液壓油是生態(tài)環(huán)保性的，在水中和地下可分解為水與二氧化碳。
15. 高安全性
1. 不銹鋼結(jié)構(gòu)駕駛室
CRES II型駕駛室設(shè)計(jì)為駕駛員提供了“以防萬(wàn)一”的保護(hù)。傾翻時(shí)的安全性得到了改善。駕駛室頂部可承受9倍載荷。
2. H/R型駕駛室
H/R型駕駛室利用增強(qiáng)型前窗和頂部落物保護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)以防下落物的破壞。由多層平面玻璃制做的前窗被固定，防止了污物和碎片的侵入。駕駛室具有完全防護(hù)功能，符合ISO對(duì)于二級(jí)OPG駕駛室的各項(xiàng)要求。
3. 新型駕駛操縱鎖定桿
除非將鎖桿完全鎖定，否則發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)就不能啟動(dòng)。該設(shè)置防止了由于無(wú)意識(shí)碰上操縱桿時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的快速晃動(dòng)。
收藏