基于solidworks核桃去殼器設(shè)計(jì)與三維建?！緮D壓式】【含CAD圖紙】
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中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）任務(wù)書學(xué)生姓名高一文學(xué)號(hào)05208301班 級(jí)08機(jī)制3班指導(dǎo)教師楊淑華職稱工程師單 位中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目基于solidworks核桃去殼器設(shè)計(jì)與三維建模畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）主要內(nèi)容和要求：設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)核桃去殼器。設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)滿足如下基本要求：1） 設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)合理，簡(jiǎn)便可靠。2） 對(duì)核桃去殼器的零件用solidworks進(jìn)行三維實(shí)體建模。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）主要參考資料：Solidworks實(shí)體設(shè)計(jì)教程Solidworks實(shí)體建模與分析機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)械原理畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）應(yīng)完成的主要工作：1）對(duì)核桃去殼器結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行調(diào)查分析，確定設(shè)計(jì)方案。2）對(duì)核桃去殼器的零件用solidworks進(jìn)行三維實(shí)體建模。中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告學(xué)生姓名高一文學(xué)號(hào)05208301專業(yè)班級(jí)08機(jī)制3班指導(dǎo)教師楊淑華職稱工程師單 位中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院課題性質(zhì)設(shè)計(jì) 論文課題來源科研 教學(xué) 生產(chǎn) 其它畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)題目基于solidworks的核桃去殼器設(shè)計(jì)與三維建模一選題的目的與意義核桃，原產(chǎn)于近東地區(qū)，又稱胡桃、羌桃，與扁桃、腰果、榛子并稱為世界著名的“四大干果”。既可以生食、炒食，也可以榨油、配制糕點(diǎn)、糖果等，不僅味美，而且價(jià)值營(yíng)養(yǎng)很高，被譽(yù)為“萬歲子”、“長(zhǎng)壽果”，據(jù)測(cè)定，每100克核桃中，含脂肪5064克，核桃中的脂肪71%為亞油酸，12%為亞麻酸，蛋白質(zhì)為1520克，蛋白質(zhì)亦為優(yōu)質(zhì)蛋白，核桃中脂肪和蛋白是大腦最好的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。糖類為10克，以及含有鈣，磷，鐵，胡蘿卜素，核黃素，維生素，胡桃葉酸，磷脂等營(yíng)養(yǎng)物。正因?yàn)槠錉I(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值極高，所以是現(xiàn)代生活必不可少的食物。但其外殼堅(jiān)硬無比，想吃到里面的果肉，真是難上加難。這個(gè)也是困擾很到想吃核桃但有不想費(fèi)事的人。超市有買包裝好的核桃仁，但經(jīng)過加工后營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值必定有所損失。所以用來撥核桃的工具就這樣誕生。臺(tái)式核桃夾，是我的設(shè)計(jì)與研究課題，其輕便快捷，價(jià)格實(shí)惠，操作簡(jiǎn)單，深受廣大喜食核桃的消費(fèi)者所喜歡。雖然結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，但社會(huì)需求很大。所以對(duì)臺(tái)式核桃夾的研究，設(shè)計(jì)，與改進(jìn)有這重大意。二研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展方向目前市場(chǎng)上撥核桃的工具分為兩類，一類為手鉗式，如下圖所示，這中核桃夾的工圖一 手鉗式核桃夾作原理是利用杠桿原理，在一個(gè)固定的位置上，手鉗的兩個(gè)鉗柄相對(duì)或者相向運(yùn)動(dòng)，用這個(gè)力壓碎核桃，這種核桃夾的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，價(jià)格便宜，便于攜帶。缺點(diǎn)也有，就是適合有力氣的人來用，老人小孩不適合用，因?yàn)樾枰艽罅?。有的時(shí)候力氣太大核桃會(huì)碎，容易滑落，并且距離不好調(diào)整，每次核桃的大小不一，不經(jīng)常用的人距離把握不準(zhǔn)，所以使用起來特別不方便，適合經(jīng)常用的人使用，不然想看到完整的核桃仁是難。另一種撥核桃的工具是臺(tái)式核桃夾，也是我的設(shè)計(jì)與研究課題，如下圖：圖二 臺(tái)式核桃夾三維實(shí)體圖從圖上可以看出，臺(tái)式核桃夾相對(duì)于手鉗式的比較復(fù)雜，臺(tái)式核桃夾的工作原理是在利用杠桿原理的基礎(chǔ)上在利用連桿機(jī)構(gòu)，手柄越長(zhǎng)就越容易壓碎核桃。并且右邊的螺桿可以調(diào)節(jié)距離，當(dāng)核桃大時(shí)候，或者者小的時(shí)候都可以調(diào)節(jié)到一定的距離然后手柄壓到底也不會(huì)壓碎核桃。另外臺(tái)式核桃機(jī)的好處是其他一些堅(jiān)果都可以用臺(tái)式核桃機(jī)撥殼。另外老人和小孩都可以輕松的用。三研究?jī)?nèi)容及方案本課題，我的主要任務(wù)是用Solidworks2010對(duì)臺(tái)式核桃機(jī)經(jīng)行仿真和設(shè)計(jì)改進(jìn)，具體設(shè)計(jì)方案是省力，所以用杠桿和連桿機(jī)構(gòu)。另外，因?yàn)楹颂覚C(jī)屬于食品機(jī)械，所以對(duì)材料的選擇也是至關(guān)重要的。如下圖，臺(tái)式核桃機(jī)有如下幾個(gè)零件組成。1. 底板2. 手柄組件3. 活動(dòng)桿4. 調(diào)整螺桿5. 連接架和連接桿這個(gè)幾個(gè)零件的選材一般會(huì)選擇健康無毒的材料。底座木質(zhì)板，余為鑄鐵噴漆或電鍍件，木質(zhì)手柄?？蓨A堅(jiān)果類最大為45mm。其中在活動(dòng)桿和調(diào)整螺桿的兩個(gè)端面上加工的時(shí)候留有凸臺(tái)，如下圖： 這個(gè)凸臺(tái)的作用是在壓核桃的時(shí)候，防止核桃旋轉(zhuǎn)，另外有這個(gè)凸臺(tái)，核桃殼容易破碎，桃仁不容易碎掉。臺(tái)式核桃機(jī)的核心部分，也是區(qū)別臺(tái)式核桃機(jī)和手鉗式核桃夾的主要區(qū)別地方，如下圖，這個(gè)是利用了杠桿和連桿機(jī)構(gòu)，下壓手柄的時(shí)候，連接架會(huì)利用連桿的原理左右移動(dòng)，成一定角度。但活動(dòng)桿水平左右移動(dòng)，這樣的好處是使核桃受力均勻。有時(shí)候核桃大小不一樣，有時(shí)候夾的不一定是核桃，有可能是其他一些比核桃小的堅(jiān)果，這個(gè)時(shí)候就要需要有調(diào)整機(jī)構(gòu)，不然不是壓不到核桃就是容易把核桃壓碎。這個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)如下圖所示：將螺桿向前調(diào)整時(shí)可以撥掉一些比核桃小的堅(jiān)果，將螺桿向后調(diào)節(jié)，可以撥一些比核桃大一點(diǎn)的堅(jiān)果。差不多大小的堅(jiān)果，調(diào)節(jié)到一定距離后，手柄壓到底也不會(huì)壓碎果仁。五、進(jìn)度安排序號(hào)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)各階段內(nèi)容時(shí)間安排備注1市場(chǎng)調(diào)研，查閱資料，完成開題報(bào)告；2010.12.102010.12.202結(jié)合課題進(jìn)行外文資料閱讀，完成英文翻譯； 2010.12.212010.12.313學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)的知識(shí)、熟悉有關(guān)的資料，完成文獻(xiàn)綜述；2011.1.12011.1.204構(gòu)思臺(tái)式核桃夾具體結(jié)構(gòu)2011.1.212011.2.15對(duì)核桃夾進(jìn)行三維模擬和優(yōu)化2011.2.22011.3.206對(duì)臺(tái)式核桃夾進(jìn)行實(shí)體建模2011.3.212011.4.207整理資料，編寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書；準(zhǔn)備答辯。 2011.4.212011.5.5六、預(yù)期結(jié)果通過對(duì)市場(chǎng)上現(xiàn)有核桃夾的調(diào)研與改進(jìn)，通過Solidworks2010對(duì)臺(tái)式核桃夾的設(shè)計(jì)與仿真，是我對(duì)這個(gè)軟件有了更深的了解與應(yīng)用。并且對(duì)臺(tái)式核桃夾的結(jié)構(gòu)有個(gè)更深的了解和構(gòu)思。七、參考文獻(xiàn)1 徐憬.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2000.62 張普禮.機(jī)械加工工藝裝備.東南大學(xué)出版社，2002.33 劉思.食品機(jī)械的開發(fā)與研究 2000.74 正亞軍 食品材料的應(yīng)用于研究2001.35 周長(zhǎng)城，Solidworks2010高級(jí)應(yīng)用于研究 ，1997.7 指導(dǎo)教師意見：指導(dǎo)教師簽名：年 月 日教研室意見：審查結(jié)果： 同 意 不 同 意教研室主任簽名：年 月 日 摘 要 隨著中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，人民的生活水平不斷提高。以前是希望吃飽，然后是希 望吃好，現(xiàn)在的希望是吃精，不是希望補(bǔ)脂肪而是希望補(bǔ)腦。藥物補(bǔ)腦不僅有副作 用而且效果不明顯。在這樣的情況下，核桃以及其他及堅(jiān)果類食物就特別受到現(xiàn)代 人的喜愛。但核桃和其他堅(jiān)果的外殼太過堅(jiān)硬，即使夾碎了也容易把里面的仁弄壞。 在這樣的情況下剝核桃的工具就應(yīng)用而生，縱觀市面上的所有工具，臺(tái)式核桃夾深 受廣大客戶的喜歡。 我設(shè)計(jì)的題目是基于 solidworks 的核桃去殼器設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)體建模。在本次設(shè)計(jì)中 我將對(duì)核桃破殼計(jì)算分析，改進(jìn)臺(tái)式核桃夾的構(gòu)成并對(duì)其進(jìn)行實(shí)體建模。 關(guān)鍵詞：臺(tái)式核桃夾；實(shí)體建模；核桃破殼計(jì)算分析； ABSTRACT With the development of Chinas economy, the improvement of peoples living standard. Before is hope full, then wish to eat, the hope is to eat. Not hope make fat but hope that the brain. Drug brain not only side effects and the effect is not obvious. In this case, walnuts and other nuts and is especially popular with the modern people. But the walnuts and other nuts shell too hard, timely break is also easy to break inside the kernel. In a case like peel walnut tools and applications of health, in the market all the desktop tools, walnut clamp by the majority of customers love. I design topic is based on the SolidWorks walnut sheller design and motion simulation. In this design I will for breaking walnut shell analysis, improved desktop walnut folder structure and its simulation. Keywords: Table Walnut clamp; motion simulation; breaking walnut shell analysis; 目 錄 1 緒 論 .1 1.1 SOLIDWORKS 的發(fā)展和榮譽(yù) .1 1.2 本論文的背景和意義 .3 1.3 核桃夾的簡(jiǎn)介 .3 2 設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容與方案 .5 2.1 核桃夾的受力分析 .5 2.1.1 確定夾核桃所需力 .5 2.1.2 建立機(jī)構(gòu)模型，確定主要桿件尺寸 .8 2.2 校核桿 1 和桿 2 的強(qiáng)度 .9 2.2.1 桿 1 強(qiáng)度校核 .9 2.2.2 桿 2 強(qiáng)度校核 .10 2.3 設(shè)計(jì)創(chuàng)新 .11 3 簡(jiǎn)述零件設(shè)計(jì)過程 .13 4 臺(tái)式核桃夾各部件的選材 .23 結(jié) 論 .25 參考文獻(xiàn) .26 致 謝 .27 中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院 本 科 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)題目 基于Solidworks的核桃去殼器設(shè)計(jì)與三維建模 系 別 工程技術(shù)系 專 業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 學(xué)生姓名 高一文 學(xué) 號(hào) 05208301 指導(dǎo)教師 楊淑華 職 稱 工程師 2012 年 4 月 25 日基于Solidworks的核桃去殼器設(shè)計(jì)與三維建模1前言隨著中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，人民的生活水平不斷提高。以前是希望吃飽，然后是希望吃好，現(xiàn)在的希望是吃精，不是希望補(bǔ)脂肪而是希望補(bǔ)腦。藥物補(bǔ)腦不僅有副作用而且效果不明顯。在這樣的情況下，核桃以及其他及堅(jiān)果類食物就特別受到現(xiàn)代人的喜愛。但核桃和其他堅(jiān)果的外殼太過堅(jiān)硬，即使雜碎了也容易把里面的仁弄壞。在這樣的情況下剝核桃的工具就應(yīng)用而生，縱觀市面上的所有工具，臺(tái)式核桃夾深受廣大客戶的喜歡。我設(shè)計(jì)的題目是基于solidworks的核桃去殼器設(shè)計(jì)與運(yùn)動(dòng)三維建模。在本次設(shè)計(jì)中我將對(duì)核桃破殼計(jì)算分析，改進(jìn)臺(tái)式核桃夾的構(gòu)成并對(duì)其進(jìn)行三維建模。2主題目前市場(chǎng)上撥核桃的工具分為兩類，一類為手鉗式，如下圖所示，這中核桃圖一 手鉗式核桃夾夾的工作原理是利用杠桿原理，在一個(gè)固定的位置上，手鉗的兩個(gè)鉗柄相對(duì)或者相向運(yùn)動(dòng)，用這個(gè)力壓碎核桃，這種核桃夾的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、價(jià)格便宜、便于攜帶。缺點(diǎn)也有，就是適合有力氣的人來用，老人小孩不適合用，因?yàn)樾枰艽罅?。有的時(shí)候力氣太大核桃會(huì)碎，容易滑落，并且距離不好調(diào)整，每次核桃的大小不一，不經(jīng)常用的人距離把握不準(zhǔn)，所以使用起來特別不方便，適合經(jīng)常用的人使用，不然想看到完整的核桃仁是難。另一種撥核桃的工具是臺(tái)式核桃夾，也是我的設(shè)計(jì)與研究課題，如下圖：圖二 臺(tái)式核桃夾模擬三維實(shí)體圖從圖上可以看出，臺(tái)式核桃夾相對(duì)于手鉗式的比較復(fù)雜，臺(tái)式核桃夾的工作原理是在利用杠桿原理的基礎(chǔ)上在利用連桿機(jī)構(gòu)，手柄越長(zhǎng)就越容易壓碎核桃。并且右邊的螺桿可以調(diào)節(jié)距離，當(dāng)核桃大時(shí)候，或者者小的時(shí)候都可以調(diào)節(jié)到一定的距離然后手柄壓到底也不會(huì)壓碎核桃。另外臺(tái)式核桃夾的好處是其他一些堅(jiān)果都可以用臺(tái)式核桃夾撥殼。另外老人和小孩都可以輕松的用。2.1設(shè)計(jì)流程目前最常用的核桃破殼方式是機(jī)械方法，利用擠壓或擊打方式使核桃果殼在機(jī)械外力作用下開裂或破壞，從而脫去果殼使核桃殼仁分離。研制核桃破殼機(jī)首先要解決的問題就是確定最佳施力的方位?，F(xiàn)應(yīng)用有限元受力分析軟件 ANSYS 對(duì)在不同位置上核桃受力應(yīng)力分布進(jìn)行分析和試驗(yàn)，尋找最佳施力方位，為核桃破殼機(jī)的研制提供理論依據(jù)。利用有限元分析法，分別對(duì)溫185，扎343和新新2三種核桃進(jìn)行力學(xué)特性分析。三種核桃的被夾開所需要的力如圖1所示：表1 夾開核桃所需力核桃類型溫185扎343新新2最大力/N704.23716.58707.21有效力/N103.51114.4187.66所以，取最大力F=115N。此外經(jīng)過校核桿1和桿2的強(qiáng)度得知設(shè)計(jì)符合要求。2.2設(shè)計(jì)創(chuàng)新本課題，我的主要任務(wù)是用Solidworks2010對(duì)臺(tái)式核桃夾進(jìn)行三維建模和設(shè)計(jì)改進(jìn)，具體設(shè)計(jì)方案是省力，所以用杠桿和連桿機(jī)構(gòu)。另外，因?yàn)楹颂見A屬于食品機(jī)械，所以對(duì)材料的選擇也是至關(guān)重要的。如下圖，臺(tái)式核桃夾有如下幾個(gè)零件組成。l 底板l 手柄組件l 活動(dòng)桿l 調(diào)整螺桿l 連接架和連接桿這個(gè)幾個(gè)零件的選材一般會(huì)選擇健康無毒的材料。其中在活動(dòng)桿和調(diào)整螺桿的兩個(gè)端面上加工的時(shí)候留有凸臺(tái)，如下圖： 這個(gè)凸臺(tái)的作用是在壓核桃的時(shí)候，防止核桃旋轉(zhuǎn)，另外有這個(gè)凸臺(tái)，核桃殼容易破碎，桃仁不容易碎掉。臺(tái)式核桃夾的核心部分，也是區(qū)別臺(tái)式核桃夾和手鉗式核桃夾的主要區(qū)別地方，如下圖：這個(gè)是利用了杠桿和連桿機(jī)構(gòu)，下壓手柄的時(shí)候，連接架會(huì)利用連桿的原理左右移動(dòng)，成一定角度。但活動(dòng)桿成水平左右移動(dòng)，這樣的好處是使核桃受力均勻。有時(shí)候核桃大小不一樣，有時(shí)候夾的不一定是核桃，有可能是其他一些比核桃小的堅(jiān)果，這個(gè)時(shí)候就要需要有調(diào)整機(jī)構(gòu)，不然不是壓不到核桃就是容易把核桃壓碎。這個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)如下圖所示：將螺桿向前調(diào)整時(shí)可以撥掉一些比核桃小的堅(jiān)果，將螺桿向后調(diào)節(jié)，可以撥一些比核桃大一點(diǎn)的堅(jiān)果。差不多大小的堅(jiān)果，調(diào)節(jié)到一定距離后，手柄壓到底也不會(huì)壓碎果仁。2.3臺(tái)式核桃夾各部件的選材如下圖是臺(tái)式核桃夾的三維實(shí)體圖：1底板；2調(diào)節(jié)螺桿；3 手柄；4 手柄桿；5 搖桿；6連桿；7本體；8活動(dòng)桿圖 4-1 臺(tái)式核桃夾的三維實(shí)體圖因?yàn)榕_(tái)式核桃夾是屬于食品機(jī)械，所以選材是食品機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的重要部分，在本次設(shè)計(jì)中，我將臺(tái)式核桃夾用三部分材料組成，件2、4、5、6、8用45鋼加工，然后電鍍硬鉻，既美觀又實(shí)惠；件7用材料厚4mm的SUS304板折彎然后加工而成；件1、3用木頭加工而成，既環(huán)保又自然。以上選擇材料除了電鍍，其余都是我們所熟悉的，在這里不多講，重點(diǎn)講一下電鍍。電鍍就是利用電解原理在某些金屬表面上鍍上一薄層其它金屬或合金的過程。電鍍時(shí)，鍍層金屬做陽極，被氧化成陽離子進(jìn)入電鍍液；待鍍的金屬制品做陰極，鍍層金屬的陽離子在金屬表面被還原形成鍍層。為排除其它陽離子的干擾，且使鍍層均勻、牢固，需用含鍍層金屬陽離子的溶液做電鍍液，以保持鍍層金屬陽離子的濃度不變。電鍍的目的是在基材上鍍上金屬鍍層（deposit），改變基材表面性質(zhì)或尺寸。電鍍能增強(qiáng)金屬的抗腐蝕性（鍍層金屬多采用耐腐蝕的金屬）、增加硬度、防止磨耗、提高導(dǎo)電性、潤(rùn)滑性、耐熱性、和表面美觀。3結(jié)語此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是我們從大學(xué)畢業(yè)生走向未來工程師重要的一步。從最初的選題，開題到計(jì)算、繪圖直到完成設(shè)計(jì)。其間，查找資料、老師指導(dǎo)、與同學(xué)交流、反復(fù)修改圖紙，每一個(gè)過程都是對(duì)自己能力的一次檢驗(yàn)和充實(shí)。通過這次實(shí)踐，我了解了臺(tái)式核桃夾工作原理，熟悉了本裝置的設(shè)計(jì)步驟，鍛煉了工程設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐能力，培養(yǎng)了自己獨(dú)立設(shè)計(jì)能力。此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是對(duì)我專業(yè)知識(shí)和專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)一次實(shí)際檢驗(yàn)和鞏固，同時(shí)也是走向工作崗位前的一次熱身。 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)收獲很多，比如學(xué)會(huì)了查找相關(guān)資料相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、分析數(shù)據(jù)，提高了自己的繪圖能力，懂得了很多關(guān)于電鍍的知識(shí)。參考文獻(xiàn)1 徐憬.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2000.62 張普禮.機(jī)械加工工藝裝備.東南大學(xué)出版社，2002.22 劉思.食品機(jī)械的開發(fā)與研究，2000.74 正亞軍.食品材料的應(yīng)用于研究，2001.25 周長(zhǎng)城.Solidworks2010高級(jí)應(yīng)用于研究，1997.7 6 何義川;史建新.核桃殼力學(xué)特性分析與試驗(yàn).農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2009,32(6)7 董遠(yuǎn)德, 史建新, 喬園園. 核桃不同破殼方式的破殼取仁效果 J .農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工學(xué)刊，2007( 9): 4.5.8 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè) 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 2002.1第四版1-5冊(cè)9 西北工業(yè)大學(xué)機(jī)械原理及機(jī)械零件教研室編著 濮良貴 紀(jì)名剛主編 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)（第七版） 高等教育出版社 10 王先逵主編 機(jī)械制作工藝學(xué) 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社1995中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯系 別： 工程技術(shù)系 專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 姓 名： 高一文 學(xué) 號(hào)： 05208301 2012 年 4 月 25 日外文資料翻譯譯文Microwave in walnut shell materials tensile mechanical properties of impact studyAbstractTaking the picking fresh walnuts as the research object, the microwave walnut break hull test, break hull rate of 87.65%; And of microwave effects on the walnut shell materials tensile mechanical properties of influence, and the results showed that the microwave processing, walnut shell material elastic modulus, tensile strength and mechanical indexes and processing there were no significant changes before. In addition, also in walnut shell tensile mechanical properties of the tested and won the walnut the tensile strength of the place relict limit to 1. 47 M Pa, for sure walnut emerged inflationary pressure in microwave needed to provide the reference.Keywords: microwave; Break hull; The whole shell tensile; Mechanical properties0 PrefaceWalnut machinery of the existence of high rate of broken emerged, the kernel rate is low has been restricted walnut realize mechanization production and processing of the important reason of our country, the development of walnut industrial caused certain influence. Therefore, explore new methods for realizing mechanization walnut emerged industrialization and export income, increase the economic benefit has urgent practical significance. At present, the technology for walnut mechanization emerged research focus on the gap emerged, blow for extrusion emerged, methods and the application of finite element method for related mechanical design emerged, but still has broken rate is high, the whole kernel rate low. In addition, the emerging technology used in the research is also emerged nuts is in the ascendant, such as YangRui etc in walnut laser irradiation behavior by the numerical analysis and simulation, explores the laser technology shelling mechanism; LiXiaoXia explores the buckwheat shell microwave method; ZhangLi, Yang fu Ephraim with microwave technology, realize the board of chestnut shell.The author on the basis of previous studies, of microwave technology function mechanism of walnut emerged proposes that emerged walnut microwave method is feasible. This paper is to study this paper further discusses the front, to search for microwave processing technology parameters (power, time, humidity and temperature) in walnut shell material mechanics and the influence law of nature, studied the microwave technology role walnut shell material stretching before and after the mechanical properties of differences, and determine the seam walnut the tensile strength of the limit in, to determine the walnut microwave emerged inflationary pressure and further guidance for microwave technology parameters are selected to provide the reference.1 Walnut microwave break hull testWalnut is primarily through microwave microwave break hull role in walnutmeat, its internal water molecules in alternating under the influence of electromagnetic field polarization orientation for high frequency shift, the internal walnut in short time produce very high quantity of heat form high pressure water vapor, when water vapor pressure of the pressure of walnut is inflation pressure is greater than the ultimate tensile stress walnut, walnut burst. Therefore, the density of the nut shell is its internal structure formed an important guarantee of high pressure; The walnuts contain moisture is internally generated the material basis of high pressure water vapor; Microwave technology parameters (power, time and temperature, etc) is able to rupture external power of walnut. Therefore, it is necessary to walnut microwave technology needed to break hull parameters were tested.1.1 materials and equipmentTest is just picked off cortical JinLong 1 cotton walnut as the research object, the walnuts moisture content of 21%, to prevent water loss, will test sample in a plastic bag sealed stored in the refrigerator for refrigeration.W LD 07S-08 type glanze microwave ovens, microwave role, power and temperature are time adjustable; Vernier gauges.1.2 test methodThe three factors 3 level completely combination test, each portfolio selection three shape, size close of walnut similar as repeated samples. Before the test test walnut trunnion, diameter, caliper size. The end, observation and rupture of walnut recorded.1.3results and analysisWalnut microwave break hull situation as is shown in table 1. Table 1 walnut microwave break hull test results Group numberTemperaturePowerWTimeminBroken shell /%1503002100250300366.7350300433.345050021005505003100650500466.77507002100850700366.795070041001060300266.71160300366.71260300410013605002100146050031001560500410016607002100176070031001860700466.71970300266.72070300310021703004100227050021002370500366.724705004100257070021002670700310027707004100From the table that 1, 81 a walnut, only 10 star have not broken open, break hull rate reached 87. 65%, if consider alone each temperature, each power, each time break hull rate, the result in table 2.Table 2 single factor in walnut the influence of emerged rateFactorTemperature/Power/wTime/min50670300500700234Broken shell /%81.588.892.674.192.696.385.285.292.6From the table 2, it is known that in the three factors, the temperature of high and low vapor pressure of the internal to the size of the size of the power to the internal temperature rise the speed of the water vapor; Because W LD 07S-08 type microwave equipment work characteristics, that is, to stop working after set temperature, so the length of time can not influence within the maximum pressure steam shell, will not affect the speed of temperature rise. So time to the influence of the factors emerged relatively small rate, and the results were consistent with the findings.2 Microwave in walnut shell materials tensile mechanical properties of influenceThrough to the walnut microwave before and after processing the contrast test that destructive compression, microwave treatment of walnut compression significantly less destructive power, this shows that on lots of walnut break hull, for in the microwave treatment not burst of walnut and compression is the easy emerged. In addition, we also found that the microwave process, walnut high pressure water vapor by the inside of the role, the tensile deformation happen. Therefore, the microwave technology in walnut shell materials tensile mechanical properties of influence, but for further reveal the mechanism of the walnut microwave emerged provides the basis. The author of such microwave before and after the shell material role elastic modulus and tensile strength comparison test.2. 1 sample preparationThe test samples and in front of the experimental study of walnut emerged the same, with the saw in walnut along the axis direction for about 10 mm long, wide about 2 mm of walnut as specimens. Because walnut is curved shell form, had taken the length of the specimen should be as low as possible, in the direction of the small curvature of the better effect under saws. Will pass the microwave processing and without processing (control group) were made of walnut specimens, with caliper measured the length, width and thickness.2. 2 equipment and methodsSAN S CMT 6140 microcomputer control electronic universal testing; Accuracy of 5% N 200 N sensor.Set for 10 mm loading rate/m in, the routine material mechanics tensile test methods. Because of the specimen is too small, to avoid gripping broke when specimens or clip slanting, gripping use tweezers when operating. Record force deformation and fracture walnut of force value.2. 3 results and analysisWalnut shell materials tensile mechanical indexes such as test value shown in table 3.From the table 3, it is known that the microwave processing get after the modulus of elasticity as walnut 21. 82 M P a, tensile strength of 10. 043 M Pa; Before the microwave processing elastic modulus is 22. 52 M Pa, tensile strength for 9. 57 MP a. microwave effects on the walnut shell that material has a little influence on tensile mechanical properties.LiangLi etc: microwave in walnut shell materials tensile mechanical properties of impact studyTable 3 walnut shell materials tensile mechanical property indexNumberLength /mmWidth /mmThickness /mmArea /mm2Most strongly /NModulus of elasticity /MpaTensile strength /Mpa113. 601.901.382.6220.3424.207.76Control14. 262.561.704.3540.424.009.29210.682.001.482.9629.5427.709.98Control11.522.561.784.5625.5526.705.61310.242.621.082.8310.3820.403.67Control14.961.801.703.0610.767.033.52416.303.581.987.0977.263.5910.90Control15.182.881.985.781.0312.4014.21513.223.681.164.2772.7420.0017.60Control14.823.202.006.438.6317.2012.84616.663.921.485.891.2612.4012.87Control17.643.981.485.89106.3132.8018.05714.262.981.283.8156.1746.0014.72Control13.843.322.147.184.7018.3011.92814.962.001.783.5662.5611.9017.57Control11.823.921.827.1345.9932.206.45915.122.701.283.469.2529.702.68Control10.783.001.725.1656.5917.1010.971014.562.441.884.5912.3022.302.68Control12.383.021.484.4712.8357.502.883 Walnut shell whole stretch mechanics performance is determinedEmerged from walnut microwave experimental results that, by all the breakdown of the sample after microwave processing are from walnut suture line the breakdown of the place, and it shows in walnut suture line tensile mechanical properties and surface of different materials walnut. Therefore, the need to place relict tensile mechanical nature of the study, this needs in walnut shell the tensile test. Because of walnut size is differ, irregular shape, test the clip if too loose, the tensile easily when slippage; If the clip too tight, it is easy to appear clip crack a phenomenon, so difficult test. For this reason, we designed a set of adjustable size shape walnut shell chuck for walnut shell of the tensile test.3. 1 equipment and methodsTest in SAN S CMT 6140 microcomputer control electronic universal testing machine, a self-made walnut special jig. Before the test, will walnut and surface with a fixture acetone clean, and the determination of walnut trunnion, side diameter and diameter. The two clamping fixture first in the testing machine, adjust the fixture chuck size to appropriate value will chuck after fixed, again with strength and AB glue stick to the fixture will walnut (will show the seams of the walnut, do not stick on the glue) to try to ensure that the center of the two fixtures in one line, and walnut and the vertical seam lines. To glue dry after appearing again the walnut shell stretch mechanics performance test, the end of the shape of the cross section will walnut surveying and mapping out and record the most strong values.3. 2 results and analysisIn walnut shell when the tensile, walnut seam place along the cracked. At this time, the stress in walnut suture line reaches limit, this stress value is measured by the testing machine of the most strongly and shifted walnut in circular seam for the calculation of the sectional area. Test results listed in table 4.Table 4 walnut shell tensile test the test resultsSerial numberShaft Diameter /mmDiameter /mmSide diameter /mmShell thickness of suture /mmDensity of the suture line /( Nmm- 1)Most strongly /NUltimate tensile strength of suture /MPa130.7030.4630.985.167.17685.701.44230.0031.3038.201.982.85279.641.40335.8238.0039.506.248.27985.991.64438.5832.3630.764.506.27636.771.45533.0034.8033.204.594.28467.731.11633.8234.0234.142.263.80406.261.81The mean33.6733.4934.464.105.44577.021.47From the table 4, it is known that the seam of walnut in limit tensile stress for 1. 47 MPa, and walnut on the surface tensile stress value 9. 57 MPa compared are much smaller, this is what walnut in microwave role in the cause of the broken seam after, this limit tensile stress can be used as microwave technology parameter selection basis.4 ConclusionBased on the test of fresh walnuts emerged, and walnut shell material and the mechanical properties of walnut shell are tested, get the following main conclusions:(1) the fresh walnuts microwave process after the break hull rate can amount to 87. 65%, in the microwave technology parameters, temperature and power is the time factor to influence emerged rate.(2) test after the microwave processing of walnut elastic modulus is 21. 82 MPa, tensile strength of 10. 043 M Pa, both with the processing there were no significant changes before that microwave role in walnut shell material has a little influence on tensile mechanical properties.(3) test in the seam of walnut limit tensile stress value is 1. 41 MPa, and walnut shell material limit tensile stress value is much more than a small, for choosing suitable for microwave technology parameters of walnut emerged provides reference basis.References:1 ShiJianXin, Michael essien moving army. Walnut kernel machinery at home and abroad and emerged from the present situation and the problem study J. J xinjiang agricultural mechanization, 2001 (6) : 29 32.2 Michael essien moving army. Walnut kernel methods and test emerged take D. Urumqi: xinjiang agricultural university, 2002.3DongYuan DE, ShiJianXin, QiaoYuanYuan. Walnut different way of emerged emerged take effect benevolence J. Journal of agricultural products processing, 2007 (9) : 4 5, 9.4 ShiJianXin, ZhaoHaiJun, Michael essien moving army. Based on the finite element analysis technology of walnut shell J. Journal of agricultural engineering, 2005, 21 (1) : 185 188.5 WuZiYue. Cotton walnut shell take benevolence of mechanical J. Journal of agricultural engineering, 1995, 11 (4) : 164 169.6 YangRui, yan. Laser and walnut interaction is the mechanics and finite element analysis J. Agriculture machine research, 2008 (4) :.7 LiXiaoXia. Buckwheat shell mechanical properties and microwave process test emerged D. TaiGu: shanxi agricultural university, 2008.8 ZhangLi. Chestnut microwave device mechanism and processing technology research D. Hefei: hefei university of technology, 2004.9 Yang fu Ephraim, takami m, ZhuNiu. Use the microwave can related to the new technology of garments shell to new method J. Food science and technology, 2006 (9) : 80 83.外文原文微波對(duì)核桃殼體材料拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響研究摘 要以剛采摘的新鮮核桃為研究對(duì)象，進(jìn)行了微波核桃破殼試驗(yàn)，破殼率達(dá)到87.5%，同時(shí)，研究了微波作用對(duì)核桃殼體材料拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響，結(jié)果表明：微波處理后，核桃殼體材料彈性模量、抗拉強(qiáng)度等力學(xué)性質(zhì)指標(biāo)與處理前比較無明顯變化。另外，還對(duì)核桃整殼拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)指標(biāo)與處理前比較無明顯變化。另外，還對(duì)核桃整殼拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)進(jìn)行了測(cè)定獲得了核桃殼縫合線處的拉伸強(qiáng)度極限值為1.47MPa，為確定核桃微波破殼所需的膨脹壓力提供了參考依據(jù)。關(guān)鍵詞：微波；破殼；整殼拉伸；力學(xué)性質(zhì)0 前 言核桃機(jī)械破殼存在的破碎率高、整仁率低等問題一直是制約核桃實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)加工的重要原因, 對(duì)我國(guó)核桃產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展造成了一定影響。因此，探索新的機(jī)械化核桃破殼方法對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)化、出口創(chuàng)匯、增加經(jīng)濟(jì)效益等具有迫切的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。目前，國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)于核桃機(jī)械化破殼技術(shù)的研究主要集中在定間隙擠壓破殼、打擊破殼等方法及應(yīng)用有限元等方法進(jìn)行相關(guān)破殼機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)方面，但仍存在破碎率高、整仁率低等問題。另外，將新興技術(shù)應(yīng)用于堅(jiān)果破殼的研究也是方興未艾，如楊銳等對(duì)核桃受激光輻照行為進(jìn)行了數(shù)值分析與模擬，探索了激光技術(shù)脫殼機(jī)理；李曉霞探索了蕎麥微波脫殼方法； 張莉、楊芙蓮等利用微波技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)板栗的脫殼。作者在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)微波技術(shù)進(jìn)行核桃破殼的作用機(jī)理進(jìn)行了初探，證明核桃微波破殼方法是可行的。本文是對(duì)前面研究的進(jìn)一步深入探討，為探求微波加工工藝參數(shù)(功率、時(shí)間、濕度和溫度)對(duì)核桃及殼體材料力學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響規(guī)律，試驗(yàn)研究了微波技術(shù)作用前后核桃殼體材料拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)的差異，并測(cè)定了核桃殼縫合線處的拉伸強(qiáng)度極限值，為確定核桃微波破殼所需的膨脹壓力并為進(jìn)一步指導(dǎo)微波技術(shù)參數(shù)的選擇提供參考依據(jù)。1 核桃微波破殼試驗(yàn)核桃微波破殼主要是通過微波作用于核桃仁時(shí)，其內(nèi)部水分子在交變電磁場(chǎng)作用下極化取向作高頻轉(zhuǎn)變，致使核桃殼內(nèi)部在短時(shí)間內(nèi)產(chǎn)生很高的熱量形成高壓水汽，當(dāng)高壓水汽對(duì)核桃殼的壓力即膨脹壓力大于核桃殼的拉伸極限應(yīng)力時(shí)，核桃殼發(fā)生破裂。因此，果殼的致密結(jié)構(gòu)是其內(nèi)部形成高壓的重要保證；核桃仁所含的水分是內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生高壓水汽的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)；微波的技術(shù)參數(shù)(功率、時(shí)間和溫度等)則是核桃殼能夠破裂的外在動(dòng)力。因此，有必要對(duì)核桃微波破殼所需的技術(shù)參數(shù)進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)研究。1.1 材料與儀器試驗(yàn)選用采摘后剛褪去外皮的晉龍1號(hào)棉核桃為研究對(duì)象，核桃仁含水率達(dá) 21% ， 為防止水分散失，將試驗(yàn)樣本用塑料袋密封置于冰箱內(nèi)藏，WLD07S-08 型格蘭仕微波爐，微波作用溫度、功率和時(shí)間均可調(diào)；游標(biāo)卡尺。1.2 試驗(yàn)方法采用3因素3水平完全組合試驗(yàn)，每個(gè)組合選取3個(gè)形狀相似、大小相近的核桃作為重復(fù)樣本，試驗(yàn)前測(cè)試核桃的軸徑、橫徑、測(cè)徑大小。試驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí)，觀測(cè)核桃殼破裂情況并進(jìn)行記錄。1.3 結(jié)果與分析核桃微波破殼情況如表 1所示。表 1 核桃微波破殼試驗(yàn)結(jié)果組號(hào)溫度/功率w時(shí)間min破殼率 /%1503002100250300366.7350300433.345050021005505003100650500466.77507002100850700366.795070041001060300266.71160300366.71260300410013605002100146050031001560500410016607002100176070031001860700466.71970300266.72070300310021703004100227050021002370500366.724705004100257070021002670700310027707004100由表 1可知，81顆核桃中只有10顆未破開，破殼率達(dá)到 87. 65% ，若單獨(dú)考慮每個(gè)溫度、每個(gè)功率、每個(gè)時(shí)間的破殼率，其結(jié)果見表 2。表 2 單因素對(duì)核桃破殼率的影響因素溫度/功率/w時(shí)間/min50670300500700234破殼率/%81.588.892.674.192.696.385.285.292.6由表 2可知, 在這 3個(gè)因素中，溫度的高低決定殼體內(nèi)的水蒸汽壓力的大?。还β实拇笮Q定殼體內(nèi)水蒸汽溫度上升的快慢；由于WLD07S-08型微波設(shè)備的工作特點(diǎn)，即達(dá)到設(shè)定溫度后就停止工作，故時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短不能影響殼體內(nèi)水蒸汽的最大壓力，也不影響溫度上升的快慢，所以時(shí)間因素對(duì)破殼率的08型微波設(shè)備的工作特點(diǎn)，即達(dá)到設(shè)定溫度后就停止影響相對(duì)較小，與前期研究結(jié)果一致。2 微波對(duì)核桃殼體材料拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響通過對(duì)核桃微波處理前后壓縮破壞力的對(duì)比試驗(yàn)得知，微波處理后核桃的壓縮破壞力明顯減少，這說明在進(jìn)行大量核桃破殼時(shí)，對(duì)于在微波處理后未發(fā)生破裂的核桃再進(jìn)行壓縮破殼是比較容易的。另外，我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)微波作用過程中，核桃殼受到內(nèi)部高壓水汽的作用，發(fā)生了拉伸變形。因此，研究微波技術(shù)對(duì)核桃殼體材料拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響， 可為進(jìn)一步揭示核桃微波破殼的作用機(jī)理提供依據(jù)。作者對(duì)微波作用前后殼體材料的彈性模量及抗拉強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行了對(duì)比試驗(yàn)研究。試驗(yàn)所用樣本與前面核桃破殼試驗(yàn)研究中相同，用鋸條在核桃上沿軸線方向獲取長(zhǎng)約10mm，寬約 2 mm的核桃殼作為試件。因?yàn)楹颂沂乔鷼ば蔚?，所取試件的長(zhǎng)度應(yīng)盡量小，在曲率越小的方位鋸下的效果越好。將經(jīng)過微波處理和未經(jīng)處理(對(duì)照組)的核桃均制成試件，用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)取其長(zhǎng)度、寬度和厚度。2.2 設(shè)備及方法SANS-CMT 6140微機(jī)控制電子萬能試驗(yàn)，精度達(dá)5%N的200N傳感器。設(shè)定加載速率為10mm/min，采用常規(guī)材料力學(xué)拉伸試驗(yàn)方法進(jìn)行。由于試件太小，為避免夾持時(shí)弄斷試件或夾歪，夾持時(shí)使用鑷子操作。記錄力變形曲線以及核桃殼發(fā)生破裂時(shí)的力值。2.3 結(jié)果與分析由表3可知，得到微波處理后核桃殼的彈性模量為21.82M P a，抗拉強(qiáng)度為10. 043 MPa；微波處理前彈性模量為22. 52MPa，抗拉強(qiáng)度為9.57MPa。說明微波作用對(duì)核桃殼體材料的拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)影響不大。表 3 核桃殼體材料拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)指標(biāo)值編號(hào)長(zhǎng)度 /mm寬度/mm厚度 /mm面積 /mm2最大力 /N彈性模量 /Mpa抗拉強(qiáng)度/Mpa113. 601.901.382.6220.3424.207.76對(duì)照14. 262.561.704.3540.424.009.29210.682.001.482.9629.5427.709.98對(duì)照11.522.561.784.5625.5526.705.61310.242.621.082.8310.3820.403.67對(duì)照14.961.801.703.0610.767.033.52416.303.581.987.0977.263.5910.90對(duì)照15.182.881.985.781.0312.4014.21513.223.681.164.2772.7420.0017.60對(duì)照14.823.202.006.438.6317.2012.84616.663.921.485.891.2612.4012.87對(duì)照17.643.981.485.89106.3132.8018.05714.262.981.283.8156.1746.0014.72對(duì)照13.843.322.147.184.7018.3011.92814.962.001.783.5662.5611.9017.57對(duì)照11.823.921.827.1345.9932.206.45915.122.701.283.469.2529.702.68對(duì)照10.783.001.725.1656.5917.1010.971014.562.441.884.5912.3022.302.68對(duì)照12.383.021.484.4712.8357.502.883核桃整殼拉伸力學(xué)性能的測(cè)定從核桃微波破殼試驗(yàn)結(jié)果看出，所有經(jīng)微波處理后破裂的試樣均是從核桃縫合線處破裂的，這說明核桃縫合線處的拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)與核桃殼表面材料的有所不同。因此，需要對(duì)縫合線處的拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)進(jìn)行研究，這就需要對(duì)核桃整殼進(jìn)行拉伸試驗(yàn)。由于核桃大小不一，形狀不規(guī)則，試驗(yàn)時(shí)若將其夾得太松，則拉伸時(shí)容易滑脫；若夾得太緊，則易出現(xiàn)夾裂現(xiàn)象，所以試驗(yàn)難度較大。為此，我們專門設(shè)計(jì)了一套可調(diào)節(jié)尺寸的殼形核桃夾頭來進(jìn)行核桃整殼的拉伸試驗(yàn)研究。3.1 設(shè)備與方法試驗(yàn)在 SANSCMT6140微機(jī)控制電子萬能試驗(yàn)機(jī)上進(jìn)行，采用自制的核桃專用夾具。 試驗(yàn)前，將核桃和夾具表面用丙酮清洗干凈，并測(cè)定核桃的軸徑、側(cè)徑和橫徑，將兩個(gè)夾具先裝夾在試驗(yàn)機(jī)上，調(diào)節(jié)夾具夾頭尺寸至合適值后將夾頭固定，再用強(qiáng)力AB膠將核桃粘到夾具上(將核桃的接縫露出,不可粘上膠)，盡量保證兩個(gè)夾具的中心在一條線上，且使核桃的縫合線與該中心線垂直。待膠完全干透后再進(jìn)行核桃整殼拉伸力學(xué)性能測(cè)試，試驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí)將核桃斷面的形狀測(cè)繪出來并記錄最大力值。3.2 結(jié)果與分析在進(jìn)行核桃整殼拉伸時(shí)，核桃沿縫合線處裂開。此時(shí)，核桃縫合線處的應(yīng)力達(dá)到極限值，該應(yīng)力值是通過試驗(yàn)機(jī)上測(cè)出的最大力與裂開后核桃縫合線處的環(huán)形截面積計(jì)算得到的，測(cè)試結(jié)果列于表4。表4 核桃整殼拉伸試驗(yàn)測(cè)試結(jié)果序號(hào)軸徑 /mm橫徑/mm側(cè)徑 /mm縫合線處殼厚/mm縫合線密度/( Nmm-1)最大力 /N縫合線處極限拉伸應(yīng)力/MPa130.7030.4630.985.167.17685.701.44230.0031.3038.201.982.85279.641.40335.8238.0039.506.248.27985.991.64438.5832.3630
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