礦用絞車傳動系統(tǒng)設計【蝸桿-齒輪二級減速器】【F=37KN V=60mmim D=800mm d=14mm】
礦用絞車傳動系統(tǒng)設計【蝸桿-齒輪二級減速器】【F=37KN V=60mmim D=800mm d=14mm】,蝸桿-齒輪二級減速器,F=37KN V=60mmim D=800mm d=14mm,礦用絞車傳動系統(tǒng)設計【蝸桿-齒輪二級減速器】【F=37KN,V=60mmim,D=800mm,d=14mm】,絞車,傳動系統(tǒng)
河南理工大學萬方科技學院
本科畢業(yè)設計（論文）開題報告
題目名稱
礦用絞車傳動系統(tǒng)設計
學生姓名
羅相征
專業(yè)班級
08機設2班
學號
0828070043
一、 選題的目的和意義：
目的：
礦用回柱絞車，又稱慢速絞車,是用來拆除和回收礦山回采工作面頂柱的機械設備?；刂鳂I(yè)屬危險性工作，工作人員不能直接進入回柱空頂區(qū)，此時可把回柱絞車布置在距回柱空頂危險區(qū)段較遠的安全地段，用鋼絲繩鉤頭來拉倒和回收頂柱。由于它的高度較低重量又好，持別適用于薄煤層、和急傾斜煤層采煤工作面，以及各種采煤工作面回收沉入底板或被矸石壓埋的金屬支杖。牽引力大和牽引速度慢是回柱絞車的主要性能要求。隨著機械化采煤程度的提高，它越來越多地被廣泛用于機械化采煤工作面，作為安裝、回收牽引各種設備稱備件之用?；刂g車除用來回柱放頂工作外，也可用來拖運更韌和調運車輛。礦用絞車是中小型礦山的主要提升設備，一旦發(fā)生事故就會影響全礦生產，甚至導致全礦停產和人員傷亡。我這次設計的礦用絞車就是針對其傳動系統(tǒng)容易出現的常見故障而設計的，經過我改善后的設計，能夠很好的解決常見的故障，從而大大提高了絞車的安全性能，并且在一定程度上提高了其生產效率。
意義：
熟悉了解常用的各類絞車性能、結構、和工作原理，撐握正確的操作方法，加強設備維修和管理，確保各類絞車的生產安全及經濟運轉，防止事故發(fā)生。同時加強我們以前所學的基礎課和專業(yè)課知識；培養(yǎng)我們綜合分析、理論聯系實際的能力；
鍛煉自己的設計計算、數據處理、編寫技術資料、利用proe和CAD繪圖等獨立工作能力；把自己所學的東西能夠運用到實際問題中。
二、 國內外研究綜述：
礦用回柱絞車，又稱慢速絞車,是用來拆除和回收礦山回采工作面頂柱的機械設備。我國礦用小絞車主要是指調度絞車和回柱絞車，它經歷了仿制、自行設計兩個階段。解放初期使用的礦用小絞車有日本的、蘇聯的，因此當時生產的礦用小絞車也是測繪仿制日本和蘇聯的產品。1958年后這些產品相繼被淘汰，并對蘇聯絞車進行了改進，于1964年進入了自行設計階段.回柱絞車大體上也是經歷了仿制和自行設計的兩個階段，八十年代以前一直使用的是仿制的老產品，八十年代中期才開始設計新型的回柱絞車，主要針對效率極低的球面蝸輪副、慢速工作和快速回繩等環(huán)節(jié)進行根本的改進。
礦用小絞車標準化方面，1967年制定了調度絞車部標準，1971年制定了回柱絞車部標準.1982年對上述兩個標準都進行了修訂，其標準方為JB965-83. JB1409-83.國外礦用小絞車使用很普通，生產廠家也很多。蘇聯、日本、美國、瑞典等國都制造礦用小絞車。
國外礦用小絞車的種類、規(guī)格較多.工作機構有單筒、雙筒和摩擦式.傳動型式有皮帶傳動、鏈式傳動、齒輪傳動、蝸輪傳動、液壓傳動、行星齒輪傳動和擺線齒輪傳動等。其中采用行星齒輪傳動的比較多。發(fā)展趨勢向標準化系列方向發(fā)展，向體積小、重量輕、結構緊湊方向發(fā)展;向高效、節(jié)能、壽命長、低噪音、一機多能通用化、大功率、外形簡單、平滑、美觀、大方方向發(fā)展。
國外礦用小絞車規(guī)格比較多，適用不同場合，我國礦用小絞車的規(guī)格少，品種型號多而亂，也較繁雜，沒有統(tǒng)一標準。從工作機構上分，國外有單筒、雙筒及摩擦式三種，我國只有單筒一種型式。從原動力上分，國外有電動的、風動的及液壓驅動，我國只有電動的和少量風動的。
我國礦用小絞車在壽命、噪音、可靠性等綜合指標與蘇聯有著一定的差距。蘇聯礦用小絞車使用壽命規(guī)定在5年以上，我國目前不具備測試手段壽命無法考核，但從對用戶的訪問中得知，壽命達不到5年.噪音也稍大。
雖然我國礦用小絞車參數系列水平優(yōu)于國外，但在標準化和通用化方面遠不如發(fā)達采煤機械制造國。比如牽引力14000kg·f這一檔回柱絞車就有四種型號. JHC-14型一級減速為蝸輪副傳動、二級為行星齒輪傳動(少齒差傳動)。JHZ-14型二級減速為蝸輪副傳動，一級和三級減速為圓柱齒輪傳動。JM-14型是在一級蝸輪副減速之后,其二級、三級減速為直齒圓柱齒輪傳動。JH-14型是在一級蝸輪副減速之后，其二級減速為直齒圓柱齒輪傳動，也是傳動系統(tǒng)最簡單的一種。
回柱絞車以電動使用最廣，傳動型式以球面蝸輪副居多，該機主要結構型式為電動機懸裝在蝸輪副減速器的后部，蝸輪副減速器為第一級減速，第二級和第三級為圓柱齒輪傳動，分別安裝在機器的兩側對稱機體的中心布置，該機呈長條形適應并下巷道的空間，體積小，底座呈雪橇形，安裝搬運方便。
三、 畢業(yè)設計（論文）所用的主要技術與方法：
1、在圖書館查閱相關資料和機械設計手冊
2、通過網絡搜集相關信息和資料
3、老師的指導與講解
4、通過對相關資料和數據的理論計算和分析;
5、利用計算機PRE和CAD繪制相關圖
四、 主要參考文獻與資料獲得情況：
[1] 濮良貴，紀名剛.機械設計(第七版).高等教育出版社，2001.6
[2] 李儀鈺.礦山機械(提升運輸機械部分).冶金工業(yè)出版社,1980.7
[3] 東北工學院機械設計機械制圖教研室.機械設計手冊.冶金工業(yè)出版社 ,1974.4
[4] 王昆,何小柏,汪信遠.機械設計指導手冊.高等教育出版社,1995.12
[5] 交通大學起重運輸機械教研組.起重運輸機械.機械工業(yè)出版社,1958.10
[6] 陳維健,齊秀麗.礦井提升機械.中國礦業(yè)大學出版社,1989.2
[7] 勞動部煤炭工業(yè)部頒發(fā).絞車工手冊. 煤炭工業(yè)出版社,1998.5
[8] 肖凋燕,余紀生,崔居普.絞車工手冊.煤炭工業(yè)出版社,1995.1
五、 畢業(yè)設計（論文）進度安排（按周說明）
第一周：熟悉了解礦用絞車的基本工作原理和傳動原理，搜集相關資料
第二周：設計原始數據和選擇傳動方案
第三周：電動機的選擇與校核
第四周：滾筒的設計
第五周：制動裝置的設計
第六周：傳動系統(tǒng)傳動比設計與計算
第七周：齒輪傳動的設計
第八周：軸的設計與計算
第九周：滾動軸承的校核計算
第十周:鍵的校核與計算
第十一周：滾筒式絞車的使用說明總結
第十二周:繪制裝配圖
第十三—十四周；繪制相關零件圖
第十五——十六周；整理設計說明書與圖紙
六、 指導教師審批意見：
指導教師： （簽名）
年 月 日
4
河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文
摘 要
礦山提升設備是礦山運輸中的咽喉設備，占有特殊地位，是井下與地面聯系的主要工具。
礦山提升設備的用途是沿井筒提運礦石和廢石，升降人員，下放材料、工具和設備。礦山提升設備在工作中如果一旦發(fā)生機械和電氣故障就會造成停產，甚至人身傷亡。為了保證生產和人員的安全要求礦山提升設備運行準確，安全可靠，井必須配有性能良好的控制設備和保護裝置。
礦山提升設備的耗電量一般占礦井總耗電量的30%一40%，所以為了降低礦石的成本，必須經濟合理地選擇和使用礦山提升設備。礦山提升設備又是礦井最大固定設備之一，是—套較復雜的機械-電氣機組。
這篇畢業(yè)設計的論文主要闡述的是一套系統(tǒng)的關于環(huán)面蝸輪蝸桿減速器的設計方法。環(huán)面蝸輪蝸桿減速器是蝸輪蝸桿減速器的一種形式.這個方法是以加工過程和蝸輪減速器的使用條件的數學和物理公式為基礎的。
目前，在環(huán)面蝸輪蝸桿減速器的設計、制造以及應用上，國內與國外先進水平相比仍有較大差距。國內在設計制造環(huán)面蝸輪蝸桿減速器過程中存在著很大程度上的缺點，正如論文中揭示的那樣，重要的問題如：輪齒的根切；蝸桿毛坯的正確設計；蝸輪蝸桿的校核。
關鍵詞：絞車 ；減速器 ；蝸輪 ；蝸桿
ABSTRACT
The mine lift technique is in the mine haulage pharynx and larynx equipment, holds the special status, and is the mine shaft and the ground relation main tool.
The mine lift technique use is picks up and ships the ore and the scrap rock along the well chamber, the fluctuation personnel, the release material, the tool and the equipment. Mine lift technique in work once if has the machinery and the electrical failure can create the production suspension, even person casualties. In order to guarantee the production and personnel's safety requirements mine lift technique movement is accurate, safe reliable, the well must have the performance good control device and the protective device.
The mine lift technique power consumption occupies the mine pit total power consumption generally 170%, therefore in order to reduce the ore the cost, must the economical reasonably choice and the use mine lift technique. The mine lift technique also is one of mine pit most greatly fixed equipments, is the complex machinery - electricity unit.
This paper of graduation project mainly presents a systematic approach for the design of circular worm gear reducer . circular worm gear reducer is one of the members in the worm gear reducer family . the approach is based on the mathematical formulations and physical formulation on the generation process and conditions for the type of worm reducer .
At present, we still fall far short of abroad advanced technology in design, manufacture and using. There are a lot of fault in the design of circular worm gear reduce. As can be revealed from the literature search , important problem such as： tooth undercutting ；proper design of worm gear blank；computations of worm and label gear.
Key words: Lifting hoist ；reducer ；worm ；ge
III
i
附錄：
外文資料與中文翻譯
外文資料：
NC Technology
1、Research current situation of NC lathe in our times
Research and development process to such various kinds of new technologies as numerical control lathe , machining center , FMS , CIMS ,etc. of countries all over the world, linked to with the international economic situation closely. The machine tool industry has international economy to mutually promote and develop, enter 21 alert eras of World Affairs, the function that people's knowledge plays is more outstanding, and the machine tool industry is regarded as the foundation of the manufacturing industry of the machine, its key position and strategic meaning are more obvious. Within 1991-1994 years, the economic recession of the world, expensive FMS, CIMS lowers the temperature, among 1995-2000 years, the international economy increases at a low speed, according to requisition for NC lathe and the world four major international lathes exhibition in order to boost productivity of users of various fields of present world market (EMO , IMTS , JIMTOF , China CIMT of Japan of U.S.A. of Europe), have the analysis of the exhibit, there are the following several points mainly in the technical research of NC lathe in our times:
1.1、Pay more attention to new technology and innovation
Worldwide , are launching the new craft , new material , new structure , new unit , research and development of the new component in a more cost-effective manner, developmental research of for instance new cutter material , the new electric main shaft of main shaft structure , high speed , high-speed straight line electrical machinery ,etc.. Regard innovating in improvement of the processing technology as the foundation, for process ultra and hard difficult to cut material and special composite and complicated part , irregular curved surface ,etc. research and develop new lathe variety constantly.
1.2、Improve the precision and research of machine tooling
In order to improve the machining accuracy of the machining center , are improving rigidity of the lathe , reduction vibration constantly, dispel hotly and out of shape, reduce the noise , improve the precision of localization of NC lathe , repeat precision , working dependability , stability , precision keeping, world a lot of country carry on lathe hot error , lathe sport and load out of shape software of error compensate technical research, take precision compensate , software compensate measure improve , some may make this kind of error dispel 60% already. And is developing retrofit constantly, nanometer is being processed.
1.3、Improve the research of the machine tooling productivity
World NC lathe, machining center and corresponding some development of main shaft, electrical machinery of straight line, measuring system, NC system of high speed, under the prerequisite of boosting productivity.
1.4、What a lot of countries have already begun to the numerical control system melt intelligently, openly, study networkedly
A、 Elegant research of the numerical control system
Mainly showing in the following aspects: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, the self-adaptation to the processing course is controlled, the craft parameter produces research automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, to the feedback control , adaptive operation , discerning automatically load selects models automatically , since carries on research whole definitely ,etc. of the electrical machinery parameter; There are such research of the respect as intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface , intelligence diagnosing , intelligent monitoring ,etc..
B、 The numerical control system melts and studies open
Mainly showing in the following aspects: The development of the numerical control system is on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and support finally, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control target ), form the seriation, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, norm, disposing the norm, operation platform, numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software developing instrument, etc. are the core of present research to pass through.
C、Meeting the manufacture system of the production line , demand for the information integration of the manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, it is a basic unit of realizing the new manufacture mode too.
2、Classification of the machining center
2.1、Process according to main shaft space position when it classifies to be as follows, horizontal and vertical machining center.
Horizontal machining center, refer to the machining center that the axis level of the main shaft is set up. Horizontal machining center for 3-5 sport coordinate axis, a common one three rectilinear motion coordinate axis and one turn the coordinate axis of sports round (turn the working bench round), it can one is it is it finish other 4 Taxi processing besides installing surfaces and top surfaces to insert to install in work piece, most suitable for processing the case body work piece. Compared with strength type machining center it, the structure is complicated, the floor space is large, quality is large, and the price is high.
Vertical machining center, the axis of the main shaft of the vertical machining center, in order to set up vertically, its structure is mostly the regular post type, the working bench is suitable for processing parts for the slippery one of cross, have 3 rectilinear motion coordinate axis generally, can find a room for one horizontal numerical control revolving stage (the 4th axle) of axle process the spiral part at working bench. The vertical machining center is of simple structure, the floor space is small, the price is low, after allocating various kinds of enclosures, can carry on the processing of most work pieces.
Large-scale gantry machining center, the main shafts are mostly set up vertically, is especially used in the large-scale or with complicated form work piece , is it spend the many coordinate gantry machining center to need like aviation , aerospace industry , some processing of part of large-scale steam turbine.
Five machining centers, this kind of machining center has function of the vertical and horizontal machining center, one is it after inserting, can finish all five Taxi processing besides installing the surface to install in work piece, the processing way can make form of work piece error lowest, save 2 times install and insert working, thus improve production efficiency, reduce the process cost.
2.2、Classify by craft use
Is it mill machining center to bore, is it mill for vertical door frame machining center, horizontal door frame mill the machining center and Longman door frame mill the machining center to divide into. Processing technology its rely mainly on the fact that the door frame is milled, used in case body, shell and various kinds of complicated part special curve and large processes , curved surface of outline process, suitable for many varieties to produce in batches small.
Complex machining center, point five times and compound and process mainly, the main shaft head can be turned round automatically, stand, lie and process, after the main shaft is turned round automatically, realize knowing that varies in the horizontal and vertical direction.
2.3、Classify by special function
Single workingbench, a pair of working bench machining center;
Single axle, dual axle, three axle can change machining center, main shaft of case;
Transfer vertically to the tower machining center and transfer;
One hundred sheets of storehouses add the main shaft and changes one one hundred sheets of machining centers;
One hundred sheets of storehouses connects and writes hands to add the main shaft and change one hundred sheets of machining centers;
One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the manipulator and adds one pair of main shafts to transfer to the tower machining center.
3、Development trend of the current numerical control lathe
At present, the advanced manufacturing technology in the world is rising constantly, such application of technology as ultra fast cutting , ultra precision processing ,etc., the rapid development of the flexible manufacturing system and integrated system of the computer one is constant and ripe, have put forward higher demand to the process technology of numerical control. Nowadays the numerical control lathe is being developed in several following directions.
（1）.The speed and precision at a high speed , high accuracy are two important indexes of the numerical control lathe , it concerns directly that processes efficiency and product quality. At present, numerical control system adopt-figure number, frequency high processor, in order to raise basic operation speed of system. Meanwhile , adopt the super large-scale integrated circuit and many microprocessors structure, in order to improve systematic data processing ability , namely improve and insert the speed and precision of mending operation. Adopt the straight line motor and urge the straight line of the lathe working bench to be servo to enter to the way directly, it is quite superior that its responds the characteristic at a high speed and dynamically. Adopt feed forward control technology, make it lag behind error reduce greatly , thus improve the machining accuracy cut in corner not to track.
For meet ultra fast demand that process, numerical control lathe adopt main shaft motor and lathe structure form that main shaft unite two into one, realize frequency conversion motor and lathe main shaft integrate , bearing , main shaft of electrical machinery adopt magnetism float the bearing , liquid sound pigeonhole such forms as the bearing or the ceramic rolling bearing ,etc.. At present, ceramic cutter and diamond coating cutter have already begun to get application.
(2). Multi-functional to is it change all kinds of machining centers of organization (a of capacity of storehouse can up to 100 of the above ) automatically to furnished with, can realize milling paring , boring and pares , bores such many kinds of processes as paring , turning , reaming , reaming , attacking whorl ,etc. to process at the same time on the same lathe , modern numerical control lathe adopt many main shaft , polyhedron cut also , carry on different cutting of way process to one different position of part at the same time. The numerical control system has because adopted many CPU structure and cuts off the control method in grades, can work out part processing and procedure at the same time on a lathe, realize so-called “the front desk processes, the backstage supporter is an editor ". In order to meet the needs of integrating the systematic one in flexible manufacturing system and computer, numerical control system have remote serial interface , can network , realize data communication , numerical control of lathe, can control many numerical control lathes directly too.
(3).Intelligent modern numerical control lathe introduce the adaptive control technology, according to cutting the change of the condition, automatic working parameter, make the processing course can keep the best working state, thus get the higher machining accuracy and roughness of smaller surface, can improve the service life of the cutter and production efficiency of the equipment at the same time. Diagnose by oneself, repair the function by oneself, among the whole working state, the system is diagnosed, checked by oneself to CNC system and various kinds of equipment linking to each other with it at any time. While breaking down, adopt the measure of shutting down etc. immediately, carry on the fault alarm, brief on position, reason to break down, etc.. Can also make trouble module person who take off automatically, put through reserve module, so as to ensure nobody demand of working environment. For realize high trouble diagnose that requires , its development trend adopts the artificial intelligence expert to diagnose the system.
(4).Numerical control programming automation with the development of application technology of the computer, CAD/CAM figure interactive automatic programming has already get more application at present, it is a new trend of the technical development of numerical control. It utilize part that CAD draw process pattern , is it calculate the trailing punishing to go on by cutter orbit data of computer and then, thus produce NC part and process the procedure automatically, in order to realize the integration of CAD and CAM. With the development of CIMS technology , the full-automatic programming way in which CAD/CAPP/CAM integrates has appeared again at present, it, and CAD/CAM systematic programming great difference their programming necessary processing technology parameter needn't by artificial to participate in most, get from CAPP database in system directly.
(5). the dependability of the dependability maximization numerical control lathe has been the major indicator that users cared about most all the time. The numerical control system will adopt the circuit chip of higher integrated level, will utilize the extensive or super large-scale special-purpose and composite integrated circuit, in order to reduce the quantity of the components and parts, to improve dependability. Through the function software of the hardware, in order to meet various kinds of demands for controlling the function, adopt the module, standardization, universalization and seriation of the structure lathe noumenonn of the hardware at the same time, make not only improve the production lot of the hardware but also easy to is it produce to organize and quality check on.. Still through operating and starting many kinds of diagnostic programs of diagnosing, diagnosing, diagnosing off-line online etc. automatically, realize that diagnoses and reports to the police the trouble to hardware, software and various kinds of outside equipment in the system. Utilize the warning suggestion, fix a breakdown in time; Utilize fault-tolerant technology, adopt and design the important part " redundantly ", in order to realize the trouble resumes by oneself; Utilize various kinds of test, control technology, exceed Cheng, one one hundred sheets of damages, interfering, cutting out,etc. at the time of various kinds of accidents as production, carry on corresponding protection automatically.
(6).Control system miniaturization systematic miniaturization of numerical control benefit and combine the machine , electric device for an organic whole. Adopt the super large-scale integrated component , multi-layer printed circuit board mainly at present, adopt the three-dimensional installation method , make the electronic devices and components must use the high density to install, narrow systematic occupying the space on a larger scale. And utilize the new-type slim display of colored liquid crystal to substitute the traditional cathode ray tube, will make the operating system of numerical control miniaturize further. So can install it on the machine tool conveniently, benefit the operation of the numerical control lathe correctly even more.
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中文翻譯：
數控技術
1、當前世界NC機床的研究現狀
世界各國對數控機床、加工中心以至FMS、CIMS等各種新技術的研究與發(fā)展進程，是與世界經濟形勢緊密相連的。機床工業(yè)有世界經濟相互促進和發(fā)展，進入21世界知識機警時代，人們的知識所起的作用更加突出，而機床工業(yè)作為機器制造業(yè)的基礎，其重點地位與戰(zhàn)略意義也更加明顯。在1991—1994年間，世界經濟衰退，昂貴的FMS，CIMS降溫，1995—2000年間，世界經濟在低速增長，根據當前世界市場各方面用戶為提高生產率對NC機床的要求以及世界四大國際機床展（歐洲的EMO、美國的IMTS、日本的JIMTOF、中國的CIMT）上展品的分析，當前世界NC機床的技術研究主要有以下幾點：
1.1、更加重視新技術和創(chuàng)新
在世界范圍內，對新工藝、新材料、新結構、新單元、新元件的研究開發(fā)工作正在大力開展，如新的刀具材料、新的主軸結構、高速電主軸、高速直線電機等的開發(fā)研究。以加工工藝的改進創(chuàng)新為基礎，為加工超硬、難切削材料及特殊復合材料及復雜零件、不規(guī)則曲面等在不斷研究開發(fā)新機種。
1.2、提高機床加工的精度和研究
為了提高加工中心的加工精度，不斷提高機床的剛度、減少振動，消除熱變形，降低噪聲，提高NC機床的定位精度、重復精度、工作可靠性、穩(wěn)定性、精度保持性，世界很多國家都在進行機床熱誤差、機床運動及負載變形誤差的軟件補償技術研究，并采取精度補償、軟件補償等措施加以改善，有的已經可以使此類誤差消除60%。并在不斷開發(fā)精細加工，納米加工。
1.3、提高機床加工生產率的研究
世界NC機床、加工中心及相應的高速點主軸、直線電機、測量系統(tǒng)、NC系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)，均以提高生產率為前提。
1.4、許多國家都已經開始對數控系統(tǒng)的智能化、開放化、網絡化研究
A、數控系統(tǒng)的智能化的研究
主要表現在：為追求加工效率和加工質量的智能化，對加工過程的自適應控制，工藝參數自動生成進行研究；為提高驅動性能及使用連接方便的智能化，對反饋控制、電機參數的自適應運算、自動識別負載自動選定模型、自整定等進行研究；還有智能化的自動編程、智能化的人機界面、智能診斷、智能監(jiān)控等方面的研究。
B、數控系統(tǒng)開放化研究
主要表現在：數控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)在統(tǒng)一的運行平臺上，面向機床廠家和最終擁護，通過改變、增加或剪裁結構對象（數控對象），形成系列化，并可方便地將用戶的特殊應用和技術訣竅集成到控制系統(tǒng)中，快速實現不同品種、不同檔次的開放式數控系統(tǒng)，形成具有鮮明個性的名牌產品。目前開放式數控系統(tǒng)的體系結構規(guī)范、通行規(guī)范、配置規(guī)范、運行平臺、數控系統(tǒng)功能庫以及數控系統(tǒng)功能軟件開發(fā)工具等是當前研究的核心。
C、數控裝備的網絡化將極大地滿足生產線制造系統(tǒng)、制造企業(yè)對信息集成的需求，也是實現新的制造模式的基礎單元。
2、加工中心的分類
2.1、按主軸加工時的空間位置分類有：臥式和立式加工中心。
臥式加工中心，是指主軸軸線水平設置的加工中心。臥式加工中心一般具有3—5個運動坐標軸，常見的是三個直線運動坐標軸和一個回轉運動坐標軸（回轉工作臺），它能在工件一次裝夾完成除安裝面和頂面以外的其余4個面的加工，最適合加工箱體類工件。它與力式加工中心相比，結構復雜，占地面積大，質量大，價格高。
立式加工中心，立式加工中心主軸的軸線為垂直設置，其結構多為固定立柱式，工作臺為十字滑臺，適合加工盤類零件，一般具有3個直線運動坐標軸，并可在工作臺上安置一個水平軸的數控轉臺（第4軸）來加工螺旋類零件。立式加工中心結構簡單，占地面積小，價格低，配備各種附件后，可進行大部分工件的加工。
大型龍門式加工中心，主軸多為垂直設置，尤其使用于大型或形狀復雜的工件，像航空、航天工業(yè)及大型汽輪機上的某些零件的加工都需要用這類多坐標龍門式加工中心。
五面加工中心，這種加工中心具有立式和臥式加工中心的功能，在工件一次裝夾后，能完成除安裝面外的所有五個面的加工，這種加工方式可以使工件的形狀誤差降到最低，省去二次裝夾工作，從而提高生產效率，降低加工成本。
2.2、按工藝用途分類有：
鏜銑加工中心，分為立式樘銑加工中心、臥式樘銑加工中心和龍門樘銑加工中心。其加工工藝以樘銑為主，用于箱體，殼體以及各種復雜零件特殊曲線和曲面輪廓的多工序加工，適合多品種小批量生產。
復合加工中心，主要指五面復合加工，主軸頭可自動回轉，進行立，臥加工，在主軸自動回轉后，在水平和垂直方向實現知道變換。
2.3、按特殊功能分類有：
單工作臺、雙工作臺加工中心；
單軸、雙軸、三軸及可換主軸箱的加工中心；
立式轉塔加工中心和臥式轉塔加工中心；
刀庫加主軸換刀加工中心；
刀庫接寫手加主軸換刀加工中心；
刀庫加機械手加雙主軸轉塔加工中心。
3、當今數控機床的發(fā)展趨勢：
目前，世界先進制造技術不斷興起，超高速切削、超精密加工等技術的應用，柔性制造系統(tǒng)的迅速發(fā)展和計算機集成系統(tǒng)的不斷成熟，對數控加工技術提出了更高的要求。當今數控機床正在朝著以下幾個方向發(fā)展。
（1）.高速度、高精度化速度和精度是數控機床的兩個重要指標，它直接關系到加工效率和產品質量。目前，數控系統(tǒng)采用位數、頻率更高的處理器，以提高系統(tǒng)的基本運算速度。同時，采用超大規(guī)模的集成電路和多微處理器結構，以提高系統(tǒng)的數據處理能力，即提高插補運算的速度和精度。并采用直線電動機直接驅動機床工作臺的直線伺服進給方式，其高速度和動態(tài)響應特性相當優(yōu)越。采用前饋控制技術，使追蹤滯后誤差大大減小，從而改善拐角切削的加工精度。
為適應超高速加工的要求，數控機床采用主軸電動機與機床主軸合二為一的結構形式，實現了變頻電動機與機床主軸一體化，主軸電機的軸承采用磁浮軸承、液體動靜壓軸承或陶瓷滾動軸承等形式。目前，陶瓷刀具和金剛石涂層刀具已開始得到應用。
（2）.多功能化配有自動換刀機構(刀庫容量可達100把以上)的各類加工中心，能在同一臺機床上同時實現銑削、鏜削、鉆削、車削、鉸孔、擴孔、攻螺紋等多種工序加工，現代數控機床還采用了多主軸、多面體切削，即同時對一個零件的不同部位進行不同方式的切削加工。數控系統(tǒng)由于采用了多CPU結構和分級中斷控制方式，即可在一臺機床上同時進行零件加工和程序編制，實現所謂的“前臺加工，后臺編輯”。為了適應柔性制造系統(tǒng)和計算機集成系統(tǒng)的要求，數控系統(tǒng)具有遠距離串行接口，甚至可以聯網，實現數控機床之間的數據通信，也可以直接對多臺數控機床進行控制。
（3）.智能化現代數控機床將引進自適應控制技術，根據切削條件的變化，自動調節(jié)工作參數，使加工過程中能保持最佳工作狀態(tài)，從而得到較高的加工精度和較小的表面粗糙度，同時也能提高刀具的使用壽命和設備的生產效率。具有自診斷、自修復功能，在整個工作狀態(tài)中，系統(tǒng)隨時對CNC系統(tǒng)本身以及與其相連的各種設備進行自診斷、檢查。一旦出現故障時，立即采用停機等措施，并進行故障報警，提示發(fā)生故障的部位、原因等。還可以自動使故障模塊脫機，而接通備用模塊，以確保無人化工作環(huán)境的要求。為實現更高的故障診斷要求，其發(fā)展趨勢是采用人工智能專家診斷系統(tǒng)。
（4）.數控編程自動化隨著計算機應用技術的發(fā)展，目前CAD／CAM圖形交互式自動編程已得到較多的應用，是數控技術發(fā)展的新趨勢。它是利用CAD繪制的零件加工圖樣，再經計算機內的刀具軌跡數據進行計算和后置處理，從而自動生成NC零件加工程序，以實現CAD與CAM的集成。隨著CIMS技術的發(fā)展，當前又出現了CAD／CAPP／CAM集成的全自動編程方式，它與CAD／CAM系統(tǒng)編程的最大區(qū)別是其編程所需的加工工藝參數不必由人工參與，直接從系統(tǒng)內的CAPP數據庫獲得。
（5）.可靠性最大化數控機床的可靠性一直是用戶最關心的主要指標。數控系統(tǒng)將采用更高集成度的電路芯片，利用大規(guī)模或超大規(guī)模的專用及混合式集成電路，以減少元器件的數量，來提高可靠性。通過硬件功能軟件化，以適應各種控制功能的要求，同時采用硬件結構機床本體的模塊化、標準化和通用化及系列化，使得既提高硬件生產批量，又便于組織生產和質量把關。還通過自動運行啟動診斷、在線診斷、離線診斷等多種診斷程序，實現對系統(tǒng)內硬件、軟件和各種外部設備進行故障診斷和報警。利用報警提示，及時排除故障；利用容錯技術，對重要部件采用“冗余”設計，以實現故障自恢復；利用各種測試、監(jiān)控技術，當生產超程、刀損、干擾、斷電等各種意外時，自動進行相應的保護。
（6）.控制系統(tǒng)小型化數控系統(tǒng)小型化便于將機、電裝置結合為一體。目前主要采用超大規(guī)模集成元件、多層印刷電路板，采用三維安裝方法，使電子元器件得以高密度安裝，較大規(guī)?？s小系統(tǒng)的占有空間。而利用新型的彩色液晶薄型顯示器替代傳統(tǒng)的陰極射線管，將使數控操作系統(tǒng)進一步小型化。這樣可以方便地將它安裝在機床設備上，更便于對數控機床的操作使用。
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