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徐州工程學院畢業(yè)設計(論文) 附錄 附錄1 英文原文 Computer-Aided Manufacturing System Engineering C.R. McLean Factory Automation Systems Division, Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA Abstract A new type of computer-aided engineering environment is envisioned which will improve the productivity of manufacturing/industrial engineers. This environment would be used by engineers to design and implement future manufacturing systems and subsystems. This paper describes work which is currently underway at the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) on computer-aided manufacturing system engineering environments. The NIST project is aimed at advancing the development of software environments and tools for the design and engineering of manufacturing systems. The paper presents an overall vision of the proposed environment, identifies technical issues which must be addressed, and describes work on a current prototype computer-aided manufacturing system engineering environment. Keyword Codes: J.6, I.6.3, D.2.2 Keywords: Computer Applications Computer-Aided Engineering Simulation and Modeling, Applications Software Engineering Tools and Techniques 1. INTRODUCTION The future success of a manufacturing enterprise is likely to be determined by the speed and efficiency with which it incorporates new technologies into its operations. The process which is currently used to engineer, or re-engineer, manufacturing systems is often ad hoc. Computerized tools are used on a very limited basis. Given the costs and resources involved in the construction and operation of manufacturing systems, the engineering process must be made more scientific. Powerful new computing environments for engineering manufacturing systems could help achieve that objective. What is computer-aided manufacturing system engineering (CAMSE)? In much the same way that product designers need computer-aided design systems, manufacturing and industrial engineers need sophisticated computing capabilities to solve the complex problems and manage the vast data associated with the design of a manufacturing system. CAMSE may be defined as: --the use of computerized tools in the application of scientific and engineering methods to the problem of the design and implementation of manufacturing systems. The goal of this engineering process is to find the best solution to a problem, i.e., a factory or subsystem implementation, given a specific set of requirements and constraints. What is the scope of this problem? Engineers must address the entire factory as a system and the interactions of that system with its surrounding environment. Component elements of the factory system include: ? the physical plant or buildings which house the manufacturing facility, ? the production facilities which perform the manufacturing operations, ? the technologies used in the production facility, i.e., processes,methods, and techniques which are used to manufacture the products, ? the work centers/stations, machinery, equipment, tools, and materials which comprise or are used by the production facilities, ? the various support facilities and systems which move and store materials, handle manufacturing by-products and waste, manage information resources, maintain machinery and information systems, and support other needs of factory personnel, ? the staff organization and mechanisms which are instituted to operate and maintain the manufacturing facility, and ? the interface between the factory and its environment, e.g. movements of goods and materials, human access to the facility, links to utilities, and the controls on various forms of environmental impact (air, water, noise). Manufacturing system engineering must not only be concerned with the initial design and engineering of the factory, it must also address enhancements and other modifications over time. A CAMSE environment should support standard engineering methods and problem-solving techniques, automate many mundane tasks, and provide critical technical reference data to support the decision-making process. The environment should be designed so as to help engineers become more productive and effective in their work. The environment could be implemented on a high performance personal computer or engineering workstation which has been configured with appropriate peripheral devices. Engineering tool developers will have to integrate the functions and data which are used by a number of different disciplines, for example: ? manufacturing engineering, ? industrial engineering, ? plant engineering, ? materials processing, ? environmental engineering, ? mathematical modeling/simulation, ? quality engineering, ? statistical process control, ? economic and cost analysis, ? computer science, and ? management science. Most of the methods, formulas, and data associated with these technical areas currently remains embedded in engineering handbooks. Although some computerized tools are available, they are often very specialized, difficult-to-use, and do not share information or work together. Engineering tools built by different vendors be must made plug-compatible through appropriate open systems architectures and interface standards. This paper describes a project underway at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology to accelerate the development of this new type of computing environment. The project is currently funded by the U.S. Navy Manufacturing Technology Program. Section 1 introduces and defines computeraided manufacturing system engineering. Section 2 presents a vision of the proposed computing environment. Section 3 describes some of the technical issues which must be resolved to achieve this vision. Section 4 briefly outlines the work that is currently underway at NIST. Section 5 provides a summary and conclusions. 2. VISION OF THE ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENT What would the computer-aided factory engineering environment of the future look like? It would be based upon a computer workstation or network of workstations which provide an integrated set of design and engineering tools. These software tools would be used by a company’s manufacturing engineering team to continuously improve its production systems. The tools would be used to maintain information about current manufacturing resources, enhance existing production capabilities, and develop new facilities and systems. Engineers working on different workstations would share information through a common manufacturing system engineering database. Using this environment, an engineering team might be able to prepare detailed plans and working models for an entire factory in a matter of days. Many alternative solutions to production problems could be quickly developed and evaluated. This type of capability would be a significant improvement over current manual methods which may require weeks or months of intensive activity. To achieve this ambitious goal, a new set of engineering tools are needed. A company’s manufacturing engineering team require a number of different tools to support its mission. Examples of functions which should be supported include: ? identification of product specifications and production requirements, ? producibility analysis for individual products, ? modeling and specification of manufacturing processes, ? modification of product designs to address manufacturability issues, ? plant layout and facilities planning, ? simulation and analysis of system performance, ? consideration of various economic/cost tradeoffs of different manufacturing processes, systems, tools, and materials, ? analysis supporting selection of systems/vendors, ? procurement of manufacturing equipment and support systems, ? specification of interfaces and the integration of information systems, ? task and work place design, ? handling of various organizational and personnel concerns, e.g. labor issues, human factors, health, safety, ? compliance with various regulations, specifications, and standards, ? control of hazardous materials, and ? management, scheduling and tracking of projects. For more information on the types of functions that manufacturing and industrial engineers would need to perform, see [1-3]. The tools which implement these functions must be highly automated and integrated. Automation is needed to eliminate, minimize or simplify tasks that are mundane, repetitive, time-consuming, complex, and/or error-prone. Integration is needed to ensure that tools can share common data and operate in a consistent, synergistic manner. Figure 1 illustrates some of the types of tools which might be integrated in a CAMSE environment. The engineering tools, taken by themselves, are not sufficient to achieve productivity goals. The tools need data to be useful. Today, it is unlikely that the data required for a major engineering project could be loaded into the computer in a week’s time. On-line engineering reference libraries are needed to streamline this process. On-line technical reference data must be maintained in a format that is accessible and usable by the engineering tools. Some examples of the information that might be contained in these electronic libraries include: ? production process models and data, ? generic manufacturing systems configurations, ? machinery and equipment specifications, ? vendor catalogs, ? recommended methods, practices, algorithms, etc. ? benchmarking data, ? typical plant/system layouts, ? cost estimation models, labor rates, other cost data, ? budget templates, ? time standards, ? project plans, ? laws/government regulations, and ? industrial standards. The libraries would minimize the amount of time that the engineer spends entering data. They would also allow engineers to quickly develop solutions based upon the work of others. This on-line reference capability does not exist today. Another critical aspect of this engineering environment is affordability. The engineering capabilities are needed by large and small manufacturing firms alike. Affordability can best be achieved by designing an environment which can be constructed from low cost "off-the-shelf" commercial products, rather than custombuilt computer hardware and software. The basic engineering environment must be affordable. For both cost and technical reasons, it must be designed to be extensible, i.e., support incremental upgrades. Incremental upgrades would allow companies to add capabilities as they are needed. Commercial software products must be easy to install and integrate with other software already resident in the engineering environment. These capabilities exist to a limited extent in some general purpose commercial software today, e.g., word processors, databases, spreadsheets. Some installation and integration problems have been resolved in these software packages through vendor acceptance of certain "de facto standard" file formats. Both technical and legal problems have resulted from current dependence upon this type of standard within the software community. In any case, there are virtually no existing standards which directly support the installation and integration of software tools within a CAMSE environment. 3. TECHNICAL ISSUES A number of technical issues must be considered in the design and development of new engineering tools for the CAMSE environment. These issues include: ? required functionality of the tools themselves, ? formalization and refinement of relevant engineering methods, ? underlying data management schemes (e.g., object-oriented approach), ? development of on-line technical reference libraries, ? user engineering and graphics visualization techniques, ? system connectivity and information sharing, and ? integration standards for the computing environment, ? incorporation of intelligent behavior in the tools. A common conceptual foundation and systems framework for CAMSE could help developers address these issues. Three critical elements of this foundation are: 1）common manufacturing systems information model, 2) an engineering life cycle approach, and 3) a software tool integration framework. These elements will help ensure that independently developed systems will be able to work together and share information. The common information model should identify: 1) the elements of the manufacturing system and their relationships to each other, 2) the functions or processes performed by each element, 3) the tools, materials, and information (i.e.,data) that are required to perform those functions, and 4) measures of effectiveness for the model and its component elements. There have been a number of efforts over the years to develop information models for different aspects of manufacturing [4], but no known existing model fully meets the needs of computer-aided manufacturing system engineering. A review of the strengths and weaknesses of existing models is beyond the scope of this paper. A life cycle approach is needed to identify all of the different processes that a CAMSE environment must support. This "cradle-to-grave" approach to system engineering would define all of the phases of a manufacturing system or subsystem’s existence. Some of the major phases which may be included in a system life cycle approach are: 1) requirements identification (includes product specification), 2) system design specification, 3) vendor selection and procurement, 4) system development and upgrades, 5) installation, testing, and training, 6) production operations, process monitoring, and benchmarking, and 7) system phaseout and resource recovery. Management, coordination, and administration functions need to be performed during each phase of the life cycle. Phases may be repeated over time as a system is upgraded or re-engineered to meet changing needs or incorporate new technologies. A software tool integration framework would specify how interoperable tools could be independently designed and developed. The framework would define how CAMSE tools would: 1) deal with common services, e.g., user interfaces, peripheral devices, operating system, databases, 2) interact with each other, e.g., exchange data, maintain data integrity, resolve conflicts, and coordinate problem solving activities. Although some existing software products and standards currently address the common services issue, the problem of tool interaction remains largely unsolved. The problem of tool interaction is not limited to the domain of computer-aided manufacturing systems engineering--it is pervasive across the software industry. 4. CURRENT WORK An initial computer-aided manufacturing system engineering environment has been established at NIST from commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software packages. These packages have been installed on a high performance personal computer. The engineering environment is being used to: 1) demonstrate tools that are commercially available to perform computer-aided manufacturing system engineering, 2) develop a better understanding and define functional requirements for individual engineering tools and the overall environment, 3) identify the integration issues which must be addressed to implement plug-compatible environments in the future. There is no overall integration scheme or sharing of data between the tools in the current environment. Some point-to-point integration and data exchange is possible between selected tools using available data exchange formats, e.g., IGES. The environment reveals many of the integration problems faced by potential users of manufacturing system engineering environments. An engineering demonstration using COTS tools is currently under development by project staff. The demonstration scenario is based upon a valve manufacturing facility. The scenario is designed to illustrate the various types of functions that must be performed in engineering a manufacturing system. Functions supported by the current COTS environment include: system specification/diagramming, process flowcharting, information modeling, computer-aided design of products, plant layout, material flow analysis, ergonomic workplace design, mathematical modeling, statistical analysis, line balancing, manufacturing simulation, investment analysis, project management, knowledge-based system development, spreadsheets, document preparation, user interface development, document illustration, forms and database management. Additional tools are currently under consideration for incorporation into the COTS environment. Other ongoing project activities include: an extensive survey of existing manufacturing system engineering tools, the development of a preliminary requirements specification document for future integrated CAMSE environments, and industry workshops. 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS This paper has outlined a vision for a computing environment for engineering manufacturing systems. Such an engineering environment would provide an integrated set of tools to improve the productivity of manufacturing and industrial engineers. An initial environment based upon commercial, off-the-shelf tools has been assembled on a personal computer at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. The full potential of this engineering environment cannot be realized today due to the incompatibilities which exist between commercial software packages. Incompatibilities could be minimized in the future through the establishment of industry-wide consensus on common models and frameworks for engineering environments. Achievement of this goal will undoubtedly require a concerted effort by system developers, users, research institutions, and standards organizations over a several year period. 6. REFERENCES 1 J.P. Tanner, Manufacturing Engineering: An Introduction to Basic Functions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1991. 2 G. Salvendy (ed.), Handbook of Industrial Engineering, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1992. 3 D. Dallas (ed.), Tool and Manufacturing Engineers Handbook, McGraw- Hill, New York, 1976. 4 W.D Compton (ed.), Design and Analysis of Integrated Manufacturing Systems, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1988, p. 92, 167. 中文譯文 計算機輔助制造系統(tǒng)工程 作者： C.R. McLean 單位：美國，Gaithersburg, MD（在美國馬里蘭州） 國家標準技術局, 工業(yè)自動化系統(tǒng)部, 制造業(yè)工程實驗室 摘要 計算機輔助工程環(huán)境正在構想之中，它將改進制造業(yè)/工業(yè)生產力。工程師們得以將這些技術用到設計及實現(xiàn)未來的制造系統(tǒng)和子系統(tǒng)中。本文描述了美國國家標準技術局(NIST)對計算機輔助制造系統(tǒng)工程當前的研究狀況。美國國家標準技術局(NIST)這一工程的目標是為推進工程設計與制造系統(tǒng)軟件環(huán)境和工具的發(fā)展。本文提出了了全面的提議的環(huán)境和必須涉及的技術，并描述了當前計算機輔助制造系統(tǒng)工程的狀況。 關鍵字代碼：J.6, I.6.3, D.2.2 關鍵字：計算機應用 計算機輔助工程學 仿真及建模 應用軟件 軟件工程 工具與技術 1.緒論 未來制造業(yè)企業(yè)的成功將在很大程度上決定于企業(yè)將新技術融入其運轉的速度和效率。 當前正在使用的設計及再設計制造系統(tǒng)是普遍有缺陷的。計算機工具只在有限的范圍內初步使用?？紤]到成本以及資源因素，在建設和實施制造系統(tǒng)的過程中，必須使工程工藝過程更加科學化。強大的計算機工程制造環(huán)境有助于實現(xiàn)這個目標。 什么是計算機輔助制造系統(tǒng)工程(CAMSE)? 正如產品造型工程師需要計算機輔助設計系統(tǒng)一樣，制造及工業(yè)工程師也需要駕輕就熟的計算機能力去解決復雜和處理浩大的制造系統(tǒng)設計數(shù)據(jù)。計算機輔助制造系統(tǒng)工程可以定義為：在制造系統(tǒng)的設計和實施過程中，用計算機化的工具去科學的、符合工程學的方法去解決問題。這個工程過程的目標是發(fā)現(xiàn)對問題的最佳解答。比如，在工廠及其子系統(tǒng)實施過程中，給定詳細而精確的必備條件個約束。 這個問題涉及什么呢？工程師必須著眼整個工廠，視之為系統(tǒng)，并且考慮到系統(tǒng)與其環(huán)境的交互作用。作為系統(tǒng)和與之相互作用以它周圍環(huán)境，工廠系統(tǒng)的組分元素包括: ? 安置制造設施的物理車間或廠房 ? 進行制造過程的生產設施 ? 生產設備使用的技術, 如在制造產品過程中使用的工藝過程方法和技術。 ? 由生產設施組成的工作場所、機械、 設備、工具、 和材料。 ? 各種各樣的支持設施和系統(tǒng)（包括搬運和存放材料設施, 搬運制造副產物和廢物設施, 管理信息資源設施, 維護機械和信息系統(tǒng)設施,和支持工作人員其它需求的設施）。 ? 用于維護生產設施的后勤人員和機械設備 ? 廠房及其相互作用的環(huán)境。比如，貨物和材料的搬運, 設備使用的權限, 以及控制種各各樣環(huán)境影響(空氣, 水, 噪聲) 。 制造系統(tǒng)工程必須與不僅僅是最初工廠的設計和制造，隨著時間的推移，它必須加強和改進。計算機輔助工程環(huán)境（CAMSE） 應該支持標準工程方法和解決問題的技術, 時普通的任務自動化， 并且提供重要技術參考數(shù)據(jù)支持決策過程。這個（計算機）環(huán)境應該設計用以幫助工程師在他們工作過程中變得更加多產和高效。這個（計算機）環(huán)境要能在個人電腦或配置了適當外圍設備工程工作站上高性能運行。工程工具開發(fā)者將不得不集成不同學科的各種各樣的功能及數(shù)據(jù)，比如： 制造工程學, 工業(yè)工程學 設備安裝工程學, 材料處理學 環(huán)境工程學, 數(shù)學建模與仿真學 品管工程學 統(tǒng)計過程控制學 經濟和成本分析學 計算機科學 管理科學 當前，這些方法、規(guī)則和數(shù)據(jù)都被深埋在工程學手冊里。雖然有些計算機化的工具是可利用的, 但它們往往非常被專業(yè), 不易使用,并且沒有共享信息或協(xié)同工作。工程工具開發(fā)者的當務之急是通過適當?shù)拈_放式系統(tǒng)體系機構和接口標準，開發(fā)兼容的工具。本文描述了一個在進行中的美國國家標準技術局的項目，這個項目旨在加速發(fā)展這一新型的計算機環(huán)境。此工程由當前立項在美國海軍制造技術計劃上。 第一部分介紹和定義計算機輔助制造系統(tǒng)工程。第二部分構想了一個建議的計算機環(huán)境版本。第三部分描述了一些為達到設計目標必須解決的問題。第四部分概述開發(fā)項目當前在國家標準技術局中的進展。第五部分提供了摘要和結論。 2.展望工程環(huán)境 未來的計算機輔助的工程環(huán)境會是什么樣子呢？它