皮革剪板機(jī)設(shè)計【含6張CAD圖紙】

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湘潭大學(xué)興湘學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計任務(wù)書 論文設(shè)計題目： 皮革剪板機(jī)設(shè)計 學(xué)號：2010963123 姓名：任意飛 專業(yè)：機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化 指導(dǎo)教師：吳繼春 系主任：簽名 一、主要內(nèi)容及基本要求 畢業(yè)設(shè)計的主要內(nèi)容應(yīng)包括文獻(xiàn)綜述、任務(wù)提出、方案論證、設(shè)計思想、設(shè)計計算或理論分析、實驗結(jié)果、技術(shù)分析、結(jié)論等，并要有相應(yīng)的設(shè)計圖紙和設(shè)計說明書 1、學(xué)生完成的畢業(yè)設(shè)計書面材料應(yīng)包括： （1）開題報告（單獨裝訂）。? （2）封面內(nèi)容：湘潭大學(xué)學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計，中英文題目，所屬學(xué)院，項目組成員，指導(dǎo)教師，專業(yè)，年級（班級），起止日期，制表日期。? （3）中英文摘要：論文摘要以濃縮的形式概括研究課題的內(nèi)容，具有獨立性，即不閱讀畢業(yè)設(shè)計報告全文即可獲得其主要信息，主要說明畢業(yè)設(shè)計的內(nèi)容、研究方法、成果、價值和結(jié)論，字?jǐn)?shù)控制在800字以內(nèi)，英文摘要應(yīng)與中文摘要基本相對應(yīng)。? （4）中英文關(guān)鍵詞：關(guān)鍵詞為畢業(yè)設(shè)計報告中使用到的重要詞語，各關(guān)鍵詞中間用分號隔開，最后一個關(guān)鍵詞后不用標(biāo)點符號，關(guān)鍵詞一般為5—8個。? （5）中英文摘要和關(guān)鍵詞的排列順序為：中文摘要（標(biāo)識為[摘要]）、中文關(guān)鍵詞（標(biāo)識為[關(guān)鍵詞]）、英文摘要（標(biāo)識為[Abstract]）、英文關(guān)鍵詞（標(biāo)識為[Key?words]），四部份內(nèi)容獨立成頁，頂格排版。? （6）目錄：各標(biāo)題及附件目錄。? （7）正文：畢業(yè)設(shè)計報告字?jǐn)?shù)一般在10000—15000字之間，畢業(yè)論文在8000—15000字。? （8）標(biāo)題：標(biāo)題應(yīng)層次清晰，以“1”、“2.2”、“3.2.1”等層次標(biāo)注標(biāo)題序號。? （9）附錄：對正文內(nèi)容提供支撐的相關(guān)材料，如必要的數(shù)據(jù)、圖表、源程序、圖片等。? （10）參考文獻(xiàn)：畢業(yè)設(shè)計20篇及以上，連續(xù)編號 （11）致謝：對完成本設(shè)計（論文）提供幫助的人員表示感謝，獨立成頁。? 2、 畢業(yè)設(shè)計的書面成果使用A4或A3復(fù)印紙雙面打印或復(fù)印，按以上順序裝訂。? 3、畢業(yè)設(shè)計的書面成果正文、附錄、參考文獻(xiàn)、致謝等統(tǒng)一編寫頁順序號。? 二、重點研究的問題 1、設(shè)計皮革剪板機(jī)的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)，尤其對機(jī)械部分作為主要研究內(nèi)容；2、確定皮革剪板機(jī)的數(shù)控加工工藝和控制系統(tǒng)方案；采用Solid Edge 制圖軟件對皮革剪板機(jī)建模 三、進(jìn)度安排 序號 各階段完成的內(nèi)容 完成時間 1 查閱資料、熟悉課題、熟悉solid st4軟件 2013年2月末 2 撰寫開題報告、制訂設(shè)計方案 2013年3月初 3 撰寫設(shè)計計算說明書 2013年3月中 4 畫圖設(shè)計分析 2013年3月末 5 寫出初稿 2013年4月初 6 修改，寫出第二稿 2013年4月中 7 寫出正式稿 2013年5月 8 答辯 2010年6月 四、應(yīng)收集的資料及主要參考文獻(xiàn) 1、劉灝 機(jī)械設(shè)計手冊 北京； 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2002 2、朱龍根 簡明機(jī)械零件設(shè)計手冊 北京； 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2004 3、吳宗澤 羅圣國 機(jī)械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計手冊 北京； 高等教育出版社，1992 4、郭愛蓮 新編機(jī)械工程技術(shù)手冊 北京； 經(jīng)濟(jì)日報出版社，1991 5、林石 剪切機(jī)設(shè)計計算方法（一）、（二） 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2003 6、洪得純 于志宏 祝悅紅 國外鋸切機(jī)的新進(jìn)展 吉林； 吉林林學(xué)院1994 7、王知行 劉廷榮 機(jī)械原理 北京； 高等教育出版社，2000 8、南京林業(yè)大學(xué)主編 木材切削原理與刀具 北京； 中國林業(yè)出版社，1997 9、龐慶海 剪板機(jī)械設(shè)備 北京； 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2005 10、孫桓 陳作模 機(jī)械原理 北京； 高等教育出版社，2001 11、濮良貴 紀(jì)名剛 機(jī)械設(shè)計 北京； 高等教育出版社，2001 12、王世剛 張春宜 徐起賀 機(jī)械設(shè)計實踐 哈爾濱； 哈爾濱工程大學(xué)出版社，2001 13、張慧光 剪板機(jī)設(shè)計 沈陽； 沈陽鍛壓機(jī)床廠，1978 14、王三民 諸文俊 機(jī)械原理與設(shè)計 北京； 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2000 15、姜繼海 宋錦春 高常識 液壓與氣壓傳動 北京； 高等教育出版社，2000 16、李興中 陳啟松 朱福元 液壓設(shè)備管理維護(hù)手冊 上海； 上?？茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社，1996 17、單麗云 工程材料 徐州； 中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)出版社，2000 18、丁德全 金屬工藝學(xué) 北京； 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社， 2000 湘潭大學(xué)興湘學(xué)院 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）評閱表 學(xué)號 2010963123 姓名 任意飛 專業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）題目： 皮革剪板機(jī) 評價項目 評 價 內(nèi) 容 選題 1.是否符合培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)，體現(xiàn)學(xué)科、專業(yè)特點和教學(xué)計劃的基本要求，達(dá)到綜合訓(xùn)練的目的； 2.難度、份量是否適當(dāng)； 3.是否與生產(chǎn)、科研、社會等實際相結(jié)合。 能力 1.是否有查閱文獻(xiàn)、綜合歸納資料的能力； 2.是否有綜合運(yùn)用知識的能力； 3.是否具備研究方案的設(shè)計能力、研究方法和手段的運(yùn)用能力； 4.是否具備一定的外文與計算機(jī)應(yīng)用能力； 5.工科是否有經(jīng)濟(jì)分析能力。 論文 （設(shè)計）質(zhì)量 1.立論是否正確，論述是否充分，結(jié)構(gòu)是否嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)合理；實驗是否正確，設(shè)計、計算、分析處理是否科學(xué)；技術(shù)用語是否準(zhǔn)確，符號是否統(tǒng)一，圖表圖紙是否完備、整潔、正確，引文是否規(guī)范； 2.文字是否通順，有無觀點提煉，綜合概括能力如何； 3.有無理論價值或?qū)嶋H應(yīng)用價值，有無創(chuàng)新之處。 綜 合 評 價 任意飛同學(xué)的畢業(yè)設(shè)計為皮革剪板機(jī)，論文選題符合培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)要求，能體現(xiàn)學(xué)科專業(yè)特點，達(dá)到了綜合訓(xùn)練的目的。該生具有較強(qiáng)的文獻(xiàn)查閱、資料綜合歸納整理的能力，能在設(shè)計工作中較熟練運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識，畢業(yè)設(shè)計技術(shù)方案可行，工作量適當(dāng)，設(shè)計思路較清晰，研究內(nèi)容具有一定的實際應(yīng)用價值，論文質(zhì)量一般，同意參加答辯。 評閱人： 2014年5月28日 湘潭大學(xué)興湘學(xué)院 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）鑒定意見 學(xué)號：2010963123 姓名：任意飛 專業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化 畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書（論文） 33 頁 圖 表 6 張 論文（設(shè)計）題目：皮革剪板機(jī) 內(nèi)容提要： 本文從各個方面對剪板機(jī)進(jìn)行了分析與設(shè)計，從剪板機(jī)的分類，到總體結(jié)構(gòu) 設(shè)計與計算，再到剪板機(jī)的基本性能參數(shù)，最后對液壓系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了設(shè)計與計算 通過打印機(jī)接口與PC機(jī)直接連接，實現(xiàn)PC機(jī)直接數(shù)控。從而去掉了傳統(tǒng)數(shù)控 設(shè)備中的工控機(jī)。 其次，分析了影響剪板機(jī)裁剪質(zhì)量的因素。通過對刀具的選著設(shè)計，剪切力， 及刀具運(yùn)動行程的計算，確定刀具的選擇與剪切方式。從總體上，盡量使結(jié)構(gòu) 簡單，剪切更精確。 指導(dǎo)教師評語 任意飛同學(xué)的畢業(yè)設(shè)計題目是皮革剪板機(jī)，設(shè)計原理基本正確，結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計合理，圖紙完成質(zhì)量一般。畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書條理較清楚、計算基本正確，文字基本流暢。整個畢業(yè)設(shè)計工作量適當(dāng)。 同意其參加答辯，建議成績評定為中等。 指導(dǎo)教師： 2014年5月28日 答辯簡要情況及評語 根據(jù)答辯情況，答辯小組同意其成績評定為中。 答辯小組組長： 2014年 5 月 28 日 答辯委員會意見 經(jīng)答辯委員會討論，同意該畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）成績評定為 答辯委員會主任： 2014年5月28日 附錄一 英文參考文獻(xiàn) Application of slice spectral correlation density to gear defect detection G Bi󰀀, J Chen, F C Zhou, and J He The State Key Laboratory of Vibration, Sound, and Noise,Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai,People’s Republic of China The manuscript was received on 16 October 2005 and was accepted after revision for publication on 3 May 2006.DOI: 10.1243/0954406JMES206 Abstract: The most direct reflection of gear defect is the change in the amplitude and phase modulations of vibration. The slice spectral correlation density (SSCD)method presented in this paper can be used to extract modulation information from the gear vibration signal; amplitude and phase modulation information can be extracted either individually or in combination. This method can detect slight defects with comparatively evident phase modulation as well as serious defects with strong amplitude modulation. Experimental vibration signals presenting gear defects of different levels of severity verify to its character identification capability and indicate that the SSCD is an effective method, especially to detect defects at an early stage of development. Keywords: slice spectral correlation density, gear, defect detection, modulation 1 INTRODUCTION A gear vibration signal is a typical periodic modulation signal. Modulation phenomena are more serious with the deterioration of gear defects. Accordingly, the modulation sidebands in the spectrum get incremented in number and amplitude.Therefore, extracting modulation information from these sidebands is the direct way to detect gear defects. A conventional envelope technique is one of the methods for this purpose. It is sensitive to modulation phenomena in amplitude, but not in phase. A slight gear defect often produces little change in vibration amplitude, but it is always accompanied by evident phasemodulation. Employing the envelope technique for an incipient slight defect does not produce satisfactory results. In recent years, the theory of cyclic statistics has been used for rotating machine vibration signal and shows good potential for use in condition monitoring and diagnosis [1–3]. In this article, spectral correlation density (SCD) function in the second-order cyclostationarity is verified to be a redundant information provider for gear defect detection. It simultaneously exhibits amplitude and phase modulation during gear vibration, which is especially valuable for detecting slight defects and monitoring their evolution.The SCD function maps signals into a two-dimensional function in a cyclic frequency (CF) versus general frequency plane (a–f). Considering its information redundancy [4] and huge computation,the slice of the SCD where CF equals the shaft rotation frequency is individually computed for defect detection,which is named slice spectral correlation density (SSCD). The SSCD is demonstrated to possess the same identification capability as the SCD function. It can be computed directly from a time-varying autocorrelation with less computation and, at the same time, has clear representation when compared with a three-dimensional form of the SCD. 2 SECOND-ORDER CYCLIC STATISTICS A random process generally has a time-varying autocorrelation[5] Where is the mathematic expectation operator and t is the time lag. If the autocorrelation is periodic with a period T0, the ensemble average can be estimated with time average The autocorrelation can also be written in the Fourier series because of its periodicity WhereCombining with equation(2), its Fourier coefficients can be given as [5] Where is the time averaging operation, is referred to as the cyclic autocorrelation (CA),and a is the CF. SCD can be obtained by applying Fourier transform of the CA with respect to the time lag t The SCD exhibits the characteristics of the signal in a–f bi-frequency plane. All non-zero CFs characterize the cyclostationary (CS) characters of the signal. 3 THE GEAR MODEL The most important component in gearbox vibration is the tooth meshing vibration, which is due to the deviations from the ideal tooth profile. Sources of such deviations are the tooth deformation under load or original profile errors made in the machining process. Generally, modulation phenomena occur when a local defect goes through the mesh and generates periodic alteration to the tooth meshing vibration in amplitude and phase. To a normal gear, the fluctuation in the shaft rotation frequency and the load or the tiny difference in the teeth space also permits slight amplitude modulation(AM) or phase modulation (PM). Therefore, the general gear model can be written as [6, 7] where fx is the tooth meshing frequency and fs is the shaft rotation frequency. am(t) and bm(t) denote AM and PM functions, respectively. The predominant component of the modulation stems from the shaft rotation frequency and its harmonics; other minute modulation components can be neglected.AM and PM, either individually or in combination,cause the presence of sidebands within the spectrum of the signal. Band-pass filtering around one of the harmonics of the tooth meshing frequency is the classical signal processing for the detailed observation of the sidebands. The filtered gear vibration signal can be expressed as follows where fh denotes one of the harmonics of the tooth meshing frequency. The subscript m is ignored for simplification in this equation and in the following discussion. The study emphasis of this paper is the filtered gear vibration signal model in equation (7),and its carrier is a single cosine waveform and modulated parts are period functions. 4 CS ANALYSIS OF THE GEAR MODEL According to the analysis mentioned earlier, the gear vibration signal can be simplified as a periodic signal modulated in amplitude and phase. The modulation condition reflects the severity extent of potential defect in gear. In this section, AM and PM cases are studied individually, and the CS analysis of the gear model is developed on the basis of their results. 4.1 AM case The model of AM signal is derived from equation (7) The analytic form of x(t) in equation (8) can be written as Substitution of ^x(t) into equation (4) can deduce the CA of x?(t) Where is the envelope of is equal to as a provider of modulation information.It is the Fourier transform of according to equation (11). In addition, the Fourier transform of with respect to the time lag is the corresponding SCD .thus can be computed using twice Fourier transform of with respect to time t and time lag t,respectively According to integral transform, becomes where H(v) is the Fourier transform of a(t) After substituting H(v) into equation (13) and uncoupling f and a using the properties of d function, the final expression of an be obtained has a totally symmetrical structure in four quadrants. Equation (15) is just a part of it in the first quadrant, and others are ignored for simplification. According to equation (15), is composed of some discrete peaks. In addition, these peaks regularly distribute on the a–f plane. Despite the comparatively complex expression, the geometrical description of is simple. These peaks nicely superpose the intersections of the cluster of lines. Then, these lines can also be considered as the character lines of . 4.2 PM case PM signal derived from equation (7) is The CA of its analytic form can be represented as The CA in the PM case also has the envelope–carrier form, as in the AM case. Therefore, the envelope of the CA is used to extract modulation information from the signal. Its corresponding SCD is also denoted as .The PM part, b(t), comprises finite Fourier series.The CS analysis of the PM case starts with the sinusoidal waveform .Bessel formulais employed in the computation. The final result of this simple case can be expressed as The geometrical expression of equation (18) is also related to lines,and is nonzero only at their intersections. The number of the lines does not depend on the number of harmonics in the modulation part, but is infinite in theory even for a single sinusoidal PM signal. In fact, Bessel coefficients limit discrete peaks in a range centring around the zero point of a–f. The amplitude of other theoretical character peaks out of the range is close to zero with the distance far away from the zero point.When the PM function comprises several sinusoidal waveforms as shown in equation (16), components of it can be expressed as bi(t), where i is Application of SSCD to gear defect detection 1387 from 0 to I. The envelope of CA can be written as Where equals unity. According to the two-dimensional convolution principle, the corresponding SCD ofcan be represented by where the sign means the two-dimensional convolution on the bi-frequency plane. The expression of is shown in equation (18) with fs replaced byifs and B by Bi and b by bi. Despite more complex expression of the SCD in the multiple sinusoidal modulation case, the result of the two-dimensional convolution between has the same geometrical distribution, as it does in the single sinusoidal modulation case. The distance between the character lines of along the general frequency axis is the fundamental frequency fs. Therefore, convolution does not create new character peaks, but changes their amplitude. Equation (18) also represents the SCD of the signal in equation (16), although the coefficients Cln are changed by the two-dimensional convolution. 4.3 CS analysis of the gear vibration signal The second-order CS analysis of the general gear model in equation (7) is developed on the basis of the AM and PM cases. The CA of the analytic signal also has the envelope–carrier form, and the envelope of the CA is expressed as follows Two parts in the sign { .} in equation (21) are relatedto AM and PM functions, respectively. Therefore, the corresponding SCD of has the form of two dimensional convolution of two components issued from AM and PM functions The expressions of and are given in equations (15) and (18). The two-dimensional convolution between and just causes the superposition of the character peaks in and , as it does in the PM case. Owing to the same geometrical characters, the convolution can not change the distribution, but involves change in the number and amplitude of the effective character peaks (whose amplitude is larger than zero). Therefore,the CS characters of the gear model are also represented by lines , as it does in the AM and PM cases. 4.4 SSCD analysis of the gear vibration signal and its realization Three modulation cases have a uniform CS character, according to the above analysis. Lines f = on the bi-frequency plane are their common character lines.Figure 1 shows its distribution.Only the part in the first quadrant is displayed because of the identical symmetry of in four quadrants. The number of these discrete points and the amplitude of the spectrum peaks reflect the modulation extent of the signal.The SCD provides redundant information for gear modulation information identification. In fact, some slices of it are sufficient for the purpose. For the AM case, the slice of , where CF is (in the first quadrant), can be derived from equation (15) The slice contains equidistant character frequencies,and the distance between them is fs. The PM case and the combination modulation case have the similar result, which can also be expressed by equation (23), whereas the coefficients Cl have different expressions. Therefore, , where is composed of discrete peaks All these character spectrum peaks correspond toodd multiples of the half shaft rotation frequency.The number and amplitude of the peaks reflect the modulation extent, thereby reflecting the severity extent of the potential defect in the gear.Similar situations will be encountered when analysing other Fig. 1 Diagram of CS character distribution slices of the SCD where CF equals the integer multiples of the shaft rotation frequency.The information redundancy of the SCD function always becomes an obstacle to its practical application in the gear defect detection. The sampling frequency must be high enough to satisfy the sampling theorem. Simultaneously, identifying modulation character relies on the fine frequency resolution.Long data series are needed because of these two factors.Therefore, huge matrix operations bring heavy burden to the computation.Moreover, sometimes it is hard to find a clear representation for the redundant information in the three-dimensional space.Therefore, the SSCD, as shown in the above analysis,is presented as a competent substitute for the SCD in detecting gear defects. In this article, the SSCD is specialized to the slice of the SCD where CF equals a certain character frequency. The SSCD can be acquired directly from the time-varying autocorrelation without computing the CA matrix and other subsequent matrix operations. Its realization is detailed as follows: (a) use the Hilbert transform to get the analytic signal ^x(t); (b) compute the time-varying autocorrelation of the analytic signal as described in equation (2); (c) select the CF a0, which equals a certain prescient character frequency, and then compute the slice of the CA (a0 equals fs for gear defect detection); (d) compute the envelope of the slice CA . It cannot be attained directly from the slice CA,therefore, a technique is involved for another form of Utilizing the equation, arrive at the squared modulus of ; (e) apply the Fourier transform of with respect to the time lag t and obtain the final result of the SSCD.The SSCD can be computed according to the steps listed above. Nevertheless, the manipulation of replacing the envelope slice CA by the squared modulus of it will change the spectrumstructure. Original half character frequencies are converted into integer form (lfs) together with the appearance of some inessential high frequency components.These changes do not impact the character identification capability of the SSCD, on the contrary,it gives more obvious representation. 5 SIMULATION Two modulated signals are used to identify the capability of the SCD and the SSCD in modulation character identification. All modulation functions of these signals are finite Fourier series. Figure 2 shows the AM case simulated according to equation(8). The AM function a(t) comprises three cosine waveforms, representing 10 Hz and its double and triple harmonics and amplitude of 1, 0.7, and 0.3 units, respectively. All initial phases in the model are randomly decided by the computer. The carrier frequency is 100 Hz, sampling frequency 2048 Hz,and the data length 16 384. Figure 3 shows the case of the combination of AM and PM simulated according to equation (7). The PM function b(t) comprises two sinusoidal waveforms with the frequency of 10 and 20 Hz and amplitude of 3 and 1 units,respectively. Other parameters are identical to the AM case.Figures 2(a) to (c) show the time waveform, the contour of its SCD analysis, and the SSCD where CF is equal to 10 Hz, respectively. Only the results of the SCD in the first quadrant are given because of its symmetry. All character points in the contour of the SCD are at the intersections of the lines f =. Their distribution is regular in the AM case. The Fig. 2 One simulated AM signal: (a) the time waveform, (b) the contour of its SCD, and (c) the SSCD at 10 Hz SSCD in Fig. 2(c) comprises Fig. 2 One simulated AM signal: (a) the time waveform, (b) the contour of its SCD, and (c)the SSCD at 10 Hzand its integer multiples and reflects themodulation condition in this signal as the SCD. Fig. 3 Another simulated modulated signal with modulation phenomena in amplitude and phase: (a) the time waveform, (b) the contour of its SCD, and (c) the SSCD at 10 Hz Figure 3 shows the case of the combination of AM and PM.All character points in the contour of the SCD are also at the intersections of the character lines 10 Hz. In addition, the SSCD also comprises 10 Hz and its several integer multiples.When PM is involved, the results from the PM part interact with those from the AM part by the two dimensional convolution. The number of the character peaks manifestly increases when compared with the original AM case in the contour of the SCD. The number of character peaks in the SSCD also augments.Therefore, according to the SCD or the SSCD, the same conclusion can be drawn: the second simulated signal is strongly modulated when compared with the first.Simulation results indicate that either the SCD or the SSCD has the capability of identifying the present and the extent of the modulation, disregarding its existence in amplitude or phase. The SSCD possesses the virtues of less computation and clear representation.These two factors seem to be indifferent for simulated signals, but are valuable when encountering very long data series in practice. 6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Three experimental vibration signals employed in this section came from 37/41 helical gears. They represented healthy, slight wear (wear on addendum of one tooth of 41 teeth gear), and moderate wear status (wear on addendum of one tooth profile of 41 teeth gear and two successive tooth profiles of 37 teeth gear), respectively. The shaft rotation frequency of the 37 teeth gear minutely fluctuates 󰀀16.6 Hz. Signals were sampled at 15 400 Hz under the same load. The data length was 37 888. Before the SSCD analysis, all experimental signals were band-pass filtered around four-fold harmonics of the tooth meshin frequency in order to identify the change in themodulation sidebands in different defect status.These filtered signals are analysed by a conventional envelope technique and the SSCD. The comparison between their results dedicates the effect of theSSCD.Figure 4 shows the case of the healthy status.Figures 4(a) to (c) are the time waveform of the experimental signal, its envelope spectrum, and its SSCD analysis at the shaft rotation frequency of the 37 teeth gear, respectively. The envelope spectrum and the SSCD have the similar spectrum structure Fig. 3 Another simulated modulated signal with modulation phenomena in amplitude and phase: (a) the time waveform, (b) the contourof its SCD, and (c) the SSCD at 10 H Fig. 4 First experimental gear signal: (a) the time waveform, (b) the envelope spectrum, and (c)the SSCD comprising the rotation frequency and several negligible harmonics. Demodulated sidebands in these two spectra are few and low because there are some modulation phenomena during the gear’s normal operation. The fluctuation in the load, the minute rotational variation, and the circular pitch error in the machining process are the possible sources of the slight modulation. There is no comparability between numeric values of the envelope spectrum and the SSCD because of different computing procedures. The slight wear case is shown in Fig. 5. Wear on one tooth profile of one of the helical meshing gears does not result in significant deviation from its normal running. Therefore, there is a little increment in amplitude in the time waveform plot. In the envelope spectrum, compared with the normal case, the amplitude of these demodulated sidebands augments a little, and the extent seems to enlarge. The increment in number and amplitude of the sidebands is attributed to the modulation condition of the signal. However, the alteration is too slight to provide enough proof for the existence of some defect in the gear. In fact, a slight defect evidently always modulates the phase of the gear vibration signal and produces little change in the amplitude.Therefore, the envelope spectrum is not sensitiveto a slight gear defect due to its fail to the PMphenomena.Figure 5(c) shows the SSCD analysis of the slightlywearing gear. Mor