蜂蜜離心機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
蜂蜜離心機(jī)設(shè)計(jì),蜂蜜離心機(jī)設(shè)計(jì),蜂蜜,離心機(jī),設(shè)計(jì)
目錄
緒論 2
1. 選題目的 2
2. 國(guó)內(nèi)離心分離研究發(fā)展 2
3. 主要差距 3
4. 國(guó)外離心分離技術(shù)的發(fā)展 3
5. 發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 4
第一章 離心機(jī)的概述 6
1.1 離心機(jī) 6
1.2 離心機(jī)原理 7
1.3 離心機(jī)的分類 7
1.3.1、按分離因素Fr值分 7
1.3.2、按操作方式分 8
1.3.3、按卸渣方式分 8
1.3.4、按工藝用途 9
1.3.5、按安裝的方式分 9
1.3.6、按國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與市場(chǎng)使用份額分 9
第二章 蜂蜜離心機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)步驟 10
2.1 主要參數(shù) 10
2.2 蜂蜜離心機(jī)總體方案: 10
2.2.1 設(shè)已知條件 10
2.2.2 確定各軸轉(zhuǎn)速 11
2.2.3 功率計(jì)算 11
2.2.4 計(jì)算各軸的輸入轉(zhuǎn)矩 11
2.3 輸出部分設(shè)計(jì) 13
第三章 離心機(jī)各部件設(shè)計(jì) 14
3.1 驅(qū)動(dòng)部分機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì): 14
3.2 機(jī)架部分結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì): 14
3.3 軸支撐座結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì): 15
3.4 旋轉(zhuǎn)支架的設(shè)計(jì): 15
3.5 腳座部分結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì): 16
3 .6 傳動(dòng)部分結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì): 16
第四章 全文總結(jié) 19
參考文獻(xiàn) 20
致謝 21
緒論
1. 選題目的
養(yǎng)蜂即蜜蜂養(yǎng)殖是人工飼養(yǎng)蜂蜜而取其產(chǎn)品包括蜂蜜、蜂王漿、蜂膠、花粉、蜂蠟等產(chǎn)品的事業(yè),包括在廣義的畜產(chǎn)內(nèi),所以廣義地說蜜蜂也是家畜。蜂蜜養(yǎng)殖的歷史有數(shù)千年之久,蜂蜜的利用是從漁獵時(shí)代開始的。然而蜂蜜是昆蟲蜂蜜從開花植物的花中采得的花蜜在蜂巢中釀制的蜜。蜂蜜從植物的花中采取含水量約為80%的花蜜或分泌物,存入自己第二個(gè)胃中,在體內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)化酶的作用下經(jīng)過30分鐘的發(fā)酵,回到蜂巢中吐出,蜂巢內(nèi)溫度經(jīng)常保持在35℃左右,經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間,水份蒸發(fā),成為水分含量少于20%的蜂蜜,存貯到巢洞中,用蜂蠟密封。這個(gè)時(shí)候人類便撥開蜂蠟,收獲蜜蜂的勞動(dòng)果實(shí)蜂蜜,可是怎樣收取小小蜂蜜留下的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)產(chǎn)物呢,人工取用的話,很麻煩,提取的不徹底,而且弄臟手啊,衣服什么的,效率也極低,于是我們便需要發(fā)明一種取蜜機(jī)器——蜂蜜離心機(jī),這樣可以更有效率的并徹底地將蜂蜜利用離心力甩出來。
2. 國(guó)內(nèi)離心分離研究發(fā)展
我國(guó)離心機(jī)行業(yè)尚屬正在發(fā)展中,總體水平不高。隨著社會(huì)進(jìn)步,人們對(duì)環(huán)保.能源以及裝備對(duì)品質(zhì)的影響有了新的認(rèn)識(shí)。同時(shí)國(guó)外技術(shù)交流和合作以及成套項(xiàng)目的引進(jìn)、消化與吸收,促進(jìn)了我國(guó)離心分離技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展。
1)已基本形成了一種科研、設(shè)計(jì)和制造的體。
2)成立了分離領(lǐng)域的學(xué)術(shù)組織。
3)在基礎(chǔ)理論與應(yīng)用方面進(jìn)行了研究。
4)目前已能生產(chǎn)三足、上懸、活塞、螺旋、離心力卸料、震動(dòng)、進(jìn)動(dòng)卸料、刮刀及虹刮刀、翻袋及旁濾等離心機(jī);分離機(jī)則有蝶式、室式及管式。上述產(chǎn)品不僅遍及全國(guó)且遠(yuǎn)銷國(guó)外,且技術(shù)特性有所提高。
5)為滿足特殊工藝要求(防污染、密閉、防爆燈),一些新的離心機(jī)亦先后問世。內(nèi)旋轉(zhuǎn)子過濾離心機(jī)的研制,立式密閉螺旋機(jī)及復(fù)試機(jī)等已投產(chǎn)。
6)自控技術(shù)與CAD技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。
7)各種相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定。
8)同國(guó)外著名離心機(jī)廠商的技術(shù)合作。
3. 主要差距
盡管我國(guó)的離心分離設(shè)備有了很大的進(jìn)展,但從整體而言,與世界先進(jìn)國(guó)家相比,差距甚大,主要表現(xiàn)在:
1)規(guī)模、品種少,系列化程度差。特別缺少集幾種結(jié)構(gòu)形式,集幾種推動(dòng)力于一體的復(fù)合式離心機(jī)。
2) 技術(shù)參數(shù)低。國(guó)外離心分離機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的參數(shù)普遍高于我國(guó),并繼續(xù)向高參數(shù)、大容量方向發(fā)展,以臥螺離心機(jī)為例,最近研制的機(jī)型為國(guó)內(nèi)最大的,其轉(zhuǎn)鼓直徑亦僅720mm,長(zhǎng)徑比最大為L(zhǎng)/d-4,分離因數(shù)亦較低,而國(guó)外轉(zhuǎn)鼓最大直徑已達(dá)2.1m,長(zhǎng)徑比L/d-6,處理能力大雨200m3/h,可用于二相或三相分離,還發(fā)展了雙向擠壓型、沉降、過濾復(fù)合機(jī)型。目前,較先進(jìn)的機(jī)型都采用計(jì)算機(jī)控制,會(huì)隨著物料特性和參數(shù)的變化自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)其相應(yīng)的工況。
3) 產(chǎn)品進(jìn)展緩慢。而國(guó)外,由于采用模塊化的組合結(jié)構(gòu),特別是采用了大規(guī)模定制設(shè)計(jì)的心手段,故能滿足用戶的個(gè)性化需求,并加快了產(chǎn)品的更新?lián)Q代速度,甚至還儲(chǔ)備所謂“冷凍產(chǎn)品”,以隨時(shí)適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的需求
4) 其他方面。在產(chǎn)品的可靠性、穩(wěn)定性、自控技術(shù)、加工工藝、新材料的使用、配套產(chǎn)品的品質(zhì),以及理論研究等方面,均存在不少的差距。
4. 國(guó)外離心分離技術(shù)的發(fā)展
受新技術(shù)推動(dòng)及相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的影響,國(guó)外離心分離技術(shù)的進(jìn)展主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:
1) 加強(qiáng)理論研究,選擇最佳設(shè)計(jì)方案
2) 瑞典Alfa-laval公司,在碟片流道研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),碟片間隙橫斷面上的速度分布取決于一個(gè)無量綱數(shù)“λ”,而工業(yè)離心機(jī)的“λ”通常在5~28之間。隨著“λ”值的增加,碟片的轉(zhuǎn)速增加,薄層減少,可提高雷諾數(shù)并緩和渦流。通過對(duì)碟片間隔件和分布孔的巧妙設(shè)計(jì),進(jìn)料量可增加20%。此外,還對(duì)相分離技術(shù)進(jìn)行了研究。
近年來,研究人員為選擇最佳方案,采用流場(chǎng)分離法、有限元模擬法、大梯度密度梯級(jí)法、反模態(tài)分析法等,對(duì)離心機(jī)的工作性能和關(guān)鍵零件進(jìn)行研究,為設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)良性能的離心機(jī)提供了理論依據(jù)。并對(duì)待內(nèi)洗滌的臥螺離心機(jī)中堰池深度以及臥螺離心機(jī)技術(shù)參數(shù)之間的關(guān)系等進(jìn)行了最佳化研究。
2) 技術(shù)參數(shù)的提高和新機(jī)型的問世
為提高產(chǎn)品的純度,及滿足能源和環(huán)保的要求,高參數(shù)已成為國(guó)外的發(fā)展特點(diǎn)。由于生物工程需要分離極細(xì)的顆粒,如細(xì)菌、霉及胰島素等,故最新蝶式機(jī)已可處理0.1um微粒,且分離因數(shù)可達(dá)5000.如德國(guó)Westfalia公司的CSA160機(jī)型和瑞典Alfa-laval公司的BTAX510機(jī)型均屬此例,隨著工藝要求的提高,新機(jī)型不斷問世。美國(guó)Dorr-Oliver公司的BH-46型蝶式機(jī),轉(zhuǎn)鼓內(nèi)徑已達(dá)1.2m,轉(zhuǎn)鼓重量為4.5t,用2個(gè)功率為220kW的電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng),最大生產(chǎn)能力為450m3/h,當(dāng)量沉降面積已達(dá)250,000m2,為蝶式機(jī)之最。
瑞典Alfa-laval公司用于生物技術(shù)的BTUX510型蝶式機(jī),具有自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)的渦流噴嘴。利用噴嘴進(jìn)料黏度和濃度的關(guān)系,可提供供恒定的固相濃度,與進(jìn)料速度和固體含量的變化無關(guān)。
而具有1000分離因數(shù)的臥螺離心機(jī),可從某種長(zhǎng)度上彌補(bǔ)管式分離機(jī)的不足。
BTNX3560-A機(jī)型的特點(diǎn)是先進(jìn)的旋轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)態(tài)設(shè)計(jì):主軸承改為彈性安裝,可延長(zhǎng)壽命,降低機(jī)器噪音和震動(dòng)。德國(guó)Krauss-Maffei公司最新研制的SZ型活塞,尺寸雖小,卻更能有效進(jìn)行固相分離。還有德國(guó)Flottweg公司用于處理難分離物料的雙錐體臥螺離心機(jī)等。
3)新材料的應(yīng)用
為了提高分離機(jī)械的性能、強(qiáng)度、剛度、耐磨性和抗腐蝕性,一些新型材料不斷涌現(xiàn),如,工程塑料,硬質(zhì)合金以及性能優(yōu)良的耐磨耐蝕不銹鋼材料。
法國(guó)曾研制一種用硬質(zhì)陶瓷制造的轉(zhuǎn)子,英國(guó)也曾研制由合成樹脂構(gòu)成的連續(xù)纖維復(fù)合材料轉(zhuǎn)子。
但是在蝶式機(jī)中,由于需要高強(qiáng)度和一定的耐腐性能,雙相組織的不銹鋼廣泛采用。最近,俄國(guó)研制成功一種雙相鋼04X25H5M2(即10Cr25Ni5Mo2),有足夠的強(qiáng)度和塑形。德國(guó)的Wischnouskii等研制的分離機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)鼓新材料,具有強(qiáng)度高、塑形和耐腐蝕性好的特點(diǎn)。為彌補(bǔ)耐蝕和強(qiáng)度之間的矛盾,一些先進(jìn)的制造商普遍采用了轉(zhuǎn)鼓的自強(qiáng)技術(shù)。
5. 發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
1)強(qiáng)化動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)和自動(dòng)化。隨著自動(dòng)控制和傳感技術(shù)的發(fā)展,許多先進(jìn)的自控手段被引入,并對(duì)離心機(jī)運(yùn)行中的各項(xiàng)參數(shù),如溫度、流量、速度、振幅和噪音等進(jìn)行全方位的監(jiān)測(cè),并通過傳感器將收集信息輸入計(jì)算機(jī),經(jīng)系統(tǒng)處理后,可及時(shí)了解各種參數(shù)的變化以及采取相應(yīng)的措施。由此出現(xiàn)了無人操作的蝶式分離機(jī)。
2)各種組合機(jī)和專用機(jī)的開發(fā)。Alfa-laval公司在蝶式分離機(jī)上組合螺旋輸送器形成復(fù)合蝶式機(jī);Krauss-Msffei公司的柱錐復(fù)合活塞機(jī)、虹吸刮刀離心機(jī);Sharpies公司的沉降過濾復(fù)合螺旋離心機(jī)等。此外為提高離心機(jī)的分離性能和尋找最佳操作工況,Westfalia公司的蝶式分離機(jī)品種之多已是世界之最。設(shè)計(jì)方面的進(jìn)展:隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,CAD技術(shù)與模塊化設(shè)計(jì)已普遍使用。目前,全球市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的愈加激烈,制造業(yè)面臨著提高客戶價(jià)值的巨大挑戰(zhàn)。20世紀(jì)90年代以來,“大規(guī)模定制”在制造業(yè)逐步興起。即“以近似于大批量生產(chǎn)的效率生產(chǎn)商品和提供服務(wù)以滿足客戶的個(gè)性化需要”。由于設(shè)計(jì)在產(chǎn)品生命周期中的重要性,面向大規(guī)模定制的設(shè)計(jì)(DFMC)已成為設(shè)計(jì)方面的新動(dòng)向。
第一章 離心機(jī)的概述
1.1 離心機(jī)
離心機(jī)是利用離心力,分離液體與固體顆?;蛞后w與液體的混合物中各組分的機(jī)械。離心機(jī)主要用于將懸浮液中的固體顆粒與液體分開;或?qū)⑷闈嵋褐袃煞N密度不同,又互不相溶的液體分開(例如從牛奶中分離出奶油);它也可用于排除濕固體中的液體,例如用洗衣機(jī)甩干濕衣服;特殊的超速管式分離機(jī)還可分離不同密度的氣體混合物;利用不同密度或粒度的固體顆粒在液體中沉降速度不同的特點(diǎn),有的沉降離心機(jī)還可對(duì)固體顆粒按密度或粒度進(jìn)行分級(jí)。
離心機(jī)大量應(yīng)用于化工、石油、食品、制藥、選礦、煤炭、水處理和船舶等部門。
中國(guó)古代,人們用繩索的一端系住陶罐,手握繩索的另一端,旋轉(zhuǎn)甩動(dòng)陶罐,產(chǎn)生離心力擠壓出陶罐中蜂蜜,這就是離心分離原理的早期應(yīng)用。
工業(yè)離心機(jī)誕生于歐洲,比如19世紀(jì)中葉,先后出現(xiàn)紡織品脫水用的三足式離心機(jī),和制糖廠分離結(jié)晶砂糖用的上懸式離心機(jī)。這些最早的離心機(jī)都是間歇操作和人工排渣的。?由于卸渣機(jī)構(gòu)的改進(jìn),20世紀(jì)30年代出現(xiàn)了連續(xù)操作的離心機(jī),間歇操作離心機(jī)也因?qū)崿F(xiàn)了自動(dòng)控制而得到發(fā)展。?
工業(yè)用離心機(jī)按結(jié)構(gòu)和分離要求,可分為過濾離心機(jī)、沉降離心機(jī)和分離機(jī)三類。
離心機(jī)有一個(gè)繞本身軸線高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的圓筒,稱為轉(zhuǎn)鼓,通常由電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)。懸浮液(或乳濁液)加入轉(zhuǎn)鼓后,被迅速帶動(dòng)與轉(zhuǎn)鼓同速旋轉(zhuǎn),在離心力作用下各組分分離,并分別排出。通常,轉(zhuǎn)鼓轉(zhuǎn)速越高,分離效果也越好。??
離心分離機(jī)的作用原理有離心過濾和離心沉降兩種。離心過濾是使懸浮液在離心力場(chǎng)下產(chǎn)生的離心壓力,作用在過濾介質(zhì)上,使液體通過過濾介質(zhì)成為濾液,而固體顆粒被截留在過濾介質(zhì)表面,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)液-固分離;離心沉降是利用懸浮液(或乳濁液)密度不同的各組分在離心力場(chǎng)中迅速沉降分層的原理,實(shí)現(xiàn)液-固(或液-液)分離。?
還有一類實(shí)驗(yàn)分析用的分離機(jī),可進(jìn)行液體澄清和固體顆粒富集,或液-液分離,這類分離機(jī)有常壓、真空、冷凍條件下操作的不同結(jié)構(gòu)型式。?
衡量離心分離機(jī)分離性能的重要指標(biāo)是分離因數(shù)。它表示被分離物料在轉(zhuǎn)鼓內(nèi)所受的離心力與其重力的比值,分離因數(shù)越大,通常分離也越迅速,分離效果越好。工業(yè)用離心分離機(jī)的分離因數(shù)一般為100~20000,超速管式分離機(jī)的分離因數(shù)可高達(dá)62000,分析用超速分離機(jī)的分離因數(shù)最高達(dá)610000。決定離心分離機(jī)處理能力的另一因素是轉(zhuǎn)鼓的工作面積,工作面積大處理能力也大。
?選擇離心機(jī)須根據(jù)懸浮液(或乳濁液)中固體顆粒的大小和濃度、固體與液體(或兩種液體)的密度差、液體粘度、濾渣(或沉渣)的特性,以及分離的要求等進(jìn)行綜合分析,滿足對(duì)濾渣(沉渣)含濕量和濾液(分離液)澄清度的要求,初步選擇采用哪一類離心分離機(jī)。然后按處理量和對(duì)操作的自動(dòng)化要求,確定離心機(jī)的類型和規(guī)格,最后經(jīng)實(shí)際試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。?
?通常,對(duì)于含有粒度大于0.01毫米顆粒的懸浮液,可選用過濾離心機(jī);對(duì)于懸浮液中顆粒細(xì)小或可壓縮變形的,則宜選用沉降離心機(jī);對(duì)于懸浮液含固體量低、顆粒微小和對(duì)液體澄清度要求高時(shí),應(yīng)選用分離機(jī)。
1.2 離心機(jī)原理
當(dāng)含有細(xì)小顆粒的懸浮液靜置不動(dòng)時(shí),由于重力場(chǎng)的作用使得懸浮的顆粒逐漸下沉。粒子越重,下沉越快,反之密度比液體小的粒子就會(huì)上浮。微粒在重力場(chǎng)下移動(dòng)的速度與微粒的大小、形態(tài)和密度有關(guān),并且又與重力場(chǎng)的強(qiáng)度及液體的粘度有關(guān)。象紅血球大小的顆粒,直徑為數(shù)微米,就可以在通常重力作用下觀察到它們的沉降過程。此外,物質(zhì)在介質(zhì)中沉降時(shí)還伴隨有擴(kuò)散現(xiàn)象。擴(kuò)散是無條件的絕對(duì)的。擴(kuò)散與物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量成反比,顆粒越小擴(kuò)散越嚴(yán)重。而沉降是相對(duì)的,有條件的,要受到外力才能運(yùn)動(dòng)。沉降與物體重量成正比,顆粒越大沉降越快。對(duì)小于幾微米的微粒如病毒或蛋白質(zhì)等,它們?cè)谌芤褐谐赡z體或半膠體狀態(tài),僅僅利用重力是不可能觀察到沉降過程的。因?yàn)轭w粒越小沉降越慢,而擴(kuò)散現(xiàn)象則越嚴(yán)重。所以需要利用離心機(jī)產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)大的離心力,才能迫使這些微??朔U(kuò)散產(chǎn)生沉降運(yùn)動(dòng)。離心就是利用離心機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子高速旋轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)生的強(qiáng)大的離心力,加快液體中顆粒的沉降速度,把樣品中不同沉降系數(shù)和浮力密度的物質(zhì)分離開。
1.3 離心機(jī)的分類
1.3.1、按分離因素Fr值分
可將離心機(jī)分為以下幾種型式:
1、常速離心機(jī)
Fr≤3500(一般為600~1200),這種離心機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速較低,直徑較大。
2、高速離心機(jī)
Fr=3500~50000,這種離心機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速較高,一般轉(zhuǎn)鼓直徑較小,而長(zhǎng)度較長(zhǎng)。
3、超高速離心機(jī)
Fr>50000,由于轉(zhuǎn)速很高(50000r/min以上),所以轉(zhuǎn)鼓做成細(xì)長(zhǎng)管式。分離因素Fr是指物料在離心力場(chǎng)中所受的離心力,與物料在重力場(chǎng)中所受到的重力之比值。
1.3.2、按操作方式分
可將離心機(jī)分為以下型式:
1、間隙式離心機(jī)
其加料、分離、洗滌和卸渣等過程都是間隙操作,并采用人工、重力或機(jī)械方法卸渣,如三足式和上懸式離心機(jī)。
2、連續(xù)式離心機(jī)
其進(jìn)料、分離、洗滌和卸渣等過程,有間隙自動(dòng)進(jìn)行和連續(xù)自動(dòng)進(jìn)行兩種。
1.3.3、按卸渣方式分
可將離心機(jī)分為一下型式:
1、刮刀卸料離心機(jī)
工序間接,操作自動(dòng)。
2、活塞推料離心機(jī)
工序半連續(xù),操作自動(dòng)。
3、螺旋卸料離心機(jī)
工序連續(xù),操作自動(dòng)。
4、離心力卸料離心機(jī)
工序連續(xù),操作自動(dòng)。
5、振動(dòng)卸料離心機(jī)
工序連續(xù),操作自動(dòng)。
6、顛動(dòng)卸料離心機(jī)
工序連續(xù),操作自動(dòng)。
1.3.4、按工藝用途
可將離心機(jī)分為:過濾式離心機(jī)、沉降式離心機(jī)。
1.3.5、按安裝的方式分
還可將離心機(jī)分為立式、臥式、傾斜式、上懸式和三足式等。
1.3.6、按國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與市場(chǎng)使用份額分
離心機(jī)可以分為以下四種
1、三足式離心機(jī)
2、臥式螺旋離心機(jī)
3、碟片式分離機(jī)
4、管式分離機(jī)
第二章 蜂蜜離心機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)步驟
2.1主要參數(shù)
試設(shè)計(jì)養(yǎng)蜂農(nóng)民用于從蜂窩中取蜜的離心機(jī)。蜂巢建筑在一個(gè)240mm×420mm×25mm的木質(zhì)的框架上,兩邊都有蜂巢,蜂巢口向外。整個(gè)蜂巢板的厚度為50mm,木質(zhì)邊框的內(nèi)外邊距離差為20mm。取蜜的方法是將蜂巢置于一個(gè)回轉(zhuǎn)框架上,;利用離心力將蜂巢內(nèi)的蜜甩出,然后甩另一邊。一次裝上5快蜂巢板。方式不限。
主要參數(shù)
蜂蜜板240mm×420mm×25mm
蜂巢板的厚度為50mm木質(zhì)邊框的內(nèi)外邊距離差為20mm
2.2 蜂蜜離心機(jī)總體方案:
此方案本著操作方便有效,成本低廉,零部件制作工藝簡(jiǎn)單的原則制定的,其總體由以下幾個(gè)部分組成.
A 動(dòng)力部分:選擇純手動(dòng)方式,由一個(gè)手搖把手人工控制離心機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速.
B 傳動(dòng)部分:應(yīng)為要改變旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的方向,并傳動(dòng)可靠有力,傳動(dòng)比較大 ,故選用常用的直齒錐齒輪傳動(dòng)方式.
C 機(jī)架部分:此部分結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)整個(gè)機(jī)器起著支撐作用,是機(jī)器的整體框架,其中包括了旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的固定,原料定位裝置等等.
D 出料部分:由一個(gè)大容量桶子容納整個(gè)機(jī)器結(jié)構(gòu)部分,蜂蜜由離心桶桶底小孔流下,累積于大桶桶底儲(chǔ)存,最后由人工控制水龍頭的開關(guān)來提取蜂蜜.
2.3動(dòng)力部分
2.3.1 設(shè)已知條件
?人工用力為f=60N
?人搖手柄的轉(zhuǎn)速為n1=60r/min 蜂蜜板每塊m=2kg
?傳動(dòng)比為i=2.4
2.3.2 確定各軸轉(zhuǎn)速
a 確定輸入軸計(jì)算轉(zhuǎn)速
由已經(jīng)條件可知輸入軸的計(jì)算轉(zhuǎn)速就是人工搖動(dòng)手柄的轉(zhuǎn)速,我們?cè)O(shè)人工搖動(dòng)手柄的轉(zhuǎn)速為
n1=60r/min
b 確定輸出軸的轉(zhuǎn)速
輸出軸是經(jīng)過一對(duì)直齒錐齒輪傳動(dòng)輸出的,且已定轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)比i=2.4所以得
n2=i×n1=60×2.4=144r/min
2.3.3 功率計(jì)算
手搖柄的輸入功率
p1=FV=F×2×3.14×r/T=60×2×3.14×245/1×1000=92w
輸出功率
P2=p1×η=92×0.96=88w
2.3.4 計(jì)算各軸的輸入轉(zhuǎn)矩
T1=9550×92/60×1000=14.64(N.m)
T2=9550×88/144×1000=5.8(N.m)
(a)模數(shù)的確定:
其中: μ—傳動(dòng)比; μ=2.4;
Nd—輸入功率; Nd=92W;
Ψm—齒寬系數(shù);
[σ]—齒輪傳動(dòng)許允應(yīng)力;
nj—齒輪計(jì)算轉(zhuǎn)速。
[σ] =KNσlim/S , 取 σlim=600MPa,安全系數(shù)S=1
由應(yīng)力循環(huán)次數(shù)選取KN=0.9
[σ]=0.9×600/1=540MPa
帶入數(shù)值求得模數(shù) m1=3
計(jì)算基本設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)為
d1=mz1=3×60=180mm
d2=mz2=25×3=75mm
μ =Z2/Z1=d2/d1=cotδ1=tanδ2=2.4
R為錐距,算得R=234mm
dm1/d1=dm2/d2=1-0.5b/R =0.83 (dm1 dm2 平均分度圓直徑)
令Ψm=b/R,稱為錐齒輪傳動(dòng)的齒寬系數(shù),通常取Ψm=0.25~0.35,最常用的值為Ψm=1/3
于是
dm1=d1(1-0.5Ψm)=150mm
dm2=d2(1-0.5Ψm)=62.5mm
由圖10-33可找出當(dāng)量直齒圓柱圓錐齒輪的分度圓半徑rv與平均分度圓直徑dm的關(guān)系式為
Rv1=dm1/2cosδ1=97.5mm
Rv2=dm2/2cosδ2=97.5mm
現(xiàn)以mm表示當(dāng)量直齒圓柱齒輪的模數(shù),亦即錐齒輪平均分度圓上輪齒的模數(shù)(簡(jiǎn)稱平均模數(shù)),則當(dāng)量齒數(shù)zv為
zv1= dv1/mm=z1/cosδ1=78
zv2= dv2/mm=z2/cosδ2=78
當(dāng)量齒輪的齒數(shù)比
uv=zv2/zv1=u2=5.76
顯然,為使錐齒輪不致發(fā)生根切,應(yīng)使當(dāng)量齒數(shù)不小于直齒圓柱齒輪的根切齒數(shù)。另外,由式(d)極易得出平均模數(shù)mm和大端模數(shù)m的關(guān)系為
mm=m(1-0.5Ψm)
2.3 輸出部分設(shè)計(jì)
離心機(jī)是利用離心力,分離液體與固體顆?;蛞后w與液體的混合物中各組分的機(jī)械。離心機(jī)主要用于將固體顆粒與液體分開;蜂蜜離心機(jī)即利用離心力將蜂蜜與蜜蜂板分離。
離心力場(chǎng)特點(diǎn)及分離因數(shù)
離心力場(chǎng) FC=mω2R=2×5×1442×0.25=51.84KN
重力場(chǎng) G=mg=10×10=100
分離因數(shù) Fr=FC/G=ω2R/g=518.4
第三章 離心機(jī)各部件設(shè)計(jì)
3.1 驅(qū)動(dòng)部分機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì):
本機(jī)器采用手動(dòng)方式操作,靠人搖動(dòng)啟動(dòng)把手來使蜂蜜板旋轉(zhuǎn),人可以根據(jù)蜂蜜板上蜂蜜量的多少,粘度的高低,自行調(diào)整旋轉(zhuǎn)速度(離心力的大小)簡(jiǎn)捷有效,節(jié)能環(huán)保.結(jié)構(gòu)如圖3-1所示:
圖3-1
3.2機(jī)架部分結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì):
A 原料定位裝置:依照課題要求;一次裝5塊蜂巢板,由蜂蜜板尺寸大小240mm×420mm×25mm可設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)五工位立式旋轉(zhuǎn)盤。蜂蜜板的定位采用類似于雙V型塊加水平面定位方式,五個(gè)T型塊統(tǒng)一均布固定在初級(jí)圓桶圓周上,在旋轉(zhuǎn)的過程中能保持卡緊不動(dòng),裝料取料采用抽插方式進(jìn)行,最重要的是定位裝置結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,制造成本低,制作周期短。結(jié)構(gòu)如下圖所示:
圖3-2-1
B 主裝配板的設(shè)計(jì):主裝配板為系統(tǒng)多部件裝配的基板,本身強(qiáng)度非常重要,形狀呈現(xiàn)為U狀板 ,支撐板上開有十六個(gè)安裝孔.上面主要安裝有輸入軸兩軸承座,輸出軸軸端蓋,和固定本身于儲(chǔ)料桶表面 ,結(jié)構(gòu)如下所示:
圖3-2-2
3.3 軸支撐座結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì):
旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的支撐座選擇固定在一塊大的支撐板上,板上有輸入軸的兩個(gè)軸承座和輸出軸的一端,大的支撐板兩端選擇固定在大的儲(chǔ)存蜂蜜的桶子圓周上,結(jié)構(gòu)如下所示:
圖3-3
3.4旋轉(zhuǎn)支架的設(shè)計(jì):
機(jī)器中間旋轉(zhuǎn)支架采用一個(gè)圓形套筒,圓周上均布五個(gè)小圓柱桿組成,套筒內(nèi)圓開有多個(gè)鍵槽,方便與輸出軸連接以傳遞足夠大的扭矩,離心機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)無精度要求,小圓柱桿直接焊接在套筒之上,工藝簡(jiǎn)單.小圓柱桿與原料定位元件連接采用螺母連接,在圓柱桿的另一端開一定大小的螺紋孔即可.結(jié)構(gòu)圖如下:
圖3-4
3.5腳座部分結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì):
基本原理:三點(diǎn)決定一個(gè)平面,所以在圓周上均布三個(gè)腳支座,腳支座與存儲(chǔ)料桶采用焊接的方式連接,結(jié)實(shí)可靠,三維結(jié)構(gòu)圖如下:
圖3-5
3 .6傳動(dòng)部分結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì):
A 輸入軸設(shè)計(jì):輸入軸由四段階梯軸組成,靠近把手端部有個(gè)小凸起,以便插入手搖把手里轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)機(jī)器,第一段軸用于軸左端軸承座安裝,軸承的軸向定位左邊靠C 環(huán)扣,C環(huán)扣為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)間,根據(jù)型號(hào)可直接從廠商購(gòu)買到.右邊靠軸階梯定位,第二段軸為輸入軸最大直徑段,作用是給左右兩軸承座里的軸承提供軸向定位。很明顯,第三段軸是輸入軸右端軸承座的安裝段,軸承右端同時(shí)也采用C 環(huán)扣軸向定位,操作簡(jiǎn)單,c 環(huán)扣槽加工方便。第四段軸用于安裝齒輪盤,用于與輸出軸上的齒輪嚙合,傳遞動(dòng)力,齒輪盤的連接采用花鍵連接,連接可靠,傳遞扭矩大,由于齒輪盤帶法蘭盤,可在軸套圓周上開四個(gè)小的螺紋孔,安裝徑向定位零件,螺絲頂絲徑向加緊防止齒輪盤軸向竄動(dòng)。注意:在軸上零件安裝的過程中,先不把軸承座固定到機(jī)架上去,先將其和輸入軸裝配起來然后一起裝入機(jī)架的支撐塊上去,否則無法裝配。
圖3-6-1
B 齒輪設(shè)計(jì):齒輪設(shè)計(jì)最基本原則,最小齒數(shù)大于等于17,不然會(huì)出現(xiàn)過切現(xiàn)象。本機(jī)器使用的是與往常減速齒輪不同的增速齒輪,輸入軸上要求齒數(shù)多,輸出軸上齒數(shù)小,有一個(gè)明確的傳動(dòng)比,假設(shè)傳動(dòng)比為2.5,即手轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)一圈,蜂蜜板轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)三圈。
C輸出軸設(shè)計(jì):與輸出軸相關(guān)聯(lián)的零件有 主支撐板(用于輸出軸定心)及軸端軸向定位板,嚙合齒輪盤(傳遞動(dòng)力),與機(jī)架固連的旋轉(zhuǎn)支架(帶動(dòng)蜂蜜板旋轉(zhuǎn)),機(jī)器最底下的軸固定板(用于軸向定位)和軸兩端的滾珠軸承(用于徑向定位)。設(shè)計(jì)首先考慮裝配的可行性與方便性,個(gè)零件的定位要求,輸出軸結(jié)構(gòu)上設(shè)計(jì)成六段階梯軸,從安裝后的位置由上到下分別用于安裝:
a 端部滾動(dòng)軸承:(靠自鎖螺母和周端定位,只定位內(nèi)圈即可,無軸向負(fù)載)。
b 小齒輪盤:(平鍵徑向定位,考慮到齒輪主要是受徑向負(fù)載,在軸圓周上對(duì)稱開四個(gè)鍵槽增強(qiáng)負(fù)載容量,軸向采用C環(huán)扣和軸軸肩定位)。
c 中間旋轉(zhuǎn)支架:與軸的安裝主要靠套筒內(nèi)部開鍵槽,同樣道理,應(yīng)在軸圓周上對(duì)稱開四個(gè)鍵槽配合使用以帶動(dòng)蜂蜜板負(fù)載,軸向運(yùn)動(dòng)的話一方面由于本身重力因素不會(huì)上下浮動(dòng),另外為保險(xiǎn)起見可在套筒四周開螺紋孔,在螺紋孔里面旋入頂絲,防止套筒軸向移動(dòng)。與套筒相連的小圓柱桿與定位裝置的連接采用自鎖螺母連接,在圓柱桿和蜂蜜板定位板上鉆合適的螺栓孔即可,裝配時(shí),應(yīng)先將支架裝于輸出軸上然后再用螺栓固定在定位板上。
d 光桿:此軸段僅靠?jī)啥溯S肩對(duì)相應(yīng)的旋轉(zhuǎn)支架其軸向定位作用。
e 底部旋轉(zhuǎn)支架:底部旋轉(zhuǎn)支架與中間旋轉(zhuǎn)支架類似,只是有兩個(gè)方面需要加強(qiáng):1旋轉(zhuǎn)支架的支架數(shù)量要增加至10條,成倍增加并統(tǒng)一焊接在圓形環(huán)上面用于承受機(jī)器多個(gè)零部件的重量(蜂蜜原料板,定位T型板,初級(jí)圓桶等)2軸向定位需要加強(qiáng),因?yàn)槠湎露耸侵睆捷^小的軸桿部分,由于重力原因往下掉,為此,特定制一定長(zhǎng)度的村套來頂住底部旋轉(zhuǎn)支架,村套的另一端靠滾動(dòng)軸承壓住。
f 端部滾動(dòng)軸承:此軸承靠以上所述的村套以及最底下的軸固定板頂住實(shí)現(xiàn)軸向定位。
g儲(chǔ)料部分機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì):在初級(jí)圓桶外面再套裝一層料桶,當(dāng)蜂蜜從原料板上甩出時(shí),首先毫無疑問的是甩在初圓料筒上,積少成多,由于自身重力原因會(huì)往下,初級(jí)料筒桶底有許多個(gè)小通孔,用于進(jìn)一步刷選蜂蜜(因?yàn)橛锌赡芊欠涿?,蜂巢渣子被甩出),小通孔只允許一定大小的物質(zhì)通過,當(dāng)然蜂蜜是液體,能很順暢的流入儲(chǔ)料桶里面,儲(chǔ)料桶桶底安裝有便于出料的水龍頭儲(chǔ)料,當(dāng)一次甩料完畢,可打開龍頭開關(guān),提取全部蜂蜜。
圖3-6-2
第四章 全文總結(jié)
本設(shè)計(jì)方案中心意思明確,結(jié)構(gòu)切實(shí)有效,且無大成本零組件,成本意識(shí)非常好,巧妙的應(yīng)用了直齒圓錐齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)傳動(dòng),和蜂蜜原料板定位機(jī)構(gòu),不過也還有諸多地方需要改善,
(比如:手動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)人工勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大,卸料龍頭開關(guān)應(yīng)放置在儲(chǔ)料桶底部,手搖把手高度是否適宜人機(jī)操作,整個(gè)機(jī)器沒防塵罩,長(zhǎng)期敞開在外容易受污染, 并且嚙合齒輪直接在蜂蜜儲(chǔ)料桶的上方,潤(rùn)滑油,金屬摩擦介質(zhì)容易掉入儲(chǔ)料桶里面,蜂蜜質(zhì)量不能得到有效保證.機(jī)器運(yùn)輸僅靠?jī)?chǔ)料桶上的環(huán)勾會(huì)有困難等等.) 好質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品是一代又一代人努力的結(jié)晶,相信通過以后不斷的學(xué)習(xí),能造出更好的機(jī)器.
參考文獻(xiàn)
1、 刑邦圣主編.機(jī)械制圖.北京:中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)出版社2007
2、 紀(jì)名剛主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì).北京:高等教育出版社2003
3、 蘇建修主編.機(jī)械制造基礎(chǔ).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社2007
4、 熊詩(shī)波主編.機(jī)械工程測(cè)試技術(shù)基礎(chǔ).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社2006
5、 張建民主編.機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì).北京:高等教育出版社2006
6、 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)編委會(huì).機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).第二卷.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社2004
7、 王紹俊主編.機(jī)械制造工藝手冊(cè).哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社1984
8、 王永華主編.現(xiàn)代電器控制及PLC應(yīng)用技術(shù).北京航空航天大學(xué)出版社2008
9、 徐茂功主編.公差配合與技術(shù)測(cè)量.北京.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社2008
10、宋寶玉主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)書.北京.高等教育出版社2009
11、孫啟財(cái)、金鼎五 主編. 離心機(jī)原理結(jié)構(gòu)與設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社1987
致謝
在這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的完成過程中,得到朱中喜老師和同學(xué)的幫助與鼓勵(lì),使我能夠順利地完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),我在此對(duì)他們表示衷心的感謝。
首先,我誠(chéng)摯地感謝朱中喜導(dǎo)師。導(dǎo)師學(xué)識(shí)淵博、治學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),平易近人,不辭辛苦的幫助我完成論文設(shè)計(jì)。在本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的過程中,老師給予了我許許多多的關(guān)懷與指導(dǎo)。本論文從選題到老師指導(dǎo)我思路,不斷的修改到最后成文,無不傾注著老師的心血。在此論文完成之際,我再一次向他致以最誠(chéng)摯的謝意。同時(shí),我要感謝我們學(xué)院多年來給我們授課的各位老師,正是由于他們的傳道、授業(yè)、解惑,讓我學(xué)到了許多知識(shí),充實(shí)了自己知識(shí)面,并從他們身上學(xué)到了如何求知治學(xué)、如何為人處事,立足社會(huì)。我也要感謝我的母校,是他提供了良好的學(xué)習(xí)氛圍和優(yōu)質(zhì)生活環(huán)境,讓我的大學(xué)生活豐富多姿,讓我在以后的日子里深深懷念,有著一份感恩的情懷,回報(bào)社會(huì)。非常感謝10級(jí)機(jī)械班的同學(xué)們,我們一起學(xué)習(xí)、一起討論,共同進(jìn)步,平日里大家關(guān)于畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的討論給了我很多啟發(fā),我再次深表謝意;最后,向我的親愛的家人表示深深的謝意,他們給予我的愛、理解、關(guān)心和支持是我不斷前進(jìn)的動(dòng)力。
愿所有的老師、同學(xué)們、朋友們事業(yè)有成,幸福美滿!
22
1 Optimized Kinematics of Mechanical Presses with Noncircular Gears E. Dodge ( l ) , M. Hinderance Received on January 8, 1997 Abstract: The quality of parts manufactured using metal forming operations depends to a large degree on the kinematics of the press ram. Non-circular Geary to obtain those stroke-time behaviorisms we aim at as an optimum for the various metal forming ope with a rotational-angle- dependent speed ratio in the press drive mechanism offer a new WA rations in terms of manufacturing. The paper explains the principle using a prototype press which was built by the Institute for Metal Forming and Metal Forming Machine Tools at Hanover University. It will present the kinematics as well as the forces and torques that occur in the prototype. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates using one example of deep drawing and one of forging that the press drive mechanism with non-circular gears may be used advantageously for virtually all metal forming operations. Keywords: Press, Gear, Kinematics 1 introductive Increasing demands on quality in all areas of manufacturing engineering, in sheet metal forming as well as in forging, go hand in hand with the necessity to make production economical. Increasing market orientation requires that both technological and economic requirements be met. The improvement of quality, productivity and output by means of innovative solutions is one of the keys to maintaining and extending ones market position.In the production of parts by metal forming, we need to distinguish between the period required for the actual forming process and the times needed to handle the part. With some forming processes we have to add time for necessary additional work such as cooling or lubrication of the dies. This yields two methods of optimization, according to the two aspects of quality and output. In order to satisfy both aspects, the task is to design the kinematics taking into account the requirements of the process during forming; also to be considered is the time required for changing the part as well as for auxiliary operations in line with the priority of a short cycle time. 2 Pressing Machine Requirements One manufacturing cycle, which corresponds to one stroke of the press goes through three stages: loading,forming and removing the part. Instead of the loading and removal stages we often find feeding the sheet, especially in sheer cutting. For this, the press ram must have a minimum 2 height for a certain time. During the forming period the ram should have a particular velocity curve,which will be gone into below. The transitions between the periods should take place as quickly as possible to ensure short cycle time. The requirement of a short cycle time is for business reasons, to ensure low parts costs via high output. For this reason stroke numbers of about 24/min for the deep drawing of large automotive body sheets and 1200/min for automatic punching machines are standard practice.Increasing the number of strokes in order to reduce cycle times without design changes to the pressing machine results in increasing strain rates, however. This has a clear effect on the forming process, which makes it necessary to consider the parameters which determine the process and are effected by it. In deep drawing operations, the velocity of impact when striking the sheet should be as low as possible to avoid the impact. On the one hand, velocity during forming must be sufficient for lubrication. On the other hand, we have to consider the rise in the yield stress corresponding to an increase in the strain rate which creates greater forces and which may cause fractures at the transition from the punch radius to the side wall of the part. In forging, short pressure dwell time is desirable. As the pressure dwell time drops the die surface temperature goes down and as a result the thermal wear This is counteracted by the enhanced mechanical wear due to the greater forming force, but the increase due to the strain rate is compensated by lower yield stress because of the lower cooling of the part. The optimal short pressure dwell can nowadays be determined quantitatively using the finite element method 3. In addition to cost avoidance due to reduction in wear, short pressure dwell time is also an important technological requirement for the precision forging of near net shape parts, which has a promising future. The requirements of high part quality and high output will only be met by a machine technology which takes into account the demands of the metal forming process in equal measure to the goal of decreasing work production costs. Previous press designs have not simultaneously met these technological and economical requirements to a sufficient extent, or they are very costly to design and manufacture, such as presses with link drives 6. This makes it necessary to look for innovative solutions for the design of the press. Its design should be largely standardized and modularized in order to reduce costs 6. 3 Fig 1. Prototype press 3 Press Drive with Noncircular Gears 3.1 Principle The use of non-circular gears in the drive of mechanical crank presses offers a new way of meeting the technological and economic demands on the kinematics of the press ram. A pair of non-circular gears with a constant center distance is thus powered by the electric motor, or by the fly wheel, and drives the crank mechanism itself.The uniform drive speed is transmitted cyclically and non-uniformly to the eccentric shaft by the pair of noncircular gears. If the non-circular gear wheels are suitably designed, the non-uniform drive of the driven gear leads to the desired stroke- time behaviour of the ram. Investigations at the Institute for Metal Forming and Metal Forming Machine Tools (IFUM) of Hanover University have shown that in this simple manner all the relevant uninterrupted motions of the ram can be achieved for various forming processes 2. Apart from, the advantages of the new drive, which result from the kinematics and the shortened cycle time, the drive concept is distinguished by the following favorable Propertius. Because it is a mechanical press, high reliability and low maintenance may be expected. In companion to linkage presses the number of parts and bearings is clearly reduced. Above all, a basic press type can be varied without further design changes by installing different pairs of gears, designed according to the demands of the customer. Unlike link drives, bearing locations and installations do not change within one load class as a result of different kinematics. Thus the above mentioned requirement of popularization and standardization is taken into account Reductions in time and costs are possible for the design and press manufacture. 4 3.2 Prototype At the Institute for Metal Forming and Metal Forming Machine Tools (IFUM) a C-frame press has been remodeled and a pair of non-circular gears was installed. The previous back gears were replaced by a planetary gear set for this purpose. The work carried out shows that remodeling of existing presses for the new drive is possible. The state of the press at the end of the modelli is shown in figure 1. The press is designed for a nominal ram force of 1,000 N and 200 N of the die cushion. The center distance of the non-circular gears is 600 mm. The pair of non-circular gears has an average transmission ratio of 1.Each gear wheel has 59 gear teeth, straight-toothed,module 10 mm (fiacre 2). The face width is 150 mm. The gears have involute gear teeth. We assume a non-circular base curve for the design of the flank geometry. As a result the tooth geometry of a non-circular gear varies along the circumference. In spite of this, it can be derived from the well- known trapezium rack, however 4, 51. An algorithm for the computation, which takes the addendum and addendum into account exactly, has been developed. Fig. 2 View of the gears from the rear The press is designed for deep drawing of flat parts in single stroke operation mode. The maximum ram stroke is 180 mm, the number of strokes 32/min. At a stroke of 140 mm the ram velocity almost remains constant 71 mammals from 60 mm before lower dead center until lower dead center, see figure 3. Thus the velocity corresponds to the working velocity of hydraulic 5 presses. The velocity of incidence of a crank mechanism with the same number of strokes would be 220 mammals, in comparison. In order to keep the same average velocity with a crank press, the number of strokes would have to be halved. The short cycle time of the jodelled machine results from the fast upward motion. Because the press is run in single stroke operation mode, no particular requirements were made concerning handling time during design. The drive mechanism of the prototype with non-circular gears has in addition a favorable effect on the ram forces and the driving torques (failure 4). For a crank press the nominal force is normally available at 30 rotation of the crank shaft before the lower dead center. This corresponds to a section under nominal force of only 7 5% relative to the stroke. To reach the nominal force of 1,000 N, the drive has to supply a torque of 45 kam at the crank shaft. The prototype only requires 30 kam on account of the additional transmission of the non-circular gears. They are transmitted to a cyclic. non-uniform crank shaft torque, resulting in a nominal force range from 60 to the lower dead center. This corresponds to 27.5% of the stroke. We always find similar conditions if the pair of non-circular gears is stepped down in the operating range of the press. This will almost always be the case with sheet metal forming and stamping. It is thus possible to design some machine parts in a weaker form and to save costs this way. 4 Further Design Examples Using the examples of two stroke-time behaviorisms the design is illustrated in the following. A range of parts is assumed which are to be manufactured by the press. For this purpose the ram velocity requirements and the forming section of the assumed stroke need to be quantified.Furthermore, the time needed for the handling of the part needs to be determined, and also the minimum height which the ram has to assume during the handling. From this, we design the sequence of movements, and we describe it mathematically. At the IFUM, a software program developed by the institute is used. From this mathematical description of the stroke-time behaviour we can calculate the speed ratio of the non- circular gears needed.From this we obtain the outcurves of the gears l, 2, 7. In a first example the ram velocity in deep drawing is supposed to be constant during the sheet metal forming at least over 100 mm before the lower dead center and it is supposed to be about 400mm/s. Let the number of strokes be fixed at 30/min. Above 450mm section of stroke, let the time for the handling of the part be the same as for a comparable crank press with 25 strokes per minute. figure 5 shows the stroke-time behaviour , which is attained by the sketched pair of gears. The gear wheels are represented by their outcurves. The conventional cosine curve at 25/min is given for comparison. In addition to the reduction of cycle time by 20%, the ram 6 velocity of impact onto the sheet is also considerably reduced.110 mm before the lower dead center, the velocity of impact is 700 mammals when using the crank mechanism and only 410 mm/s when operated with non-circular gears. A second example shows a drive mechanism as is used for forging. In figure 6, stroke-time behaviour of a conventional forging crank press is compared with the kinematics of the press with non-circular gears illustrated in the picture.The cycle time of the crank press is 0.7 s, the number of strokes is 85/min and the nominal force is 20 MN.Its pressure dwell time is 86 ms with a forming section of 50 mm. The pressure dwell of the press depicted with non-circular gears decreases by 67% to 28 ms. It thus reaches the magnitude familiar from hammers. By increasing the number of strokes by a factor of 1.5, the cycle time decreases by 33% to 46 ms. In spite of this,the handling time remains the same compared to conventional crank press on account of the kinematics of the non-circular gears. In order to achieve these kinematics in this case, a conventional circular gear may be used as driving gear, arranged eccentrically. This reduces the costs for gear manufacture.These examples show that different kinematics can be achieved by using non-circular gears in press drives At the same time the potential of this drive with respect to the realization of the desired kinematics becomes clear as does the reduction of cycle times in production. By varying the examples it is also possible to increase the velocity after impact in deep drawing operations if :his sequence of motions is advantageous for the range of pans to be produced on the press, for reasons of lubrication, for example. 5 Conclusions The requirements of high productivity, reduced costs and the guarantee of high product quality to which all manufacturing companies are exposed, applies particularly to companies in the field of metal working. This situation leads us to reconsider the press drive mechanism in use up to now. The new drive for crank presses with non-circular gears described here allows us to optimize the kinematics of simple mechanical presses. This means that the cycle time is shortened to achieve high productivity and the kinematics follows the requirements of the forming process.The design effort needed is low. In contrast to presses with link drives, other kinematics can be achieved during the construction of the press by using other gears without changing bearing locations This allows the popularization and standardization of presses. 6 Acknowledge The authors would like to express their appreciation to the German Machine Tool Builders Association (VDW), located in Frankfurter, for its financial assistance and to some members for their active support. 7 7 References I Bernard, J., 1992, Optimization of Mechanism Timing Using Noncircular Gearing, Mechanical Design and Synthesis, Vol. 46, p. 565-570. 2 Dodge, E., Hinderance, M., 1996, Fertigungsgerechte Kinematographs Burch Undergraduate. VDI-Z Special Antimechanist 1/96, p. 74-77. 31 Dodge, E., Neagle, H., 1994, FE-Simulation of the Precision Forging Process of Bevel Gears, Annals of the CIRP, Vol. 43, p. 241-244. 4 Hinderance, M., Beta, V., 1996, Arundel Nonreader- an differentiates Elementariness, Construction, Vol. 48, p. 256-262. 5 Lit vin, F. L.: 1994, Gear geometry and applied theory,PTR Prentice Hall, Angleworm Cliffs (NJ, U.S.A.). 6 Nietzsche, D., 1992, Forerunning an Grof3raumstufenpressen;Lichtenstein fur die Auftragsvergabe. In:Bearbaiting 92, Int. Congress 27 -28.0ct.1992,VDI-Be richt, Vol. 946, p.231- 253. 7 Agawam. K., Yokemate, Y., Kosice, T., 1973, Studies on the Noncircular Planetary Gear Mechanisms with Nonuniform Motion, Bulletin of the JSME, Vol. 16. p. 1433-1442.
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