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本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文翻譯
畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）題目：HSG焊接式連接液壓缸結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計
外文題目：Hydraulic Station and the development of hydraulic components Profiles
譯文題目：液壓站及液壓元件發(fā)展概況
學(xué) 生 姓 名： 吳 泳 君
專 業(yè)： 機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化0501班
指導(dǎo)教師姓名： 尚 洪 光
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Hydraulic Station and the development of hydraulic components Profiles
Hydraulic Pump Station also known as the stations are independent h- ydraulic device.
It requested by the oil gradually. And controlling the hydraulic oil flow direction, pressure and flow rate, applied to the mainframe and hy- draulic devices separability of hydraulic machinery.
Users will be provided after the purchase hydraulic station and host of implementing agencies (motor oil or fuel tanks) connected with tubing, Hydraulic machinery can be realized from these movements and the work cycle.
Hydraulic pump station is installed, Manifold or valve combination, t- anks, a combination of electrical boxes.
Functional components :
Pump device -- is equipped with motors and pumps, hydraulic station is the source of power. to mechanical energy into hydraulic oil pressure can be.
Manifold -- from hydraulic valve body and channel assembled. Right direction for implementation of hydraulic oil, pressure and flow control.
Valve portfolio -- plate valve is installed in up board after board conn-
ects with the same functional IC.
Tank -- plate welding semi-closed containers, also loaded with oil filtering network, air filters, used oil, oil filters and cooling.
Electrical boxes -- at the two patterns. A set of external fuse terminal plate; distribution of a full range of electrical control.
Hydraulic Station principle : motor driven pump rotation, which pump oil absorption from the oil tank. to mechanical energy into hydraulic pressure to the station, hydraulic oil through Manifold (or valve combinations) realized the direction, pressure, After adjusting flow pipe and external to the cylinder hydraulic machinery or motor oil, so as to control the direction of the motive fluid transformation force the size and speed the pace of promoting the various acting hydraulic machinery.
A development course
China Hydraulic (including hydraulic, the same below), pneumatic and seals industrial development process can be broadly divided into three phases, namely : 20 early 1950s to the early 1960s, the initial stage; 60's and 70 for specialized production system ;80~90's growth stage for the rapid development stage. Which, hydraulic industry in the early 1950s from the machine tool industry production of fake Su-grinder, broaching machine, copying lathe, and other hydraulic drive started, Hydraulic Components from the plant hydraulic machine shop, self-occupied. After entering the 1960s, the application of hydraulic technology from the machine gradually extended to the agricultural machinery and mechanical engineering fields, attached to the original velocity of hydraulic shop some stand out as pieces of hydraulic professional production. To the late 1960s, early 1970s, with the development of mechanized production, especially in the second automobile factory in providing efficient, automated equipment, along with the Hydraulic Components manufacturing has experienced rapid development of the situation, a group of SMEs have become professional hydraulic parts factory. 1968 China's annual output of hydraulic components have nearly 200,000 in 1973, machine tools, agricultural machinery, mechanical engineering industries, the production of hydraulic parts factory has been the professional development of more than 100 and an annual output more than one million. an independent hydraulic manufacturing industry has begun to take shape. Then, hydraulic pieces of fake products from the Soviet Union for the introduction of the product development and technical design combining the products to the pressure, Hypertension, and the development of the electro-hydraulic servo valves and systems, hydraulic application areas further expanded. Aerodynamic than the start of the industrial hydraulic years later, in 1967 began to establish professional pneumatic components factory, Pneumatic Components only as commodity production and sales. Sealed with rubber and plastics, mechanical seals and sealing flexible graphite sealing industry, the early1950s from the production ordinary O-rings. rubber and plastics extrusion, such as oil seal sealing and seal asbestos products start to the early 1960s, begun production of mechanical seals and flexible graphite sealing products. 1970s, the burning of the former Ministry, a Ministry, the Ministry of Agricultural Mechanization System, a group of professional production plants have been established, and the official establishment of industries to seal industrial development has laid the foundation for growth.
Since the 1980s, in the country's reform and opening up policy guidelines, with the development of the machinery industry, based mainframe pieces behind the conflicts have become increasingly prominent and attracted the attention of the relevant departments. To this end, the Ministry of the original one in 1982, formed the basis of common pieces of Industry, will be scattered in the original machine tools, agricultural machinery, mechanical engineering industries centralized hydraulic, pneumatic and seals specialized factories, placing them under common management infrastructure pieces Bureau, so that the industry in the planning, investment, technology and scientific research and development in areas such as infrastructure pieces Bureau of guidance and support. Since then entered a phase of rapid development, has introduced more than 60 items of advanced technology from abroad, including more than 40 items of hydraulic, pneumatic 7. After digestion and absorption and transformation, now have mass production, and industry-leading products. In recent years, the industry increased the technological transformation efforts, in 1991, Local enterprises and the self-financing total input of about 20 billion yuan, of which more than 1.6 billion yuan Hydraulic. Through technological transformation and technology research, and a number of major enterprises to further improve the level of technology, technique and equipment to be greatly improved. In order to form a higher starting point, specialization, and run production has laid a good foundation. In recent years, many countries in the development of common ownership guidelines, under different ownership SMEs rapid rise showing great vitality. With the further opening up, three-funded enterprises rapid development of industry standards for improving and expanding exports play an important role. Today, China has and the United States, Japan, Germany and other countries famous manufacturers joint ventures or wholly-owned by foreign manufacturers to establish a piston pump / motor, planetary reduction gears, steering gear, hydraulic control valve, hydraulic system, hydrostatic transmission, hydraulic Casting. pneumatic control valve, cylinder, gas processing triple pieces, mechanical seals, rubber and seal products more than 50 production enterprises, attracting foreign investment over 200 million U.S. dollars.
Second, the current situation
(1) Basic Profiles
After 40 years of efforts, China hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing industry has formed a relatively complete categories. a certain level of technical capacity and the industrial system. According to the 1995 Third National Industrial Census statistics, hydraulic, Pneumatic seals and industrial 370,000 annual sales income of 100 million yuan in state-owned, village-run, private and cooperative enterprises, individual, "three capital" enterprises with a total of more than 1,300, of which about 700 hydraulic, Pneumatic seals and the approximately 300 thousand. By 1996 with the international trade statistics, the total output value of China's industry hydraulic 2.348 billion yuan, accounting for the world's 6; Pneumatic industry output 419 million yuan, accounting for world No. 10.
(2) the current supply and demand profiles
Through the introduction of technology, independent development and technological innovation, and high-pressure piston pump, gear pumps, vane pump, General Motors hydraulic valves, tanks, Non-lubricated aerodynamic pieces and various seals of the first large technology products has increased noticeably. stability of the mass production may, for various mainframe products provide a level of assurance. In addition, hydraulic and pneumatic components of the CAD system, pollution control, proportional servo technology has scored some achievements, and is already in production. Currently, hydraulic, pneumatic and seals products total about 3,000 species, more than 23,000 specifications. Among them, there are 1,200 hydraulic varieties, more than 10,000 specifications (including hydraulic products 60 varieties 500 specifications); Pneumatic are 1,350 varieties, more than 8,000 specifications; Rubber seal 350 species more than 5,000 specifications have been basically cater to the different types of mainframe products to the general needs, complete sets of equipment for major varieties of matching rate was over 60%, and started a small amount of exports.
1998 pieces of homemade hydraulic output 4.8 million. sales of about 28 billion (of which about 70% mechanical systems); aerodynamic pieces yield 3.6 million. sales of about 5.5 billion (of which about 60% of mechanical systems); Seals output of about 800 million. sales of about 10 billion (of which about 50% mechanical systems). According to the China Hydraulic Pneumatic Seals Industry Association 1998 annual report, hydraulic product sales rate of 97. 5% (101% for hydraulic), pneumatic 95.9%, 98.7% sealed. This fully reflects the basic marketing convergence.
My hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing industry has attained a great deal of progress, but with mainframe development needs, and the world's advanced level, there are still many gaps, mainly reflected in the product variety, performance and reliability, and so on. Hydraulic products as an example, products abroad only one-third, life for half abroad. In order to meet key mainframe, and mainframe imports of major technology and equipment needs, every year a large number of hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing products imports. According to customs statistics and the analysis of data, in 1998 hydraulic, pneumatic and seals in the import about 200 million U.S. dollars, Hydraulic which about 1.4 billion dollars, aerodynamic nearly 030 million U.S. dollars, sealed about 030 million U.S. dollars. compared with a slight decline in 1997. By sums, currently imported products on the domestic market share of about 30%. 1998 pieces of the domestic market demand for hydraulic total of about six million, the total sales of nearly 40 billion; aerodynamic pieces of the total demand of about 5 million, with sales more than 700 million yuan; Seals total demand of about 1.1 billion. total sales of about 1.3 billion.
Third, the development trend of the future
1, affect the development of the main factors
(1) product development ability, and the level of technological development and speed can not completely meet the advanced mainframe products, major equipment and technology imported equipment and maintenance support;
(2) the number of enterprises manufacturing technology, the level of equipment and management standards are comparatively backward, coupled with a strong sense of quality, resulting in low levels of product performance, quality, Reliability poor services in a timely manner, lack of user satisfaction and trust of the brand-name products;
(3) industry specialization of production low, scattered strength, low repeat serious, between regions and enterprises of convergence products, blindly compete with each other, driving down prices, the decline of enterprise returns, lack of funds, liquidity difficulties, product development and technological transformation is inadequate and seriously restricted the industry to improve the overall level of competition and the increase of strength;
(4) The internationalization of the domestic market and the increasing degree of foreign companies have entered the Chinese market and participate in competition with the domestic private and cooperative enterprises, individuals, foreign-funded enterprises, such as the rise of state-owned enterprises due to the growing impact.
2, the development trend
As the socialist market economy continues to deepen, hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing products in the market supply and demand and there is a greater change, long ago to a "shortage" of the seller's market has basically become a "structural surplus" of the characteristics of the buyer's market place . Overall capacity, is already in oversupply situation, in particular the general low level of hydraulic, pneumatic and seals, the general oversupply; and the host of urgent high-tech high-parameter, high value-added high-end products, and they do not satisfy the market needs, only dependent on imports. China joins the WTO, its impact may be even greater. Therefore, the "15" during the growth of the output value of industry, must not depend on volume growth and the industry should address the structural problems of their own, increase the intensity of the adjustment of the industrial structure and product mix, is, we should rely on the improvement of quality, and promote technical upgrading of products to meet market demand and stimulating, seek greater development.
液壓站及液壓元件發(fā)展概況
液壓站又稱液壓泵站，是獨立的液壓裝置。
它按逐級要求供油。并控制液壓油流的方向、壓力和流量，適用于主機與液壓裝置可分離的各種液壓機械上。
用戶購后只要將液壓站與主機上的執(zhí)行機構(gòu)（油缸或油馬達）用油管相連，液壓機械即可實現(xiàn)各種規(guī)定的動作和工作循環(huán)。
液壓站是由泵裝置、集成塊或閥組合、油箱、電氣盒組合而成。各部件功能為：
泵裝置－－上裝有電機和油泵，是液壓站的動力源，將機械能轉(zhuǎn)化為液壓油的壓力能。
集成塊－－由液壓閥及通道體組裝而成。對液壓油實行方向、壓力和流量調(diào)節(jié)。
閥組合－－板式閥裝在立板上，板后管連接，與集成塊功能相同。
油箱－－板焊的半封閉容器，上還裝有濾油網(wǎng)、空氣濾清器等，用來儲油、油的冷卻及過濾。
電氣盒－－分兩種型式。一種設(shè)置外接引線的端子板；一種配置了全套控制電器。
液壓站的工作原理：電機帶動油泵轉(zhuǎn)動，泵從油箱中吸油供油，將機械能轉(zhuǎn)化為液壓站的壓力能，液壓油通過集成塊（或閥組合）實現(xiàn)了方向、壓力、流量調(diào)節(jié)后經(jīng)外接管路并至液壓機械的油缸或油馬達中，從而控制液動機方向的變換、力量的大小及速度的快慢，推動各種液壓機械做功。
一、發(fā)展歷程
我國液壓（含液力，下同）、氣動和密封件工業(yè)發(fā)展歷程，大致可分為三個階段，即：20世紀50年代初到60年代初為起步階段；60~70年代為專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)體系成長階段；80~90年代為快速發(fā)展階段。其中，液壓工業(yè)于50年代初從機床行業(yè)生產(chǎn)仿蘇的磨床、拉床、仿形車床等液壓傳動起步，液壓元件由機床廠的液壓車間生產(chǎn)，自產(chǎn)自用。進入60年代后，液壓技術(shù)的應(yīng)用從機床逐漸推廣到農(nóng)業(yè)機械和工程機械等領(lǐng)域，原來附屬于主機廠的液壓車間有的獨立出來，成為液壓件專業(yè)生產(chǎn)廠。到了60年代末、70年代初，隨著生產(chǎn)機械化的發(fā)展，特別是在為第二汽車制造廠等提供高效、自動化設(shè)備的帶動下，液壓元件制造業(yè)出現(xiàn)了迅速發(fā)展的局面，一批中小企業(yè)也成為液壓件專業(yè)制造廠。1968年中國液壓元件年產(chǎn)量已接近20萬件；1973年在機床、農(nóng)機、工程機械等行業(yè)，生產(chǎn)液壓件的專業(yè)廠已發(fā)展到100余家，年產(chǎn)量超過100萬件，一個獨立的液壓件制造業(yè)已初步形成。這時，液壓件產(chǎn)品已從仿蘇產(chǎn)品發(fā)展為引進技術(shù)與自行設(shè)計相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)品，壓力向中、高壓發(fā)展，并開發(fā)了電液伺服閥及系統(tǒng)，液壓應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域進一步擴大。氣動工業(yè)的起步比液壓稍晚幾年，到1967年開始建立氣動元件專業(yè)廠，氣動元件才作為商品生產(chǎn)和銷售。含橡塑密封、機械密封和柔性石墨密封的密封件工業(yè)，50年代初從生產(chǎn)普通O型圈、油封等擠壓橡塑密封和石棉密封制品起步，到60年代初，開始研制生產(chǎn)機械密封和柔性石墨密封等制品。70年代，在原燃化部、一機部、農(nóng)機部所屬系統(tǒng)內(nèi)，一批專業(yè)生產(chǎn)廠相繼成立，并正式形成行業(yè)，為密封件工業(yè)的發(fā)展成長奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
進入80年代，在國家改革開放的方針指引下，隨著機械工業(yè)的發(fā)展，基礎(chǔ)件滯后于主機的矛盾日益突出，并引起各有關(guān)部門的重視。為此，原一機部于1982年組建了通用基礎(chǔ)件工業(yè)局，將原有分散在機床、農(nóng)業(yè)機械、工程機械等行業(yè)歸口的液壓、氣動和密封件專業(yè)廠，統(tǒng)一劃歸通用基礎(chǔ)件局管理，從而使該行業(yè)在規(guī)劃、投資、引進技術(shù)和科研開發(fā)等方面得到基礎(chǔ)件局的指導(dǎo)和支持。從此進入了快速發(fā)展期，先后引進了60余項國外先進技術(shù)，其中液壓40余項、氣動7項，經(jīng)消化吸收和技術(shù)改造，現(xiàn)均已批量生產(chǎn)，并成為行業(yè)的主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)品。近年來，行業(yè)加大了技術(shù)改造力度，1991~1998年國家、地方和企業(yè)自籌資金總投入共約20多億元，其中液壓16億多元。經(jīng)過技術(shù)改造和技術(shù)攻關(guān)，一批主要企業(yè)技術(shù)水平進一步提高，工藝裝備得到很大改善，為形成高起點、專業(yè)化、批量生產(chǎn)打下了良好基礎(chǔ)。近幾年，在國家多種所有制共同發(fā)展的方針指引下，不同所有制的中小企業(yè)迅猛崛起，呈現(xiàn)出勃勃生機。隨著國家進一步開放，三資企業(yè)迅速發(fā)展，對提高行業(yè)水平和擴大出口起著重要作用。目前我國已和美國、日本、德國等國著名廠商合資或由外國廠商獨資建立了柱塞泵/馬達、行星減速機、轉(zhuǎn)向器、液壓控制閥、液壓系統(tǒng)、靜液壓傳動裝置、液壓件鑄造、氣動控制閥、氣缸、氣源處理三聯(lián)件、機械密封、橡塑密封等類產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)50多家，引進外資2億多美元。
二、目前狀況
(1)基本概況
經(jīng)過40多年的努力，我國液壓、氣動和密封件行業(yè)已形成了一個門類比較齊全，有一定生產(chǎn)能力和技術(shù)水平的工業(yè)體系。據(jù)1995年全國第三次工業(yè)普查統(tǒng)計，我國液壓、氣動和密封件工業(yè)鄉(xiāng)及鄉(xiāng)以上年銷售收入在100萬元以上的國營、村辦、私營、合作經(jīng)營、個體、“三資”等企業(yè)共有1300余家，其中液壓約700家，氣動和密封件各約300余家。按1996年國際同行業(yè)統(tǒng)計，我國液壓行業(yè)總產(chǎn)值23.48億元，占世界第6位；氣動行業(yè)總產(chǎn)值4.19億元，占世界第10位。
(2)當前供需概況
通過技術(shù)引進，自主開發(fā)和技術(shù)改造，高壓柱塞泵、齒輪泵、葉片泵、通用液壓閥門、油缸、無油潤滑氣動件和各類密封件第一大批產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)水平有了明顯的提高，并可穩(wěn)定的批量生產(chǎn)，為各類主機提高產(chǎn)品水平提供了保證。另外，在液壓氣動元件和系統(tǒng)的CAD、污染控制、比例伺服技術(shù)等方面也取得一定成果，并已用于生產(chǎn)。目前，液壓、氣動和密封件產(chǎn)品總計約有3000個品種、23000多個規(guī)格。其中，液壓有1200個品種、10000多個規(guī)格（含液力產(chǎn)品60個品種、500個規(guī)格）；氣動有1350個品種、8000多個規(guī)格；橡塑密封有350個品種、5000多個規(guī)格，已基本能適應(yīng)各類主機產(chǎn)品的一般需要，為重大成套裝備的品種配套率也可達60%以上，并開始有少量出口。
1998年國產(chǎn)液壓件產(chǎn)量480萬件，銷售額約28億元（其中機械系統(tǒng)約占70%）；氣動件產(chǎn)量360萬件，銷售額約5.5億元（其中機械系統(tǒng)約占60%）；密封件產(chǎn)量約8億件，銷售額約10億元（其中機械系統(tǒng)約占50%）。據(jù)中國液壓氣動密封件工業(yè)協(xié)會1998年年報統(tǒng)計，液壓產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)銷率為97 .5%（液力為101%），氣動為95.9%，密封為98.7%。這充分反映了產(chǎn)銷基本銜接。
我國液壓、氣動和密封工業(yè)雖取得了很大的進步，但與主機發(fā)展需求，以及和世界先進水平相比，還存在不少差距，主要反映在產(chǎn)品品種、性能和可靠性等方面。以液壓產(chǎn)品為例，產(chǎn)品品種只有國外的1/3，壽命為國外的1/2。為了滿足重點主機、進口主機以及重大技術(shù)裝備的需要，每年都有大量的液壓、氣動和密封產(chǎn)品進口。據(jù)海關(guān)統(tǒng)計及有關(guān)資料分析，1998年液壓、氣動和密封件產(chǎn)品的進口額約2億美元，其中液壓約1.4億美元，氣動近0.3億美元，密封約0.3億美元，比1997年稍有下降。按金額計，目前進口產(chǎn)品的國內(nèi)市場占有率約為30%。1998年國內(nèi)市場液壓件需求總量約600萬件，銷售總額近40億元；氣動件需求總量約500萬件，銷售總額7億多元；密封件需求總量約11億件，銷售總額約13億元。
三、今后發(fā)展走勢
1、影響發(fā)展的主要因素
(1)企業(yè)產(chǎn)品開發(fā)能力不強，技術(shù)開發(fā)的水平和速度不能完全滿足先進主機產(chǎn)品、重大技術(shù)裝備和進口設(shè)備的配套和維修需要；
(2)不少企業(yè)的制造工藝、裝備水平和管理水平都較落后，加上質(zhì)量意識不強，導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)品性能水平低、質(zhì)量不穩(wěn)定、可靠性差，服務(wù)不及時，缺乏使用戶滿意和信賴的名牌產(chǎn)品；
(3)行業(yè)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化程度低，力量分散，低水平重復(fù)嚴重，地區(qū)和企業(yè)之間產(chǎn)品趨同，盲目競爭，相互壓價，使企業(yè)效益下降，資金缺乏、周轉(zhuǎn)困難，產(chǎn)品開發(fā)和技術(shù)改造投入不足，嚴重地制約了行業(yè)整體水平的提高以及競爭實力的增強；
(4)國內(nèi)市場國際化程度日益提高，國外公司紛紛進入中國市場參與競爭，加上國內(nèi)私營、合作經(jīng)營、個體、三資等企業(yè)的崛起，給國有企業(yè)造成愈來愈大的沖擊。
2、發(fā)展走勢
隨著社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的不斷深化，液壓、氣動和密封產(chǎn)品的市場供求關(guān)系發(fā)生較大變化，長期來以“短缺”為特征的賣方市場已基本成為以“結(jié)構(gòu)性過?！睘樘卣鞯馁I方市場所取代。從總體能力看，已處于供大于求的態(tài)勢，特別是一般低檔次液壓、氣動和密封件，普遍供過于求；而主機急需的技術(shù)含量高的高參數(shù)、高附加值的高檔產(chǎn)品，又不能滿足市場需要，只能依賴于進口。在我國加入WTO后，其沖擊有可能更大。因此，“十五”期間行業(yè)產(chǎn)值的增長，決不能依賴于量的增長，而應(yīng)針對行業(yè)自身的結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾，加大力度，調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是應(yīng)依靠質(zhì)的提高，促進產(chǎn)品技術(shù)升級，以適應(yīng)和拉動市場需求，求得更大的發(fā)展。
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