圓筒形沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)【無凸緣圓筒形件】【說明書+CAD】

圓筒形沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)【無凸緣圓筒形件】【說明書+CAD】,無凸緣圓筒形件,說明書+CAD,圓筒形沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)【無凸緣圓筒形件】【說明書+CAD】,圓筒,沖壓,模具設(shè)計(jì),凸緣,說明書,仿單,cad 河南機(jī)電高等?？茖W(xué)校學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）中期檢查表學(xué)生姓名學(xué) 號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師選題情況課題名稱圓筒形沖壓模設(shè)計(jì)難易程度偏難適中偏易工作量較大合理較小符合規(guī)范化的要求任務(wù)書有無開題報(bào)告有無外文翻譯質(zhì)量優(yōu)良中差學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度、出勤情況好一般差工作進(jìn)度快按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行慢中期工作匯報(bào)及解答問題情況優(yōu)良中差中期成績?cè)u(píng)定：所在專業(yè)意見： 負(fù)責(zé)人： 2007 年 4 月20 日河南機(jī)電高等專科學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書系 部： 材料工程系 專 業(yè)： 模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造 學(xué)生姓名: 學(xué) 號(hào): 設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目： 圓筒形沖壓模設(shè)計(jì) 起 迄 日 期: 2007年 3月 27日 6月10 日指 導(dǎo) 教 師: 2007 年 3 月畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 任 務(wù) 書1本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題應(yīng)達(dá)到的目的：在完成該課題之后，應(yīng)對(duì)沖壓工藝生產(chǎn)較為熟悉，能熟練掌握相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)的使用，能獨(dú)立完成一套模具的設(shè)計(jì)及模具工作零件加工工藝的編制，能夠運(yùn)用模具設(shè)計(jì)軟件完成模具裝配圖及零件圖的繪制。2本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題任務(wù)的內(nèi)容和要求（包括原始數(shù)據(jù)、技術(shù)要求、工作要求等）：（1）了解目前國內(nèi)外沖壓模具的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀；（2）工件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝分析；（3）圓筒沖壓模設(shè)計(jì)，并編寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書一份；（4）繪制模具總裝圖一張，并畫出非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零件的零件圖； （5）編制主要零件加工工藝過程卡。原始資料：工件圖及其尺寸見說明書，材料：08鋼板生產(chǎn)批量：大量所在專業(yè)審查意見：負(fù)責(zé)人： 年 月 日系部意見：系領(lǐng)導(dǎo)： 年 月 日?qǐng)A筒形沖壓模設(shè)計(jì)第1章 緒 論 目前，我國沖壓技術(shù)與工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家相比還相當(dāng)?shù)穆浜?，主要原因是我國在沖壓基礎(chǔ)理論及成形工藝、模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、模具設(shè)計(jì)、模具制造工藝及設(shè)備等方面與工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)的國家尚有相當(dāng)大的差距，導(dǎo)致我國模具在壽命、效率、加工精度、生產(chǎn)周期等方面與工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家的模具相比差距相當(dāng)大。1.1 國內(nèi)模具的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢1.1.1國內(nèi)模具的現(xiàn)狀我國模具近年來發(fā)展很快，據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，2003年我國模具生產(chǎn)廠點(diǎn)約有2萬多家，從業(yè)人員約50多萬人，2004年模具行業(yè)的發(fā)展保持良好勢頭，模具企業(yè)總體上訂單充足，任務(wù)飽滿，2004年模具產(chǎn)值530億元。進(jìn)口模具18.13億美元，出口模具4.91億美元，分別比2003年增長18%、32.4%和45.9%。進(jìn)出口之比2004年為3.69:1，進(jìn)出口相抵后的進(jìn)凈口達(dá)13.2億美元，為凈進(jìn)口量較大的國家。在2萬多家生產(chǎn)廠點(diǎn)中，有一半以上是自產(chǎn)自用的。在模具企業(yè)中，產(chǎn)值過億元的模具企業(yè)只有20多家，中型企業(yè)幾十家，其余都是小型企業(yè)。近年來，模具行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和體制改革步伐加快，主要表現(xiàn)為：大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長壽命中高檔模具及模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件發(fā)展速度快于一般模具產(chǎn)品；專業(yè)模具廠數(shù)量增加，能力提高較快；三資及私營企業(yè)發(fā)展迅速；國企股份制改造步伐加快等。雖然說我國模具業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，但遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能適應(yīng)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要。我國尚存在以下幾方面的不足: 第一，體制不順，基礎(chǔ)薄弱。 “三資”企業(yè)雖然已經(jīng)對(duì)中國模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展起了積極的推動(dòng)作用，私營企業(yè)近年來發(fā)展較快，國企改革也在進(jìn)行之中，但總體來看，體制和機(jī)制尚不適應(yīng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)，再加上國內(nèi)模具工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)薄弱，因此，行業(yè)發(fā)展還不盡如人意，特別是總體水平和高新技術(shù)方面。 第二，開發(fā)能力較差，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益欠佳.我國模具企業(yè)技術(shù)人員比例低，水平較低，且不重視產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，在市場中經(jīng)常處于被動(dòng)地位。我國每個(gè)模具職工平均年創(chuàng)造產(chǎn)值約合1萬美元，國外模具工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家大多是1520萬美元，有的高達(dá)2530萬美元，與之相對(duì)的是我國相當(dāng)一部分模具企業(yè)還沿用過去作坊式管理，真正實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化企業(yè)管理的企業(yè)較少。 第三，工藝裝備水平低，且配套性不好，利用率低雖然國內(nèi)許多企業(yè)采用了先進(jìn)的加工設(shè)備，但總的來看裝備水平仍比國外企業(yè)落后許多，特別是設(shè)備數(shù)控化率和CAD/CAM應(yīng)用覆蓋率要比國外企業(yè)低得多。由于體制和資金等原因，引進(jìn)設(shè)備不配套，設(shè)備與附配件不配套現(xiàn)象十分普遍，設(shè)備利用率低的問題長期得不到較好解決。裝備水平低，帶來中國模具企業(yè)鉗工比例過高等問題。 第四，專業(yè)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、商品化的程度低、協(xié)作差 由于長期以來受“大而全”“小而全”影響，許多模具企業(yè)觀念落后，模具企業(yè)專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)水平低，專業(yè)化分工不細(xì)，商品化程度也低。目前國內(nèi)每年生產(chǎn)的模具，商品模具只占45%左右，其余為自產(chǎn)自用。模具企業(yè)之間協(xié)作不好，難以完成較大規(guī)模的模具成套任務(wù)，與國際水平相比要落后許多。模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化水平低，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件使用覆蓋率低也對(duì)模具質(zhì)量、成本有較大影響，對(duì)模具制造周期影響尤甚。 第五，模具材料及模具相關(guān)技術(shù)落后模具材料性能、質(zhì)量和品種往往會(huì)影響模具質(zhì)量、壽命及成本，國產(chǎn)模具鋼與國外進(jìn)口鋼相比，無論是質(zhì)量還是品種規(guī)格，都有較大差距。塑料、板材、設(shè)備等性能差，也直接影響模具水平的提高。1.1.2國內(nèi)模具的發(fā)展趨勢 巨大的市場需求將推動(dòng)中國模具的工業(yè)調(diào)整發(fā)展。雖然我國的模具工業(yè)和技術(shù)在過去的十多年得到了快速發(fā)展，但與國外工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家相比仍存在較大差距，尚不能完全滿足國民經(jīng)濟(jì)高速發(fā)展的需求。未來的十年，中國模具工業(yè)和技術(shù)的主要發(fā)展方向包括以下幾方面: 1） 模具日趨大型化； 2）在模具設(shè)計(jì)制造中廣泛應(yīng)用CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)； 3）模具掃描及數(shù)字化系統(tǒng)；4）在塑料模具中推廣應(yīng)用熱流道技術(shù)、氣輔注射成型和高壓注射成型技術(shù)； 5）提高模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化水平和模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的使用率；6）發(fā)展優(yōu)質(zhì)模具材料和先進(jìn)的表面處理技術(shù)；7）模具的精度將越來越高；8）模具研磨拋光將自動(dòng)化、智能化； 9）研究和應(yīng)用模具的高速測量技術(shù)與逆向工程；10）開發(fā)新的成形工藝和模具。1.2國外模具的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢模具是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)關(guān)鍵的工藝裝備，在電子、建材、汽車、電機(jī)、電器、儀器儀表、家電和通訊器材等產(chǎn)品中，6080的零部件都要依靠模具成型。用模具生產(chǎn)制作表現(xiàn)出的高效率、低成本、高精度、高一致性和清潔環(huán)保的特性，是其他加工制造方法所無法替代的。模具生產(chǎn)技術(shù)水平的高低，已成為衡量一個(gè)國家制造業(yè)水平高低的重要標(biāo)志，并在很大程度上決定著產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、效益和新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)能力。近幾年，全球模具市場呈現(xiàn)供不應(yīng)求的局面，世界模具市場年交易總額為600650億美元左右。美國、日本、法國、瑞士等國家年出口模具量約占本國模具年總產(chǎn)值的三分之一。國外模具總量中,大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長壽命模具的比例占到50%以上；國外模具企業(yè)的組織形式是大而專、大而精。2004年中國模協(xié)在德國訪問時(shí)，從德國工、模具行業(yè)組織-德國機(jī)械制造商聯(lián)合會(huì)（VDMA）工模具協(xié)會(huì)了解到，德國有模具企業(yè)約5000家。2003年德國模具產(chǎn)值達(dá)48億歐元。其中（VDMA）會(huì)員模具企業(yè)有90家，這90家骨干模具企業(yè)的產(chǎn)值就占德國模具產(chǎn)值的90%，可見其規(guī)模效益。 隨著時(shí)代的進(jìn)步和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，國外的一些掌握和能運(yùn)用新技術(shù)的人才如模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、模具工藝設(shè)計(jì)、高級(jí)鉗工及企業(yè)管理人才，他們的技術(shù)水平比較高故人均產(chǎn)值也較高我國每個(gè)職工平均每年創(chuàng)造模具產(chǎn)值約合1萬美元左右，而國外模具工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家大多1520萬美元，有的達(dá)到 2530萬美元。國外先進(jìn)國家模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件使用覆蓋率達(dá)70%以上，而我國才達(dá)到451.3深圓筒拉深件模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造方面1.3.1 深圓筒拉深模具設(shè)計(jì)的設(shè)計(jì)思路拉深是沖壓基本工序之一，它是利用拉深模在壓力機(jī)作用下，將平板坯料或空心工序件制成開口空心零件的加工方法。它不僅可以加工旋轉(zhuǎn)體零件，還可以加工盒形零件及其他形狀復(fù)雜的薄壁零件，但是，加工出來的制件的精度都很底。一般情況下，拉深件的尺寸精度應(yīng)在IT13級(jí)以下，不宜高于IT11級(jí)。只有加強(qiáng)拉深變形基礎(chǔ)理論的研究，才能提供更加準(zhǔn)確、實(shí)用、方便的計(jì)算方法，才能正確地確定拉深工藝參數(shù)和模具工作部分的幾何形狀與尺寸，解決拉深變形中出現(xiàn)的各種實(shí)際問題，從而，進(jìn)一步提高制件質(zhì)量。圓筒件是最典型的拉深件，其工作過程很簡單就一個(gè)拉深，根據(jù)計(jì)算確定它不能一次拉深成功.因此，需要多次拉深。在最后的一次拉深中由于制件的高度太高，根據(jù)計(jì)算的結(jié)果和選用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模架，判斷此次拉深不能采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的模架。為了保證制件的順利加工和順利取件，模具必須有足夠高度。要改變模具的高度，只有從改變導(dǎo)柱和導(dǎo)套的高度。導(dǎo)柱和導(dǎo)套的高度可根據(jù)拉深凸模與拉深凹模工作配合長度決定設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)可能高度出現(xiàn)誤差，應(yīng)當(dāng)邊試沖邊修改高度。1.3.2深圓筒拉深模具設(shè)計(jì)的進(jìn)度1.了解目前國內(nèi)外沖壓模具的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，所用時(shí)間20天；2.確定加工方案，所用時(shí)間5天；3.模具的設(shè)計(jì)，所用時(shí)間30天；4模具的調(diào)試所用時(shí)間5天第2章 深圓筒沖壓工藝的分析2.1 拉深件工藝分析 圖2-1 材料：08鋼板 厚度：1mm 此工件為無凸緣圓筒形工件，要求內(nèi)形尺寸，沒有厚度不變的要求。此工件的形狀滿足拉深的工藝要求，可采用拉深工序加工。工件底部圓角半徑 圖2-1 制件圖r8mm,取拉延凹模圓角半徑=8t=8mm.而根據(jù)式（6-13）=（0.6-1）r=5-8mm,現(xiàn)取=8mm,滿足拉延對(duì)圓角半徑的要求。尺寸，按沖壓設(shè)計(jì)資料中公差表查得為IT14級(jí)，滿足拉延工序?qū)ぜ畹燃?jí)要求。2.2 拉深工藝計(jì)算和工藝方案拉深件的工藝計(jì)算是拉深工藝設(shè)計(jì)中的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，本制件的工藝計(jì)算屬于最簡單的。其主要的內(nèi)容包括計(jì)算毛坯直徑、決定拉深次數(shù)及確定工序件的尺寸等。為了避免設(shè)計(jì)拉深模時(shí)出現(xiàn)尺寸錯(cuò)誤，可以畫出圓筒形拉深件的工序圖。2.2.1 工藝方案的確定 根據(jù)制件的工藝分析,知道制件是個(gè)簡單的圓筒形拉深件。所以它的工序只有一個(gè)：拉深。2.2.2 計(jì)算毛坯尺寸根據(jù)表面積相等原則，用解析法求該零件的毛坯直徑D。可按下面的公式計(jì)算：公式見2。該件mm，查表得出修邊余量mm。則，一次拉深可以成形。D= =116.3mm2.2.3 確定是否用壓邊圈相對(duì)厚度，查表得，需要采用壓邊圈。拉深時(shí)一般采用平面壓邊裝置。首次拉深圖2-2 壓邊圈拉深采用形式2.2.4 拉深次數(shù)的確定采用查表法。根據(jù)和工件相對(duì)高度，查表得n=1。2.2.5 排樣及相關(guān)的計(jì)算 圖 2-3 排樣方式采用有廢直排的排列的方式，因?yàn)闆_件與沖件之間，沖件與條料之間都存在搭邊廢料，這樣沖件尺寸完全由沖模來保證，因此精度較高，模具壽命也較長，但材料的利用率較低。沖裁件的面積A： 條料的寬度B=D+2a+c=116.3+2+0.5=118.8.查表2.5.2得最小搭邊值a=1.0mm, ,條料與導(dǎo)料板間隙，n=1. 步距S=D+=116.3+0.8=117.1mm.一個(gè)步距的材料的利用率 2.3 壓力、壓力中心計(jì)算及壓力機(jī)的選用因?yàn)楸局萍禽S對(duì)稱零件，所以不用計(jì)算壓力中心。2.3.1 壓力計(jì)算 由沖壓模設(shè)計(jì)與制造式4.4.6確定壓邊力的計(jì)算公式為：，。由表4.4.5 p=3.0Mpa. =12904.5N查表得。代入公式得F拉=0.8x400x1x73.7x3.14 =74053.76N 沖裁件的面積A： ，t=1mm，F(xiàn)沖=10617.7x1x400=4025x10.壓力機(jī)的公稱壓力。2.3.2 壓力機(jī)的選用根據(jù)沖裁工藝總力的計(jì)算結(jié)合工件的高度，初選開式雙拄可傾壓力機(jī)JH23-40 第3章 模具的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)3.1 模具工作部分的計(jì)算3.1.1 拉深模的間隙深間隙對(duì)拉深過程有較大的影響。它不僅影響拉深件的質(zhì)量與尺寸精度，而且影響拉深模的壽命以及拉深是否能夠順利進(jìn)行。因此，應(yīng)該綜合考慮各種影響因素，選取適當(dāng)?shù)睦铋g隙值，既可保證工件的要求，又能使拉深順利進(jìn)行。 本模具的拉深間隙查表得出：Z1/2=1.2t=1.2mmZ2/2=1.1t=1.1mmZ3/2=t=1mm3.1.2 拉深模的圓角半徑 凸模、凹模的選用在制件拉深過程中有著很大的作用。凸模圓角半徑的選用可以大些，這樣會(huì)減低板料繞凸模的彎曲拉應(yīng)力，工件不易被拉裂，極限拉深因數(shù)會(huì)變小些；凹模的圓角半徑也可以選大些，這樣沿凹模圓角部分的流動(dòng)阻力就會(huì)小些，拉深力也會(huì)減小，極限拉深因數(shù)也會(huì)相應(yīng)減小。但是凸、凹模的圓角半徑也不易過大，過大的圓角半徑，就會(huì)減少板料與凸模和凹模端面的接觸面積及壓邊圈的壓料面積，板料懸空面積增大，容易產(chǎn)生失穩(wěn)起皺。拉深凸凹模的圓角半徑已有前面計(jì)算得出結(jié)果： 3.1.3 凸凹模工作部分的尺寸和公差 圖 3-1 凸 凹 模（1）沖裁凸凹模刃口的尺寸計(jì)算該圓形零件，無特殊要求，屬一般落料件，內(nèi)形，由表查得其公差為mm，查表得2.323得Zmin=0.07，Zmax=0.09則： Zmax-Zmin=（0.09-0.07）=0.02由公差表查得為IT10級(jí)，取X=1該凸凹模分別按IT6級(jí)和IT7級(jí)加工制造，則： =（Dmax-X）=核查0.016+0.025=0.0410.01，不能滿足間隙公差條件，因此只有縮小，提高制造精度才能保證間隙合理。?。?故： （2）計(jì)算拉深凸凹模刃口尺寸拉深模的圓角半徑，凸凹模的圓角半徑按表選取：凸模的圓角半徑拉深默的間隙由查表得拉深模的單位間隙Z/2=1.1t=1.11=1.1則拉深模的間隙： Z=21.1=2.2凸凹模工作部分的尺寸和公差由于工件要求外形尺寸，則以凹模為設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn)，凹模尺寸計(jì)算見表4.291，間隙取在凸模上，則凹模的尺寸按表4.291計(jì)算代入上式，則凸模尺寸為：確定凸模的通氣孔由表4.32查得凸模通氣孔的直徑為5mm。3.1.4 選用模架、確定閉合高度及總體尺寸由于拉深凹模外形尺寸較大，為了工作過程穩(wěn)定，選用中間導(dǎo)柱模架。再按其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選擇具體結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸見表3-1。表3-1 模架規(guī)格選用名稱尺寸材料熱處理上模座160x160x40HT200下模座160x160x45HT200導(dǎo)柱28x35、32x15020滲碳5862導(dǎo)套28x100x38、32x100x3820滲碳5862Hmin=160mm,Hmax=200mm 模具的閉合高度H閉=H上+H凹+H壓+H下=40+100+35+45=220mm式中：H凹凹模厚度，H凹=100mm；H壓壓邊圈的厚度，H壓35mm； 由此可見模具的實(shí)際閉合高度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于所采用模架的最大閉合高度。查標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的資料。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)模具的實(shí)際閉合高度還是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于其它標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的最大閉合高度。所以此制件不能采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模架。 為了節(jié)省加工時(shí)間，只有在模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模架的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行修改。因?yàn)槟＞叩姆忾]高度H應(yīng)該介于壓力機(jī)的最大封閉高度Hmax和最小封閉高度Hmin之間，一般?。篐max-5mmHHmin+10mm由此可以看出，要想讓制件順利加工和從模具上取出，只有使模具有足夠的封閉高度： HmaxH+5mm=220+5=225mm HminH-10mm=220-10=210mm要使模具具有足夠的封閉高度，只有改變導(dǎo)柱和導(dǎo)套的高度：導(dǎo)柱：28x50、32x180； 導(dǎo)套：28x120x50、32x120x50為了使模座有足夠的強(qiáng)度，上，下模座的厚度應(yīng)該再增加一些。3.2 模具零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)3.2.1 拉深凹模 圖3-2 凹 模 內(nèi)、外形尺寸和厚度已由前面的計(jì)算確定；拉深凹模需要有三個(gè)以上的螺釘與上模座固定，還需要兩個(gè)與上模座同時(shí)加工的銷釘孔。3.2.2 拉深凸模 圖3-3 凸模拉深凸模的外形尺寸工作尺寸由前面的計(jì)算確定。它需要三個(gè)以上的螺紋孔，以便與下模座固定。拉深凸模上一般開有出氣孔，這樣會(huì)使卸件容易些，否則凸模與工件由于真空狀態(tài)而無法卸件。查表，本凸模出氣孔的直徑為5mm3.2.3 打料塊 一般與打料桿聯(lián)合使用，屬于剛性卸件裝置，靠兩者的自重把工件打出來。打料塊與拉深凹模間隙配合。3.2.4 壓邊圈圖3-4 壓邊圈在拉深工序中，為保證拉深件的表面質(zhì)量，防止拉深過程中材料的起皺，常采用壓邊圈用合適的壓邊力使毛坯的變形區(qū)部分被壓在凹模平面上，并使毛坯從壓邊圈與凹模平面之間的縫隙中通過，從而制止毛坯的起皺現(xiàn)象。壓邊圈的內(nèi)形與拉深凸模間隙配合，外形套有半成品制件。一般與頂料桿(三根以上)、橡皮等構(gòu)成彈性卸料系統(tǒng)。3.2.5 導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套 對(duì)于生產(chǎn)批量大、要求模具壽命高的模具，一般采用導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套來保證上、下模的導(dǎo)向精度。導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套在模具中主要起導(dǎo)向作用。導(dǎo)柱與導(dǎo)套之間采用間隙配合。根據(jù)沖壓工序性質(zhì)、沖壓的精度及材料厚度等的不同，其配合間隙也稍微不同。因?yàn)楸局萍暮穸葹?mm，所以采用H7/f6。3.2.6 其他零件模具其他零件的選用見表3-2表3-2 模具其他零件的選用序號(hào)名稱數(shù)量材料規(guī)格/ mm熱處理1上模座1HT200160x160x402銷釘240Cr25903打桿14025804045HRC4螺釘445M24545打料塊14072404045HRC6凹模1Cr121601601006062HRC7導(dǎo)套22028x120x50滲碳5862HRC8導(dǎo)柱22028x50滲碳5862HRC9下模座1HT200160x160x4510壓邊圈14573355658HRC11卸料螺釘340CrM201003035HRC12凸模 1T10A72.7406062HRC13螺釘345M246014頂桿3T8AM204504045HRC15導(dǎo)套22032x120x50滲碳5862HRC16導(dǎo)柱22090670滲碳5862HRC3.3 模具總裝圖圖 3-5 模具裝配圖由以上設(shè)計(jì)，可得到模具的總裝圖，其工作過程是：模具在工作時(shí)，將前一道工序拉深后所得的半成品坯件套在壓邊圈上。凹模裝在上模，凸模裝在下模。待凹模隨上模下降時(shí)，首先將坯件壓住，然后坯件和壓邊圈同時(shí)向下推，凸模逐漸露出壓邊圈，而將坯料上端一部分材料壓入凹模內(nèi)，使坯件在凸、凹模作用下，產(chǎn)生塑性變形而制成所要求的零件。 當(dāng)凹模隨上模回升時(shí)，零件制品在打料塊及打料桿的作用下，將其從凹模內(nèi)推出。而壓邊圈在緩沖器系統(tǒng)作用下又回到原位，準(zhǔn)備下一次拉深。結(jié)束語深圓筒件屬于簡單拉深件，分析其工藝性，并確定工藝方案。根據(jù)計(jì)算確定本制件是多次拉深成的，然后相應(yīng)選取各次拉深時(shí)的壓力機(jī)。本設(shè)計(jì)主要是最后一次拉深模具設(shè)計(jì)，需要計(jì)算拉深時(shí)的間隙、工作零件的圓角半徑、尺寸和公差，并且還需要確定模具的總體尺寸和模具零件的結(jié)構(gòu)，然后根據(jù)上面的設(shè)計(jì)繪出模具的總裝圖。 由于在零件制造前進(jìn)行了預(yù)測，分析了制件在生產(chǎn)過程中可能出現(xiàn)的缺陷，采取了相應(yīng)的工藝措施。因此，模具在生產(chǎn)零件的時(shí)候才可以減少廢品的產(chǎn)生。 深圓筒件的形狀結(jié)構(gòu)較為簡單，但是高度太高不適合選用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模架。要保證零件的順利加工和取件，必須有足夠的高度，因此需要改變導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套的長度，以達(dá)到要求。模具工作零件的結(jié)構(gòu)也較為簡單，它可以相應(yīng)的簡化了模具結(jié)構(gòu)。便以以后的操作、調(diào)整和維護(hù)。深圓筒模具的設(shè)計(jì)，是理論知識(shí)與實(shí)踐有機(jī)的結(jié)合，更加系統(tǒng)地對(duì)理論知識(shí)做了更深切貼實(shí)的闡述。也使我認(rèn)識(shí)到，要想做為一名合理的模具設(shè)計(jì)人員，必須要有扎實(shí)的專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)，并不斷學(xué)習(xí)新知識(shí)新技術(shù)，樹立終身學(xué)習(xí)的觀念，把理論知識(shí)應(yīng)用到實(shí)踐中去，并堅(jiān)持科學(xué)、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、求實(shí)的精神，大膽創(chuàng)新，突破新技術(shù)，為國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的騰飛做出應(yīng)有的貢獻(xiàn)。致 謝首先感謝本人的導(dǎo)師原紅玲老師，她對(duì)我的仔細(xì)審閱了本文的全部內(nèi)容并對(duì)我的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容提出了許多建設(shè)性建議。原紅玲老師淵博的知識(shí)，誠懇的為人，使我受益匪淺，在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的過程中，特別是遇到困難時(shí)，她給了我鼓勵(lì)和幫助，在這里我向他表示真誠的感謝！感謝母校河南機(jī)電高等?？茖W(xué)校的辛勤培育之恩！感謝材料工程系給我提供的良好學(xué)習(xí)及實(shí)踐環(huán)境，使我學(xué)到了許多新的知識(shí)，掌握了一定的操作技能。感謝和我在一起進(jìn)行課題研究的同窗廖文龍同學(xué)，和他在一起討論、研究使我受益非淺。最后，我非常慶幸在三年的的學(xué)習(xí)、生活中認(rèn)識(shí)了很多可敬的老師和可親的同學(xué)，并感激師友的教誨和幫助！參考文獻(xiàn)：1 陳錫棟、周小玉主編.實(shí)用模具技術(shù)手冊(cè).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，20012 李紹林、馬長福主編.實(shí)用模具技術(shù)手冊(cè).上?？茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社，19983 許發(fā)樾主編.實(shí)用模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造手冊(cè).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，20004 楊玉英主編.實(shí)用沖壓工藝及模具設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè). 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，20045 模具實(shí)用技術(shù)叢書編委會(huì).沖壓設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用實(shí)例.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.19996 翟德梅主編.模具制造技術(shù).河南機(jī)電高等?？茖W(xué)校7 王芳主編.冷沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo). 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，19988 任嘉卉主編.公差與配合手冊(cè). 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，20009 李易、于成功、聞小芝主編.現(xiàn)代模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造、調(diào)試與維修實(shí)用手冊(cè).北京：金版電子出版公司，200310 建聲、秦曉剛編著.模具技術(shù)問答. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，199619河南機(jī)電高等專科學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)題目：無凸緣圓筒形沖壓模設(shè)計(jì)系 部 材料工程系 專 業(yè) 模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造班 級(jí) 學(xué)生姓名 學(xué) 號(hào) 指導(dǎo)教師 2007年 6 月畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)/論文任務(wù)書 題目：無凸緣圓筒形沖壓模設(shè)計(jì) 內(nèi)容： （1）圓筒形工件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝分析；（2）圓筒沖壓模設(shè)計(jì)，繪制模具總裝圖一張；（3）畫出非標(biāo)零件圖；（4）編寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書一份；（5）編制主要零件加工工藝過程卡。原始資料:如圖：圓筒零件圖材料：08鋼板插圖清單圖 2-1 產(chǎn)品零件圖 5圖 2-2壓邊圈拉深采用形式6圖 2-3排列方式 7圖 3-1 凸凹模10圖3-2 凹模 13圖 3-3 凸模13圖 3-4 壓邊圈 14圖 3-5模具裝配圖15深圓筒形沖壓模設(shè)計(jì)摘 要系統(tǒng)介紹了工件的成形工藝及模具成型結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)塑件質(zhì)量的影響分析，模具成型部分和總裝結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)。介紹了圓筒拉深模具設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)要注意的要點(diǎn)，并較多的考慮了模具結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整性、易更換性及模具成本。從控制制件尺寸精度出發(fā)，對(duì)圓筒拉深模具的各主要尺寸進(jìn)行了理論計(jì)算，以確定各工作零件的尺寸，從模具設(shè)計(jì)到零部件的加工工藝以及裝配工藝等進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的闡述，并應(yīng)用CAD進(jìn)行各重要零件的設(shè)計(jì)。關(guān)鍵詞：工藝分析；工件成型；模具結(jié)構(gòu)。The design of stretching die about cylinderAbstractThe molding process of work piece, the effect analysis to work piece quality caused by molding structure, partial and general design of mold moulding introduced respectively. The critical points of mold for work design are introduced, and the adjustable character of molding structure、exchange character as well as the molding costs are all considered farther. Starting from controlling dimensional accuracy, the brrel to the main dimensions of injection molding are carried out so as to determine the size of different parts, the molding design and the process of parts as well as assembling process and etc of injection molding are stated in details.Key words: process analysis; work piece moulding; molding structure. 機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片產(chǎn)品型號(hào)零（部）件圖號(hào)20產(chǎn)品名稱圓筒零（部）件名稱凹模共（ 1）頁第（1 ）頁材料牌號(hào) T8A毛坯種類圓棒料毛坯外型尺寸250每個(gè)毛坯可制件數(shù)1每臺(tái)件數(shù)1備注工序號(hào)工序名稱工 序 內(nèi) 容車間工段設(shè)備工 藝 裝 備工時(shí)準(zhǔn)終單件05下料鋸割下料250100下料車間鋸床0.510鍛鍛成長方形鍛造車間空氣錘115熱處理退火熱處理車間熱處理爐0.520車削留余量，車至尺寸模具車間車床325熱處理調(diào)質(zhì)熱處理車間熱處理爐0.530磨削磨削至尺寸要求模具車間磨床135鉗劃線鉆孔模具車間40鉗精修各尺寸模具車間設(shè)計(jì)日期審核日期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化日期會(huì)簽日期標(biāo)記記數(shù)更改文件號(hào)簽字日期標(biāo)記處數(shù)更該文件號(hào)機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片產(chǎn)品型號(hào)零（部）件圖號(hào)10產(chǎn)品名稱圓筒零（部）件名稱凸凹模共（ 1）頁第（1 ）頁材料牌號(hào) T8A毛坯種類圓棒料毛坯外型尺寸250每個(gè)毛坯可制件數(shù)1每臺(tái)件數(shù)1備注工序號(hào)工序名稱工 序 內(nèi) 容車間工段設(shè)備工 藝 裝 備工時(shí)準(zhǔn)終單件05下料鋸割下料200100下料車間鋸床0.510鍛鍛成21090鍛造車間空氣錘115熱處理退火熱處理車間熱處理爐0.520車削留余量，車至尺寸模具車間車床325熱處理調(diào)質(zhì)熱處理車間熱處理爐0.530磨削磨削至尺寸要求模具車間磨床135鉗劃線鉆孔模具車間40鉗精修各尺寸模具車間設(shè)計(jì)日期審核日期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化日期會(huì)簽日期標(biāo)記記數(shù)更改文件號(hào)簽字日期標(biāo)記處數(shù)更該文件號(hào)目 錄第一章 緒論 11.1 國內(nèi)模具的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢11.1.1 國內(nèi)模具的現(xiàn)狀11.1.2國內(nèi)模具的發(fā)展趨勢21.2 國外模具的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢31.3 深圓筒拉深件模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造41.3.1 深圓筒拉深模具設(shè)計(jì)的設(shè)計(jì)思路41.3.2 深圓筒拉深模具設(shè)計(jì)的進(jìn)度4第二章 深圓筒件工藝分析 52.1 拉深件的工藝性分析52.2 拉深工藝計(jì)算和工藝方案的確定52.2.1 工藝方案的確定62.2.2 計(jì)算毛坯尺寸62.2.3 確定是否用壓邊圈62.2.4 拉深次數(shù)的確定62.2.5 排樣及相關(guān)的計(jì)算72.3 壓力、壓力中心計(jì)算及壓力機(jī)的選用82.3.1 壓力計(jì)算82.3.2 壓力機(jī)的選用8第三章 模具的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)93.1 模具工作部分的計(jì)算93.1.1 拉深模的間隙93.1.2 拉深模的圓角半徑93.1.3 凸凹模工作部分的尺寸和公差93.1.4 選用模架、確定閉合高度及總體尺寸113.2 模具零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)123.2.1拉深凹模133.2.2拉深凸模133.2.3打料塊143.2.4壓邊圈143.2.5 導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套143.2.6其他零件143.3 模具總裝圖15結(jié)束語17致謝 18參考文獻(xiàn) 19表格清單表1 模架規(guī)格選用11表2 模架其他零件的選用14畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)語學(xué)生姓名：班級(jí): 學(xué)號(hào)：題 目： 圓筒拉深復(fù)合模設(shè)計(jì) 綜合成績： 指導(dǎo)者(簽字)： 2007 年6月 日INEEL/CON-2000-00104 PREPRINT Spray-Formed Tooling for Injection Molding and Die Casting Applications K. M. McHugh B. R. Wickham June 26, 2000 June 28, 2000 International Conference on Spray Deposition and Melt Atomization This is a preprint of a paper intended for publication in a journal or proceedings. Since changes may be made before publication, this preprint should not be cited or reproduced without permission of the author. This document was prepared as a account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, or any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for any third partys use, or the results of such use, of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed in this report, or represents that its use by such third party would not infringe privately owned rights. The views expressed in this paper are not necessarily those of the U.S. Government or the sponsoring agency. BECHTEL BWXT IDAHO, LLC 1 Spray-Formed Tooling For Injection Molding and Die Casting Applications Kevin M. McHugh and Bruce R. Wickham Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory P.O. Box 1625 Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2050 e-mail: kmm4inel.gov Abstract Rapid Solidification Process (RSP) Tooling is a spray forming technology tailored for producing molds and dies. The approach combines rapid solidification processing and net-shape materials processing in a single step. The ability of the sprayed deposit to capture features of the tool pattern eliminates costly machining operations in conventional mold making and reduces turnaround time. Moreover, rapid solidification suppresses carbide precipitation and growth, allowing many ferritic tool steels to be artificially aged, an alternative to conventional heat treatment that offers unique benefits. Material properties and microstructure transformation during heat treatment of spray-formed H13 tool steel are described. Introduction Molds, dies, and related tooling are used to shape many of the plastic and metal components we use every day at home or at work. The process involves machining the negative of a desired part shape (core and cavity) from a forged tool steel or a rough metal casting, adding cooling channels, vents, and other mechanical features, followed by grinding. Many molds and dies undergo heat treatment (austenitization/quench/temper) to improve the properties of the steel, followed by final grinding and polishing to achieve the desired finish 1. Conventional fabrication of molds and dies is very expensive and time consuming because: Each is custom made, reflecting the shape and texture of the desired part. The materials used to make tooling are difficult to machine and work with. Tool steels are the workhorse of industry for long production runs. Machining tool steels is capital equipment intensive because specialized equipment is often needed for individual machining steps. Tooling must be machined accurately. Oftentimes many individual components must fit together correctly for the final product to function properly. 2 Costs for plastic injection molds vary with size and complexity, ranging from about $10,000 to over $300,000 (U.S.), and have lead times of 3 to 6 months. Tool checking and part qualification may require an additional 3 months. Large die-casting dies for transmissions and sheet metal stamping dies for making automobile body panels may cost more than $1million (U.S.). Lead times are usually greater than 40 weeks. A large automobile company invests about $1 billion (U.S.) in new tooling each year to manufacture the components that go into their new line of cars and trucks. Spray forming offers great potential for reducing the cost and lead time for tooling by eliminating many of the machining, grinding, and polishing unit operations. In addition, spray forming provides a powerful means to control segregation of alloying elements during solidification and carbide formation, and the ability to create beneficial metastable phases in many popular ferritic tool steels. As a result, relatively low temperature precipitation hardening heat treatment can be used to tailor properties such as hardness, toughness, thermal fatigue resistance, and strength. This paper describes the application of spray forming technology for producing H13 tooling for injection molding and die casting applications, and the benefits of low temperature heat treatment. RSP Tooling Rapid Solidification Process (RSP) Tooling, is a spray forming technology tailored for producing molds and dies 2-4. The approach combines rapid solidification processing and net- shape materials processing in a single step. The general concept involves converting a mold design described by a CAD file to a tooling master using a suitable rapid prototyping (RP) technology such as stereolithography. A pattern transfer is made to a castable ceramic, typically alumina or fused silica (Figure 1). This is followed by spray forming a thick deposit of tool steel (or other alloy) on the pattern to capture the desired shape, surface texture and detail. The resultant metal block is cooled to room temperature and separated from the pattern. Typically, the deposits exterior walls are machined square, allowing it to be used as an insert in a holding block such as a MUD frame 5. The overall turnaround time for tooling is about three days, stating with a master. Molds and dies produced in this way have been used for prototype and production runs in plastic injection molding and die casting. Figure 1. RSP Tooling processing steps. 3 An important benefit of RSP Tooling is that it allows molds and dies to be made early in the design cycle for a component. True prototype parts can be manufactured to assess form, fit, and function using the same process planned for production. If the part is qualified, the tooling can be run in production as conventional tooling would. Use of a digital database and RP technology allows design modifications to be easily made. Experimental Procedure An alumina-base ceramic (Cotronics 780 6) was slurry cast using a silicone rubber master die, or freeze cast using a stereolithography master. After setting up, ceramic patterns were demolded, fired in a kiln, and cooled to room temperature. H13 tool steel was induction melted under a nitrogen atmosphere, superheated about 100C, and pressure-fed into a bench-scale converging/diverging spray nozzle, designed and constructed in-house. An inert gas atmosphere within the spray apparatus minimized in-flight oxidation of the atomized droplets as they deposited onto the tool pattern at a rate of about 200 kg/h. Gas-to-metal mass flow ratio was approximately 0.5. For tensile property and hardness evaluation, the spray-formed material was sectioned using a wire EDM and surface ground to remove a 0.05 mm thick heat-affected zone. Samples were heat treated in a furnace that was purged with nitrogen. Each sample was coated with BN and placed in a sealed metal foil packet as a precautionary measure to prevent decarburization. Artificially aged samples were soaked for 1 hour at temperatures ranging from 400 to 700C, and air cooled. Conventionally heat treated H13 was austenitized at 1010C for 30 min., air quenched, and double tempered (2 hr plus 2 hr) at 538C. Microhardness was measured at room temperature using a Shimadzu Type M Vickers Hardness Tester by averaging ten microindentation readings. Microstructure of the etched (3% nital) tool steel was evaluated optically using an Olympus Model PME-3 metallograph and an Amray Model 1830 scanning electron microscope. Phase composition was analyzed via energy- dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The size distribution of overspray powder was analyzed using a Microtrac Full Range Particle Analyzer after powder samples were sieved at 200 m to remove coarse flakes. Sample density was evaluated by water displacement using Archimedes principle and a Mettler balance (Model AE100). A quasi 1-D computer code developed at INEEL was used to evaluate multiphase flow behavior inside the nozzle and free jet regions. The codes basic numerical technique solves the steady- state gas flow field through an adaptive grid, conservative variables approach and treats the droplet phase in a Lagrangian manner with full aerodynamic and energetic coupling between the droplets and transport gas. The liquid metal injection system is coupled to the throat gas dynamics, and effects of heat transfer and wall friction are included. The code also includes a nonequilibrium solidification model that permits droplet undercooling and recalescence. The code was used to map out the temperature and velocity profile of the gas and atomized droplets within the nozzle and free jet regions. 4 Results and Discussion Spray forming is a robust rapid tooling technology that allows tool steel molds and dies to be produced in a straightforward manner. Examples of die inserts are given in Figure 2. Each was spray formed using a ceramic pattern generated from a RP master. Figure 2. Spray-formed mold inserts. (a) Ceramic pattern and H13 tool steel insert. (b) P20 tool steel insert. Particle and Gas Behavior Particle mass frequency and cumulative mass distribution plots for H13 tool steel sprays are given in Figure 3. The mass median diameter was determined to be 56 m by interpolation of size corresponding to 50% cumulative mass. The area mean diameter and volume mean diameter were calculated to be 53 m and 139 m, respectively. Geometric standard deviation, d =(d 84 /d 16 ) , is 1.8, where d 84 and d 16 are particle diameters corresponding to 84% and 16% cumulative mass in Figure 3. 5 Figure 3. Cumulative mass and mass frequency plots of particles in H13 tool step sprays. Figure 4 gives computational results for the multiphase velocity flow field (Figure 4a), and H13 tool steel solid fraction (Figure 4b), inside the nozzle and free jet regions. Gas velocity increases until reaching the location of the shock front, at which point it precipitously decreases, eventually decaying exponentially outside the nozzle. Small droplets are easily perturbed by the velocity field, accelerating inside the nozzle and decelerating outside. After reaching their terminal velocity, larger droplets (150 m) are less perturbed by the flow field due to their greater momentum. It is well known that high particle cooling rates in the spray jet (10 3 -10 6 K/s) and bulk deposit (1- 100 K/min) are present during spray forming 7. Most of the particles in the spray have undergone recalescence, resulting in a solid fraction of about 0.75. Calculated solid fraction profiles of small (30 m) and large (150 m) droplets with distance from the nozzle inlet, are shown in Figure 4b. Spray-Formed Deposits This high heat extraction rate reduces erosion effects at the surface of the tool pattern. This allows relatively soft, castable ceramic pattern materials to be used that would not be satisfactory candidates for conventional metal casting processes. With suitable processing conditions, fine 6 Figure 4. Calculated particle and gas behavior in nozzle and free jet regions. (a) Velocity profile. (b) Solid fraction. 7 surface detail can be successfully transferred from the pattern to spray-formed mold. Surface roughness at the molding surface is pattern dependent. Slurry-cast commercial ceramics yield a surface roughness of about 1 m Ra, suitable for many molding applications. Deposition of tool steel onto glass plates has yielded a specular surface finish of about 0.076 m Ra. At the current state of development, dimensional repeatability of spray-formed molds, starting with a common master, is about 0.2%. Chemistry The chemistry of H13 tool steel is designed to allow the material to withstand the temperature, pressure, abrasion, and thermal cycling associated with demanding applications such as die casting. It is the most popular die casting alloy worldwide and second most popular tool steel for plastic injection molding. The steel has low carbon content (0.4 wt.%) to promote toughness, medium chromium content (5 wt%) to provide good resistance to high temperature softening, 1 wt% Si to improve high temperature oxidation resistance, and small molybdenum and vanadium additions (about 1%) that form stable carbides to increase resistance to erosive wear 8. Composition analysis was performed on H13 tool steel before and after spray forming. Results, summarized in Table 1, indicate no significant variation in alloy additions. Table 1. Composition of H13 tool steel Element C Mn Cr Mo V Si Fe Stock H13 0.41 0.39 5.15 1.41 0.9 1.06 Bal. Spray Formed H13 0.41 0.38 5.10 1.42 0.9 1.08 Bal. Microstructure The size, shape, type, and distribution of carbides found in H13 tool steel is dictated by the processing method and heat treatment. Normally the commercial steel is machined in the mill annealed condition and heat treated (austenitized/quenched/tempered) prior to use. It is typically austenitized at about 1010C, quenched in air or oil, and carefully tempered two or three times at 540 to 650C to obtain the required combination of hardness, thermal fatigue resistance, and toughness. Commercial, forged, ferritic tool steels cannot be precipitation hardened because after electroslag remelting at the steel mill, ingots are cast that cool slowly and form coarse carbides. In contrast, rapid solidification of H13 tool steel causes alloying additions to remain largely in solution and to be more uniformly distributed in the matrix 9-11. Properties can be tailored by artificial aging or conventional heat treatment. A benefit of artificial aging is that it bypasses the specific volume changes that occur during conventional heat treatment that can lead to tool distortion. These specific volume changes occur as the matrix phase transforms from ferrite to austenite to tempered martensite and must be accounted for in the original mold design. However, they cannot always be reliably predicted. Thin sections in the insert, which may be desirable from a design and production standpoint, are oftentimes not included as the material has a tendency to slump during austenitization or distort 8 during quenching. Tool distortion is not observed during artificial aging of spray-formed tool steels because there is no phase transformation. An optical photomicrograph of spray-formed H13 is shown in Figure 5 together with an SEM image, in backscattered electron (BSE) mode. Energy dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) composition analysis of some features in the photomicrographs is also given. While exact quantitative data is not possible due to sampling volume limitations, results suggest that grain boundaries are particularly rich in V. Intragranular (matrix) regions are homogeneous and rich in Fe. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that the matrix phase is primarily ferrite (bainite) with very little retained austenite, and that the alloying elements are largely in solution. Discrete intragranular carbides are relatively rare, very small (about 0.1 m) and predominately vanadium-rich MC carbides. M 2 C carbides are not observed. Element Si V Cr Mn Mo Fe Spot #1 (wt%) 0.61 32.13 6.68 0.17 2.05 58.36 Spot #2 (wt%) 1.59 0.79 5.35 0.28 2.28 89.72 Figure 5. Photomicrographs of as-deposited H13 tool steel. 3% nital etch. (a) Optical photomicrograph. (b) SEM image (BSE mode) near a grain boundary. Table gives EDS composition of numbered features. 9 Figure 6 illustrates the microstructure of spray-formed H13 aged at 500C for 1 hr. During aging, grain boundaries remain well defined, perhaps coarsening slightly compared to as- deposited H13 (Figure 5). The most prominent change is the appearance of very fine (0.1 m diameter) vanadium-rich MC carbide precipitates. The precipitates are uniformly distributed throughout the matrix and increase the hardness and wear resistance of the tool steel. Increasing the soak temperature to 700C results in prominent carbide coarsening, the formation of M 7 C 3 and M 6 C carbides, and a decrease in hardness. The photomicrographs of Figure 7 illustrate the dramatic change in carbide size. BSE imaging clearly differentiates Mo/Cr-rich carbides from V-rich carbides, shown as light and dark areas, respectively, in Figure 7. EDS analysis of these carbides is also given in Figure 7. Element Si V Cr Mn Mo Fe Spot #1 (wt%) 0.06 13.80 7.20 2.64 2.44 73.86 Spot #2 (wt%) 1.52 0.82 5.48 0.23 2.38 89.57 Figure 6. Photomicrographs of spray-formed/aged H13 tool steel. 500C soak for 1 hr. 3% nital etch. (a) Optical photomicrograph. (b) SEM image (BSE mode) near a grain boundary. Table gives EDS composition of numbered features. 10 Element Si V Cr Mn Mo Fe Spot #1 (wt%) 0 82.27 9.01 0 4.33 4.39 Spot #2 (wt%) 0 5.30 25.70 0 55.55 13.45 Spot #3 (wt%) 1.60 0.88 6.32 0.28 2.92 88.00 Figure 7. SEM Photomicrograph (BSE mode) of spray-formed/aged H13 tool steel showing adjacent V-rich (dark) and Mo/Cr-rich (light) carbides. 700C soak for 1/2 hr, 3% nital etch. Table gives EDS composition of numbered features. Material Properties Porosity in spray-formed metals depends on processing conditions. The average as-deposited density of spray-formed H13 was 98-99% of theoretical, as measured by water displacement using Archimedes principle. As-deposited hardness was typically about 59 HRC, harder than commercial forged and heat treated material (28 to 53 HRC depending on tempering temperature), and significantly harder than annealed H13 (200 HB). The high hardness is attributable to lattice strain due to quenching stresses and supersaturation. As shown in Figure 8, hardness can be varied over a wide range by artificial aging. 59 HRC as- deposited samples were given isochronal (1 hr) soaks at 50C increments from 400 to 700C, air cooled, and evaluated for microhardness. At 400C, a small decrease in hardness was observed, presumably due to stress relieving. As the soak temperature was further increased, hardness rose to a peak hardness of approximately 62 HRC at 500C. Higher soak temperature resulted in a drop in hardness as carbide particles coarsened. Peak age hardness in spray-formed H13 tool steel is notably higher than that of commercial hardened material. Normally, commercial H13 dies used in die casting are tempered to about 40 to 45 HRC as a tradeoff since high hardness dies, while desirable for wear resistance, are prone to premature failure via thermal fatigue as the dies surface is rapidly cycled from 300C to 700C during aluminum production runs. 11 Figure 8. Hardness of artificially aged spray-formed H13 tool steel following one hour soaks at temperature. Hardness range of conventionally heat treated H13 included for comparison. As-deposited spray-formed material was also hardened following the conventional heat treatment cycle used with commercial material. Samples of forged/mill annealed commercial and spray- formed materials were austenitized at 1010C, air quenched, and double tempered (2 hr plus 2 hr) at (538C). The microstructure in both cases was found to be tempered martensite with a few spheroidal particles of alloy carbide. Hardness values for both materials were very nearly identical. Table 2 gives the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of spray-formed, cast, and forged/heat treated H13 tool steel measured at test temperatures of 22 and 550C. Values for spray formed H13 are given in the as-deposited condition and following artificial aging and conventional heat treatments. Values for the spray-formed material are comparable to those of forged and are considerably higher than those of cast tool steel. The spray-formed material seems to retain its strength somewhat better than forged/heat treated H13 at higher temperatures. 12 Table 2. H13 tool steel mechanical properties. Sample/Heat Treatment Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) Yield Strength (MPa) Test Temperature (C) Spray formed/as-deposited 1061 951